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官方终证实三峡大坝弊端

天之聪教育 2012-06-19 未知 1270次

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说明:本内容选自《南华早报》,韩刚老师配音.

韩刚,毕业于外交学院英语翻译理论与实践专业,曾以优异成绩考入外交部翻译室接受培训,后调任新闻司担任新闻发言人同传,也是著名的口译教学老师。


官方终证实三峡大坝弊端

    Thursday, May 26, 2011

    要处理一个弊端,首先就要承认存在问题。因此,上周中央政府罕有地表态,承认具争议的三峡大坝存在严重缺陷,个中意义耐人寻味。

    三峡大坝为全球最大的水电工程项目,造价1800亿元(2155亿港元)。上周三,由温家宝总理主持的国务院会议于会后发表声明,称三峡大坝已开始产生巨大的综合效益,但也面临着亟待解决的迫切问题。

    这些问题包括140万人的安置、生态保护、地质灾难预防,以及大坝对长江中下游的航运、灌溉和水供给造成的负面影响。

    国务院承诺将推出一项十年计划,解决这些问题。

    大坝于1992年批准动工之前,就有评论人士表示担忧,但其言论一直遭到官方打压。而尽管官方以前也评论过大坝带来的一些问题,但大部分时候,宣传部门都按照中央政府指示,集中宣扬大坝的防洪和发电功能,以及十九年来国家达到的技术成就。上周的声明,是最高层政府机构首次公开承认大坝带来的所有严峻挑战。

    近几年,国内媒体虽有报道坝区致命的泥石流、小型地震、污染灾害和生态恶化问题,却没有与大坝连上关系。

    网上聊天室和博客议论纷纷,并提出种种所见所闻,引起民众关注三峡大坝引发的环境和生态破坏,其中包括自2006年大坝建成后,长江下游大部分城市遭受的异常干旱和酷热天气。

    官方宣传基调的转变,让许多内地人开始质疑大坝防洪能力。眼尖的网民注意到,2003年官员曾自豪地称三峡大坝能抵御万年一遇的洪水,但四年后改口为千年一遇,2008年又变成百年一遇。到了去年7月,连降暴雨造成洪水泛滥,官员们又警告说三峡大坝防洪能力有限。

    过去几周,网民再次对大坝提出强烈批评,称其是造成长江下游大部分城市严重旱灾的原因。

    自去年3月起,这些城市就遭遇严重干旱,几千个水库须泄水救灾,河流航道也要缩窄。旱情还导致水力发电量大幅下跌,造成南部多个省份至今仍然电力短缺。湖北、湖南等省数以万计民众缺少饮用水,邻近省份的农民也表示农田灌溉水不够。虽然国家媒体主要把旱灾归咎于降雨量太低,但网民指责三峡大坝才是缺水的罪魁。如今,网民的怀疑某程度上得到国务院声明的证实。

    中央政府这次不同寻常地坦率承认问题,得到环保人士的赞许,但同时他们也认为三峡大坝功能相互冲突,上周公布的计划将难以实施。

    但据报道,仍有一些环保人士对中央政府的声明感到鼓舞,认为其有助于将来反对兴建其它水坝项目。事实上,由于电荒蔓延,一些官员已呼吁中央政府加快兴建更多大型电力项目,比如在长江和其它主要河流上游建水电站。目前,内地水坝数量为全球各国之最。

    内地每年新增发电能力相当于英国全国的发电量。不过,随着三峡大坝事件暴露出种种缺失,显见内地这股建发电站的热潮不具可持续性,而且会导致巨大的环境和生态破坏,目前实际影响尚未全然显现。

 

 

Suspicions finally confirmed over Three Gorges Dam
State Council's statement on flaws in massive project is a significant admission from the top

 

        To tackle an illness, the first step has to be acknowledging the existence of a problem. That explains why the central government's unusual statement last week, in which it admitted to serious flaws with the controversial Three Gorges Dam, made for very interesting reading. 

        In a statement issued on Wednesday after a State Council meeting chaired by Premier Wen Jiabao , it said that while the world's largest hydroelectric project, costing 180 billion yuan (HK$215.5 billion), had begun to deliver "enormous comprehensive benefits", it also faced "pressing issues" that must be tackled urgently.

 
      These include the smooth relocation and well-being of  1.4 million people, ecological protection, geological disaster prevention, and the dam's negative impact on navigation, irrigation and water supplies along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

        The State Council vowed that it would address those problems through the adoption of a 10-year plan.

        Although officials have commented on some of the problems associated with the dam before, last week's statement was the first public acknowledgement by the highest-level government body of all the serious challenges that have arisen from the dam. Until then, the central government had directed its massive propaganda machine to focus on the dam's functions for flood control and power generation, as well as praising the mainland's technological prowess in the 19-year effort, while trying to silence critics who voiced concerns over those problems even before construction of the dam was approved in 1992.

        In recent years, state media reported deadly landslides, minor earthquakes, pollution disasters and ecological degradation in the dam area, without highlighting any possible link with the dam.

        Internet chat rooms and blogs have been full of comments using anecdotal evidence to raise concerns over the unfolding environmental and ecological damage associated with the dam, including unusually long droughts and heatwaves affecting most of the cities downstream along the Yangtze since the dam was completed in 2006.

        The shifting tone of the official propaganda caused many mainlanders to question the dam's ability to control flooding. Sharp-eyed internet users noticed that after 2003, when officials proudly claimed that the dam could withstand a flood seen once every 10,000 years, officials backpedalled four years later on the dam's strength, changing that number to 1,000 years. Then, in 2008, it was said the dam could withstand a once-in-a-century flood. And by July of last year, when torrential rain caused widespread flooding, officials warned about the dam's limited capacity to control flooding.

        Over the past few weeks, the dam has again attracted intense criticism from internet users for contributing to the severe drought hitting most of the cities located downstream along the Yangtze.

        Since March last year, those cities have reported a severe dry spell, leading to a draining of thousands of reservoirs and narrowing of the shipping lane on the river. The drought has also led to a sharp fall in hydroelectric power generation, which has contributed to an ongoing power shortage in southern provinces. Tens of thousands of people in Hubei and Hunan provinces suffered from losing access to drinking water, and farmers in nearby provinces said they did not have enough water for farming. While the state media mainly blamed a record-low rainfall, internet users were more aggressive in blaming the dam for contributing to the shortage of water. Now their suspicions are somewhat confirmed by the State Council statement.

        As expected, some mainland environmentalists, while welcoming the central government's unusual frank admission of the problems, said they believed that the plan unveiled last week would be difficult to implement, given the dam's conflicting functions.

        But other environmentalists are reportedly heartened by the fact that the central government's statement will help rally support for opposing future dam projects. Indeed, as power shortages spread, some officials are already urging Beijing to accelerate more major power projects, including building more dams upstream along the Yangtze and other major rivers. China already has more dams than any other country.

        But as the Three Gorges saga has shown, the mainland's power-generation frenzy - its newly added power-generation capacity each year equals Britain's entire electricity capacity - is unsustainable and is bringing about enormous environmental and ecological damage, the true scale of which has yet to emerge.

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