新时代的中国网络法治建设

China’s Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2023年3月

March 2023

前言

Preface

互联网是人类文明发展的重要成果。互联网在促进经济社会发展的同时，也对监管和治理形成巨大挑战。发展好治理好互联网，让互联网更好造福人类，是世界各国共同的追求。实践证明，法治是互联网治理的基本方式。运用法治观念、法治思维和法治手段推动互联网发展治理，已经成为全球普遍共识。

The internet is one of humanity’s great achievements. Although it facilitates economic and social development, at the same time it poses severe challenges in terms of administration and governance. The development and governance of the internet is a goal shared by all countries for the benefit of humanity, and the rule of law has proved to be essential to internet governance. It has become a global consensus to apply law-based thinking and approaches based on an understanding of the rule of law.

自1994年全功能接入国际互联网以来，中国坚持依法治网，持续推进网络空间法治化，推动互联网在法治轨道上健康运行。进入新时代，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，中国将依法治网作为全面依法治国和网络强国建设重要内容，努力构建完备的网络法律规范体系、高效的网络法治实施体系、严密的网络法治监督体系、有力的网络法治保障体系，网络法治建设取得历史性成就。网络立法、网络执法、网络司法、网络普法、网络法治教育一体推进，国家、政府、企业、社会组织、网民等多主体参与，走出了一条既符合国际通行做法，又有中国特色的依法治网之路。中国的网络法治建设不仅有力提升了中国互联网治理能力，也为全球互联网治理贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。

Since China was fully connected to the internet in 1994, it has committed itself to law-based cyberspace governance, ensuring that the internet develops within the confines of the law. In the new era, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has made law-based cyberspace governance an essential part of the overall strategy of the rule of law and the drive to build up its strength in cyberspace.

Marked improvements have been made in ensuring law-based cyberspace governance. China has boosted cyberspace governance by developing a complete system of laws and regulations, a highly efficient enforcement system, a stringent supervision system, and an effective supporting system. With participation of the government, businesses, social organizations and netizens, cyber legislation, law enforcement, and judiciary work have advanced alongside programs to spread legal knowledge via the internet, publicize cyber laws and cultivate the public’s awareness in laws. This is a pioneering approach to cyberspace governance in line with international best practices. With stronger domestic capacity in law-based internet governance, China has contributed ideas and solutions to global internet governance.

为全面介绍中国网络法治建设情况，分享中国网络法治建设的经验做法，特发布此白皮书。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to introduce China’s progress and experience in law-based cyberspace governance.

一、坚定不移走依法治网之路

I. Upholding the Rule of Law in Cyberspace

中国顺应全球信息化发展大势，立足中国互联网发展实践，将网络法治建设融入全面依法治国战略布局，不断深化对依法治网的规律性认识，在探索中发展、在发展中坚持，走出了一条中国特色的网络法治道路。

Adapting to the developing trends of global information technology, China set out from its own realities to integrate law-based cyberspace governance into the overall national strategy of the rule of law, gaining knowledge and experience in the process. It has pioneered a distinctive Chinese approach to law-based cyberspace governance.

——坚持以人民为中心。中国的网络法治建设坚持人民主体地位，凝聚最广大人民的智慧和力量，把体现人民利益、反映人民愿望、维护人民权益、增进人民福祉落实到立法、执法、司法、普法等网络法治建设全过程各方面。切实维护人民群众在网络空间的合法权益，依法加强网络空间治理，充分尊重网民交流思想、表达意见的权利，坚决打击网络违法犯罪活动，构建网络空间良好秩序，营造安全、公平、健康、文明、清朗的网络空间。

– People-centered development. In China, the people contribute ideas and solutions and play a principal role. Their rights, interests, aspirations and wellbeing are the focus in every aspect of cyber legislation, law enforcement, judiciary work, public education, and all other areas of law-based cyberspace governance. China protects people’s legitimate rights and interests in cyberspace, and fully respects netizens’ right to express ideas and exchange views. It has strengthened law-based cyberspace governance, taking resolute action against cybercrimes to keep order in this virtual world, and striving to create a safe, fair, healthy, clean and sound cyber environment.

——坚持促进互联网发展。依法治网的本质，是为互联网健康有序发展提供保障，而不是束缚互联网的发展。中国将依法治网作为基础性手段，完善数字经济治理体系，提升数字政府建设法治化水平，依法推进数字社会建设，引领、规范、保障数字中国建设高质量发展。坚持发展和安全同步推进，筑牢网络安全防线，以安全保发展、以发展促安全，推动互联网这个最大变量成为社会经济发展的最大增量。

– Further development of the internet. The purpose of law-based cyberspace governance is to guarantee the healthy and orderly development of the internet, not to hold it back. Under law-based cyberspace governance, China has guided and regulated efforts to build a high-quality digital China – improving the governance system for the digital economy, the legal framework of digital government, and the digital society initiative. Placing equal emphasis on development and security, China has consolidated its lines of defense so that the internet grows in a secure environment and further boosts cybersecurity. Cyberspace has thus been turned into a powerful engine for socioeconomic growth, rather than an area of uncertainty.

——坚持立足国情。中国的网络法治建设立足中国是全球最大的发展中国家和网民数量最多的基本国情，针对中国网民规模巨大、企业平台众多、产品业态丰富的实际情况，适应法律主体多元、法律关系多样、法律适用场景多变的特点，坚持处理好发展和安全、自由和秩序、开放和自主、管理和服务的关系，深入研究网络法治前沿性、全局性重大问题，运用法治思维和法治方式解决制约互联网发展的瓶颈问题，找出互联网健康发展的中国答案。

– Proceeding from realities. China is the world’s largest developing country and has the largest number of internet users. It boasts a large number of business platforms that offer all types of products and services. As a result, there are diverse legal subjects, relationships and situations where different laws apply. With all this in mind, China handles the relationships between development and security, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, and administration and service in an appropriate manner. It has conducted in-depth research on frontier areas of overbearing importance, employing law-based thinking and approaches to break through bottlenecks in internet development and find solutions for healthy internet growth.

——坚持创新引领。互联网因创新而生，因创新而兴，网络法治尤其需要创新。中国全面把握网络空间治理面临的前所未有的艰巨性、复杂性，前瞻性应对互联网新技术新应用新业态新模式带来的风险挑战，推进网络法治理念、内容、方式、方法等全方位创新。完善和创新算法、区块链等新技术新领域规则，努力填补重要领域制度的时间差、空白区，建立网络综合治理体系，创新网络司法模式，以创新引领网络法治实践，全面提升互联网治理效能。

– Innovation-driven cyberspace governance. The internet is a result of innovation and has flourished because of it. Law-based cyberspace governance cannot be achieved without innovation. With a keen understanding of the unprecedented difficulties and complications in cyberspace governance, China has been forward-looking in responding to the risks and challenges brought by new internet technologies, applications, and business forms and models, and promoted innovation in the concept, content, approach and methods of law-based cyberspace governance. By creating and improving rules on algorithm, blockchain technology, and other new technologies and domains, it has filled gaps in key areas where legislation once lagged behind. A system for comprehensive cyberspace governance is now in place, and new models of cyber judiciary work have been created. Driven by innovation, China has raised its capacity for internet governance in all areas.

——坚持开放合作。中国的网络法治建设既坚持网络主权，同时广泛借鉴世界各国网络法治先进经验，吸收国外成熟做法，把中国互联网发展置于国际互联网发展的大背景下谋划，形成了既有中国特色又符合国际通行做法的互联网治理模式。积极参与网络空间国际规则制定，开展网络法治领域国际交流合作，与世界各国共同致力于建立多边、民主、透明的全球互联网治理体系。

– Openness and cooperation. Upholding cyber sovereignty, China has drawn from the experience of other countries in cyberspace governance, planning internet development in a global context and pioneering a distinctively Chinese model of internet governance in line with international best practice. It has played an active part in working with other countries to formulate rules for cyberspace governance, and engaged in international exchanges and cooperation in law-based cyberspace governance. It is committed to building a multilateral, democratic and transparent global internet governance system together with other countries.

新时代的中国网络法治建设，立足自身发展实际，借鉴国外先进经验，勇于探索、守正创新，走出一条具有自身特色的管网治网之路，取得了一系列显著成就，为网络强国建设、全面依法治国、党在信息化条件下治国理政作出了重要贡献。

In the new era, China set out from its realities and learned from advanced foreign experience to explore its own approach to cyberspace regulation and governance, maintaining the right orientation while pursuing innovation. Significant achievements have been made in a range of areas, building up China’s strength in cyberspace and adding momentum to law-based governance of the country, as well as contributing to national governance by the CPC in the information age.

——为网络大国向网络强国迈进提供了有力保障。中国网络强国建设向着网络基础设施基本普及、自主创新能力显著增强、数字经济全面发展、网络安全保障有力、网络攻防实力均衡的方向不断前进，取得重大成就。网民规模全球第一，移动物联网发展实现“物超人”，建成全球规模最大、技术领先的光纤宽带和移动通信网络，5G实现技术、产业、应用全面领先。数字经济发展势头强劲，2021年数字经济规模达到45.5万亿元，位居世界第二。互联网新技术在教育、就业、社保、医疗卫生、体育、住房、交通、助残养老等领域深度应用，“互联网+”依法健康运行，形成全球最为庞大、生机勃勃的数字社会。

– A guarantee of the transformation from scale to strength. China is building up its strength in cyberspace through these goals: universally available network infrastructure, significantly greater capacity of independent innovation, comprehensive development of the digital economy, guarantee of cybersecurity, and balanced ability of cyber attacks and defense. Major progress has been made in China towards these goals, as evidenced by the world’s largest number of netizens, the largest and most advanced fiber-optic broadband and mobile telecommunication networks, and world-leading 5G technology, industry and applications. China’s Internet of Things (IoT) now connects more cellular terminals than mobile phone users.

China’s digital economy has been growing with a strong momentum. In 2021, its value reached RMB45.5 trillion, ranking second in the world. New internet technologies are widely used in areas such as education, employment, social security, medical and health care, sports, housing, transport, support for persons with disabilities, and elderly care. Internet Plus services are running on a track of healthy development in accordance with the law. China has created the world’s largest active digital society.

——推动全面依法治国在网络空间深入实施。中国坚持依法治国原则适用于网络空间，深入实施法治中国建设规划，不断推进网络法治建设，坚持科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，深化中国特色社会主义法治在网络空间的实践。网络立法的“四梁八柱”基本构建，丰富和完善了中国特色社会主义法律体系。网络执法不断加强，严厉打击网络违法行为，网络生态和网络秩序持续向好，推动整个社会秩序更加平安和谐。网络司法裁判规则逐步完善，网络案件办理力度不断加大，公平正义在网络空间有力彰显。网络普法深入推进，尊法学法守法用法逐步成为网络空间的共同追求和自觉行动，广大人民群众的法治意识和法治素养全面提升。

– Law-based national governance fully implemented in cyberspace. In China, the principle of law-based governance of the country applies equally in cyberspace. The Law-based Governance of China Initiative has been implemented, and progress has been made in law-based cyberspace governance by ensuring sound lawmaking, strict enforcement, impartial administration of justice, and the observance of the law by all. Under socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics in cyberspace, the groundwork for cyber legislation has been laid, contributing to and improving China’s socialist legal system. Cyber law enforcement has continued to strengthen. By taking tough action against illegal behaviors in cyberspace, China has fostered a sound cyber environment and maintained online order, which contributes to peace and harmony in the society as a whole. Rules of cyber adjudication have improved, more online cases have been handled, and justice is served in cyberspace as elsewhere. Knowledge of cyber laws has been further spread, and netizens have acted accordingly – respecting, learning, abiding by, and using the law. The Chinese people’s awareness of and literacy in the law has increased.

——为全球互联网治理贡献中国经验、中国智慧和中国方案。网络空间是人类共同的活动空间，需要世界各国共同建设、共同治理。中国不断探索依法治网的科学途径和方案，在立法、执法、司法、普法一体推进中形成了中国特色治网之道，为全球互联网治理提供了中国经验。中国积极参与全球互联网治理，推动发起《二十国集团数字经济发展与合作倡议》《全球数据安全倡议》等多个倡议、宣言，创造性提出网络主权原则，倡导《联合国宪章》确立的主权平等原则适用于网络空间，贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。

– Contributing ideas, experience and solutions to global internet governance. Cyberspace is a shared space for human activities; it must be developed and managed by all countries. China has formed its own approach to law-based cyberspace governance by advancing legislation, law enforcement, judiciary work, and programs to spread knowledge about cyber laws, and has shared its experience with the world. It has taken an active part in global internet governance, promoting the G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative and the Global Data Security Initiative, and other proposals and declarations. It raised the principle of cyber sovereignty, and advocates that the principle of sovereign equality established by the UN Charter be applied to cyberspace, thereby contributing ideas and solutions to cyberspace governance.

二、夯实网络空间法制基础

II. Consolidating the Legal System for Cyberspace Governance

法律是治国重器，良法是善治前提。中国把握互联网发展规律，坚持科学立法、民主立法、依法立法，大力推进网络法律制度建设，网络立法的系统性、整体性、协同性、时效性不断增强。

The law is a powerful tool for governing a country, and sound laws are the prerequisite for good governance. Following the trend of internet development, China has advanced the legal system for cyberspace governance through legislation that is enacted in a well-conceived and democratic way and in accordance with the law. Cyber legislation is becoming systematic, holistic, coordinated, and time-efficient.

中国网络立法随着互联网发展经历了从无到有、从少到多、由点到面、由面到体的发展过程。第一阶段从1994年至1999年，是接入互联网阶段。上网用户和设备数量稳步增加。这一阶段网络立法主要聚焦于网络基础设施安全，即计算机系统安全和联网安全。第二阶段从2000年至2011年，是PC互联网阶段。随着计算机数量逐步增加、上网资费逐步降低，用户上网日益普遍，网络信息服务迅猛发展。这一阶段网络立法转向侧重网络服务管理和内容管理。第三阶段从2012年至今，是移动互联网阶段。这一阶段网络立法逐步趋向全面涵盖网络信息服务、信息化发展、网络安全保护等在内的网络综合治理。在这一进程中，中国制定出台网络领域立法140余部，基本形成了以宪法为根本，以法律、行政法规、部门规章和地方性法规、地方政府规章为依托，以传统立法为基础，以网络内容建设与管理、网络安全和信息化等网络专门立法为主干的网络法律体系，为网络强国建设提供了坚实的制度保障。

Cyber legislation in China has undergone a long, gradual process that can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage ran from 1994 to 1999, a period when China became connected to the internet. Internet users and devices grew steadily in number. Legislation during this stage focused on network infrastructure security, specifically computer systems security and network security. The second stage lasted from 2000 to 2011, when personal computers (PC) served as the main terminal for internet connection. As PCs and internet users grew rapidly in numbers, internet connection services became more affordable and web-based information services boomed. Legislation during this stage shifted to internet services and content management. The third stage, which began in 2012, is dominated by mobile internet. Legislation now is gradually focusing on comprehensive cyberspace governance by covering areas such as network information services, information technology development, and cybersecurity.

Over the years, China has promulgated more than 140 laws on cyberspace, forming a cyber legislation framework with the Constitution as the foundation, supported by laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules, local regulations and local administrative rules, endorsed by traditional legislation, and underpinned by specialized cyber laws governing online content and management, cybersecurity, information technology, and other elements. This system of laws on cyberspace governance provides a strong institutional guarantee for building up China’s strength in cyberspace.  

（一）建立网络权益保障法律制度

1. Establishing a System of Laws for Protecting People’s Rights and Interests in Cyberspace

科学构建网络权益保障法律制度，为实现人民群众合法权益的线上、线下全方位保护提供了充分法律依据。

China has established a sound system of laws to protect people’s rights and interests in cyberspace, laying the legal groundwork for protecting both online and offline rights.

保障公民通信自由和通信秘密。通信自由和通信秘密的保护是确保公民能够自主地在网络空间表达诉求和思想的前提。早在1997年就制定《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》，落实宪法对通信自由和通信秘密基本权利的保护。2000年制定《电信条例》，规定电信用户依法使用电信的自由和通信秘密受法律保护。2016年修订《无线电管理条例》，进一步强化无线电领域对通信秘密的保护，实现对这一基本权利在网络空间的全方位保障。

– Protecting the freedom and confidentiality of correspondence. This is a prerequisite for citizens to air views and needs in cyberspace of their own volition. China enacted the Measures on Ensuring Security of Internationally Connected Computer Information Networks in 1997, to provide legal protection of the freedom and confidentiality of correspondence as enshrined in the Constitution. It formulated the Telecommunications Regulations in 2000, stipulating that citizens’ freedom to use telecom services and their confidentiality of correspondence are protected by law. It revised the Regulations on Radio Administration in 2016, further strengthening the protection of the confidentiality of correspondence via radio service. Thus, this basic right enjoys full protection in cyberspace.

保护个人信息权益。通过民法、刑法和专门立法，构建个人信息权益全链条保护的法律屏障。2020年十三届全国人大三次会议审议通过民法典，在前期法律规定的基础上，对民事领域的个人信息保护问题作了系统规定。2009年、2015年通过刑法修正案，设立侵犯公民个人信息罪，强化个人信息的刑法保护。在网络专门立法中，2012年通过《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于加强网络信息保护的决定》，明确保护能够识别公民个人身份和涉及公民个人隐私的电子信息。2016年制定网络安全法，进一步完善个人信息保护规则。2021年制定个人信息保护法，细化完善个人信息保护原则和个人信息处理规则，依法规范国家机关处理个人信息的活动，赋予个人信息主体多项权利，强化个人信息处理者义务，健全个人信息保护工作机制，设置严格的法律责任，个人信息保护水平得到全面提升。

– Protecting personal information rights and interests. China has built a line of defense in law for protecting personal information rights and interests. In 2020, the Civil Code was adopted at the Third Session of the 13th National People’s Congress, which makes systemic provisions on protecting personal information in civil cases based on previous legal stipulations. In 2009 and 2015, Amendment VII and Amendment IX to the Criminal Law added provisions on the crime of infringing upon citizens’ personal information, thus strengthening the protection of personal information in the Criminal Law. In terms of cyber legislation, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the Decision on Strengthening Online Information Protection in 2012, announcing clearly to protect electronic information that may reveal citizen’s identity and privacy. The Cybersecurity Law enacted in 2016 further refined rules on personal information protection.

The Personal Information Protection Law, promulgated in 2021, represented an overall upgrading of personal information protection. It defined and refined principles on protecting personal information and rules on processing personal information, and specified how state agencies should process personal information in accordance with the law. It empowered the subjects of personal information with a range of rights, emphasized the obligations of personal information processors, improved the mechanism for protecting personal information, and set clear and strict legal liabilities.

守护公民财产安全。持续加大立法保护力度，遏制利用网络侵犯财产权益的行为。2018年出台电子商务法，规定电子商务经营者销售的商品或者提供的服务应当符合保障人身、财产安全的要求。民法典明确利用网络侵害他人财产权益的行为应当承担相应法律责任。2022年出台反电信网络诈骗法，为打击电信网络诈骗活动提供有力法律支撑，切实维护人民群众的财产权益。

– Safeguarding citizen’s property. China has strengthened legislation to curb infringements upon citizens’ property by way of the internet. In 2018, the Electronic Commerce Law was promulgated, stipulating that products or services from e-commerce suppliers should not undermine personal safety or the security of property. The Civil Code has clear provisions on the legal liability of those who infringe upon others’ property rights and interests by way of the internet. In 2022, China enacted the Law on Combating Telecom and Online Fraud, providing strong legal support for fighting crime and safeguarding people’s property rights and interests.

保障特殊群体数字权利。通过多层次、多维度立法，弥合未成年人、老年人、残疾人等特殊群体的数字鸿沟，使其能够更加平等广泛地融入数字社会，享受数字时代红利。网络安全法规定，国家支持研究开发有利于未成年人健康成长的网络产品和服务，依法惩治利用网络从事危害未成年人身心健康的活动。2019年制定《儿童个人信息网络保护规定》，对儿童个人信息权益予以重点保护。2020年修订未成年人保护法，对加强未成年人网络素养教育、强化未成年人网络内容监管、加强未成年人个人信息保护和网络沉迷防治等做出专门规定，保护未成年人的网络合法权益。2021年出台数据安全法，要求提供智能化公共服务应当充分考虑老年人、残疾人的需求，避免对老年人、残疾人的日常生活造成障碍。

– Protecting the digital rights of special groups. Through multilevel and multifaceted legislation, China has invested a real effort to close the digital divide for minors, elderly people, and persons with disabilities, so that everybody can join in the digital society on an equal basis and enjoy the benefits of the digital age as much as possible.

As stipulated in the Cybersecurity Law, the state supports research and development on internet products and services that are beneficial to minors’ healthy growth, and punishes by law those who place their physical and mental health at risk via the internet. In 2019, China issued the Regulations on the Protection of Children’s Online Personal Information, prioritizing the protection of personal information for children. In 2020, the Law on the Protection of Minors was revised, to strengthen minors’ education on internet literacy, online supervision and regulation of content for minors, protection of minors’ personal information online, and prevention and control of internet addiction, all to safeguard minors’ legitimate rights and interests in cyberspace. The Data Security Law, promulgated in 2021, stipulates that providers of smart public services should take into full consideration the needs of elderly people and persons with disabilities, and make sure they do not create obstacles to their daily life.

（二）健全数字经济法治规则

2. Improving Law-Based Governance of the Digital Economy

不断完善数据基础制度，维护数字市场秩序，规范数字经济新业态新模式，为数字经济健康发展提供良好制度基础，助力经济由高速增长转向高质量发展。

To transform from high-speed growth to high-quality growth, China has continued to improve institutions fundamental to data development, maintain order in the digital market, and regulate new business forms and models of the digital economy, laying a sound framework of rules for the healthy growth of the digital economy.

推动构建数据基础制度。注重发挥数据的基础资源作用和创新引擎作用，数据安全法对实施大数据战略、支持数据相关技术研发和商业创新、推进数据相关标准体系建设、培育数据交易市场等作出规定，提升数据开发利用水平，促进以数据为关键要素的数字经济发展。

– Creating institutions fundamental to data development. Data is a fundamental resource and an engine for innovation. The Data Security Law contains provisions on implementing the big data strategy, supporting R&D on data-related technology and business innovation, advancing data-related standards, and developing data trading markets. These provisions aim to improve data development and utilization, and promote the growth of the digital economy in which data serves as a key factor.

明晰数字市场运行制度。坚持依法规范发展数字市场，坚决反对垄断和不正当竞争，健全数字规则，有力维护公平竞争的市场环境。电子商务法全面规范电子商务经营行为，明确电子商务平台经营者和平台内经营者责任，要求具有市场支配地位的电子商务经营者不得滥用市场支配地位排除、限制竞争，维护公平市场竞争秩序。2013年修改消费者权益保护法，建立网络购物“七日无理由退货”等制度，强化网络经营者消费维权主体责任。2017年修订反不正当竞争法，增加互联网专条，禁止利用技术手段从事不正当竞争。2021年制定《网络交易监督管理办法》，细化电子商务法有关规定，进一步完善网络交易监管制度体系。2021年发布《国务院反垄断委员会关于平台经济领域的反垄断指南》，并根据平台经济发展状况、发展特点和规律，加强和改进反垄断监管。2022年修改反垄断法，完善平台经济反垄断制度，规定经营者不得利用数据和算法、技术、资本优势以及平台规则等从事该法禁止的垄断行为。

– Regulating the operation of the digital market. China regulates and develops the digital market in accordance with the law, stands firmly against monopolies and unfair competition, and improves digital rules to ensure a market environment for fair competition.

The Electronic Commerce Law provides a full set of regulations on e-commerce operation, with clear provisions on the responsibilities of e-commerce platform operators and business owners on these platforms. It stipulates that e-commerce operators with a dominant share of the market should not abuse their position to eliminate or limit competition, so that fair competition is maintained. The Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests (2013 Revision) established a seven-day unconditional return policy for online shopping, to reinforce the primary responsibility of online business operators in consumer rights protection. The Law Against Unfair Competition (2017 Revision) has separate provisions regarding the internet, to ban unfair competition that takes advantage of technology. The Measures on the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions, enacted in 2021, contain detailed provisions on the relevant regulations in the Electronic Commerce Law, to strengthen online trading supervision. In 2021, the Anti-monopoly Commission under the State Council issued the Anti-monopoly Guidelines for Platform Economy, to strengthen and improve anti-monopoly supervision based on the status, characteristics, and development of the platform economy. In 2022, the Anti-monopoly Law was amended to improve the anti-monopoly framework for the platform economy, banning operators from abuse of a monopoly position by leveraging their strengths in data and algorithms, technology, capital, and platform rules.

规范数字经济新业态新模式。数字经济新业态新模式快速涌现，在为经济社会发展带来巨大动力和潜能的同时，也对社会治理、产业发展等提出了新的挑战。中国聚焦新业态新模式特定领域、特殊问题，坚持“大块头”立法和“小快灵”立法相结合，防范和化解风险。民法典完善电子合同订立和履行规则，将数据和网络虚拟财产纳入法律保护范围，促进数字经济发展。《网络预约出租汽车经营服务管理暂行办法》《互联网信息服务算法推荐管理规定》《区块链信息服务管理规定》《网络借贷信息中介机构业务活动管理暂行办法》《在线旅游经营服务管理暂行规定》等规范网约车、算法、区块链、互联网金融、在线旅游等新技术新业态，丰富“互联网+”各领域治理的法律依据。

– Regulating new business forms and models of the digital economy. The rapid rise of new business forms and models in the digital economy created social and economic impetus and potential, and also posed new challenges for social governance and industrial growth. Focusing on problems unique to the new forms and models in certain areas, China has advanced legislation in both the comprehensive and special laws to prevent and defuse risks.

The Civil Code improved the rules on the conclusion and execution of electronic contracts, and brought data and virtual assets under legal protection, giving a boost to the digital economy. To expand the legal framework for governing Internet Plus services, China has introduced an array of regulations, including the Interim Measures on the Administration of Online Taxi Booking Services, Regulations on the Administration of Algorithmic Recommendations for Internet Information Services, Regulations on the Administration of Blockchain Information Services, Interim Measures on the Administration of Business Activities of Intermediary Agencies for Online Lending, and Interim Regulations on the Administration of Online Tourist Services.

（三）划定网络安全法律红线

3. Safeguarding Cybersecurity by Law

网络安全是国家安全的新课题和新内容，成为关乎全局的重大问题。中国通过制定国家安全法、网络安全法、数据安全法等法律，系统构建网络安全法律制度，增强网络安全防御能力，有效应对网络安全风险。

Cybersecurity is a new component of national security, and an issue of paramount importance. By formulating the National Security Law, Cybersecurity Law, and Data Security Law, China has defined the legal institutional framework for cybersecurity, to boost its defenses against cyber threats and effectively respond to cybersecurity risks.

确立网络安全规则。1994年出台《计算机信息系统安全保护条例》，确立计算机信息系统安全保护制度和安全监督制度。2000年出台《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》，将互联网安全划分为互联网运行安全和互联网信息安全，确立民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任三位一体的网络安全责任体系框架。网络安全法明确维护网络运行安全、网络产品和服务安全、网络数据安全、网络信息安全等方面的制度。《网络安全审查办法》《网络产品安全漏洞管理规定》等进一步细化网络安全法相关制度。通过多年努力，初步形成了一套系统全面的网络安全法律规则，以制度建设提高国家网络安全保障能力。

– Setting rules for cybersecurity. The Regulations on the Security and Protection of Computer Information Systems was released in 1994, designed to safeguard and supervise computer information system security. In 2000, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the Decision on Ensuring Internet Security, detailing security requirements in operation and information, and establishing a framework of responsibilities for cybersecurity composed of civil, administrative and criminal liabilities.

The Cybersecurity Law specifies the systems for ensuring security of network operation, online products and services, data, and information. Some of its provisions are further elaborated in the Measures on Cybersecurity Review and the Regulations on the Management of Security Loopholes of Online Products. After years of effort, China now has a complete set of legal rules on cybersecurity, and greater capacity for ensuring cybersecurity through institutional development.

保障关键信息基础设施安全。关键信息基础设施是经济社会运行的神经中枢，是网络安全的重中之重。保障关键信息基础设施安全，对于维护国家网络主权和国家安全、保障经济社会健康发展、维护公共利益和公民合法权益具有重大意义。2021年制定《关键信息基础设施安全保护条例》，明确关键信息基础设施范围和保护工作原则目标，完善关键信息基础设施认定机制，对关键信息基础设施运营者落实网络安全责任、建立健全网络安全保护制度、设置专门安全管理机构、开展安全监测和风险评估、规范网络产品和服务采购活动等作出具体规定，为加快提升关键信息基础设施安全保护能力提供法律依据。

– Ensuring security for critical information infrastructure. Critical information infrastructure is the nerve center of socioeconomic operation, and the top concern for cybersecurity. Its security is central to maintaining cyber sovereignty and national security, guaranteeing sound socioeconomic development, and protecting the public interest and the legitimate rights and interests of individual citizens.

In 2021, China released the Regulations on the Security and Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, with provisions defining what constitutes critical information infrastructure and the principles and goals of protection. The procedures for identifying critical information infrastructure were improved, and the operators’ responsibility for cybersecurity was clarified. There were also provisions on improving the mechanisms for network security and protection, setting up special security management agencies, conducting safety monitoring and risk assessment, and regulating the purchase of online products and services. The Regulations provide the legal ground for upgrading the country’s capacity for safeguarding critical information infrastructure.

构建数据安全管理法律制度。立足数据安全工作实际，着眼数据安全领域突出问题，通过立法加强数据安全保护，提升国家数据安全保障能力。数据安全法明确建立健全数据分类分级保护、风险监测预警和应急处置、数据安全审查等制度，对支持促进数据安全与发展的措施、推进政务数据安全与开放等作出规定，以安全保发展、以发展促安全。

– Developing the legal framework for data security management. Proceeding from reality and focusing on the outstanding problems in data security, China has strengthened its capacity for data security through legislation. The Data Security Law has clear provisions on establishing mechanisms for categorized and classified data protection, risk monitoring and early warning, emergency response, and data security review; it also contains measures to facilitate data security and development and provisions for the security and openness of government data.

（四）完善网络生态治理规范

4. Improving Regulation for a Sound Cyber Environment

网络空间是亿万民众共同的精神家园，网络空间天朗气清、生态良好，是人民对网上家园的美好向往。中国本着对社会负责、对人民负责的态度，以网络信息内容为主要规制对象，建立健全网络综合治理法律规范，持续净化网络空间。

Cyberspace is a public space for internet users. A clean and sound cyber environment is in accord with the people’s expectations. Out of a strong sense of responsibility towards society and the people, China has introduced laws and regulations for comprehensive cyberspace governance, to clean up the cyber environment with a focus on online information and content.

规范网络信息传播秩序。面对网络信息治理这一世界性难题，制定民法典、网络安全法、《互联网信息服务管理办法》等法律法规，明确网络信息内容传播规范和相关主体的责任，为治理危害国家安全、损害公共利益、侵害他人合法权益的违法信息提供了法律依据。

– Regulating the orderly dissemination of online information. To strengthen online information governance, a global challenge, China formulated the Civil Code, Cybersecurity Law, and Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, to define the rules for the dissemination of online information and the liabilities of relevant subjects. These laid the legal groundwork for tackling illegal information that threatens national security, harms the public interest, and infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of individuals.

打造网络反恐法律利器。坚决依法遏制恐怖主义在网络空间的威胁，刑法、刑事诉讼法、反洗钱法等法律对恐怖活动犯罪的刑事责任、惩治恐怖活动犯罪的诉讼程序、涉恐资金监控等作了规定。2015年制定反恐怖主义法，对网络反恐的对象、措施和机制等作出专门规定。

– Sharpening the legal weapons against cyberterrorism. China stands firm against the threat of cyberterrorism. The Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, and Anti-Money Laundering Law contain provisions on criminal liability for terrorist activities and judicial proceedings in the investigation of terrorist crimes, as well as on monitoring the money for funding terrorist activities. The Counterterrorism Law promulgated in 2015 has separate provisions on the targets, measures and mechanisms for combating terrorism in cyberspace.

三、保障网络空间规范有序

III. Keeping Order in a Rule-Based Cyberspace

严格执法是依法治网的关键环节。中国坚持严格规范公正文明网络执法，加大关系人民群众切身利益的重点领域执法力度，全面保护人民群众合法权益、维护社会公共利益，推动形成健康规范的网络空间秩序，营造天朗气清的网络生态。

Strict law enforcement is a critical link in law-based cyberspace governance. China has taken rigorous measures to ensure fair and rule-based law enforcement in cyberspace, strengthening enforcement in key areas of immediate concern to the people, and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the individual as well as the general public. A sound, rule-based order has been created in a clean cyber environment.

（一）保障个人信息权益

1. Protecting Personal Information

伴随数字经济的快速发展，非法收集、买卖、使用、泄露个人信息等违法行为日益增多，严重侵害了人民群众人身财产安全，影响了社会经济正常秩序。个人信息保护不仅关系广大人民群众合法权益，也关系公共安全治理和数字经济发展。中国针对个人信息侵权行为的密集性、隐蔽性、技术性等特点，采取新的监管思路、监管方式和监管手段，加大违法行为处置力度，持续开展移动互联网应用程序（App）违法违规收集使用个人信息专项治理，有效整治违法违规处理个人信息问题。2019年以来，累计完成322万款移动互联网应用程序检测，通报、下架违法违规移动互联网应用程序近3000款。通过专项治理，侵害用户个人信息权益的违法违规行为得到有力遏制，个人信息保护意识显著增强，个人信息保护合规水平明显提升，全社会尊重和保护个人信息权益的良好局面初步形成。

With a thriving digital economy come a growing number of crimes, such as the illegal collection, buying and selling, use and leakage of personal information, which threaten people’s personal and property security and disrupt social and economic order. Personal information protection concerns people’s legitimate rights and interests, as well as public security governance and the future of the digital economy.

Targeting covert, high-frequency personal information infringements with high-tech means, China has adopted new thinking and methods of supervision, taking tougher action against illegal activities. For example, it carries out regular actions against mobile applications that illegally collect and use personal data. Since 2019, the authorities in China have inspected 3.22 million mobile applications, issuing notice of criticism to or removing about 3,000 applications that violated laws and regulations. Through these targeted actions, violations of personal information rights have been effectively curbed, as many more applications are now conforming to relevant regulations and the public has also built a strong awareness of personal data protection. Respecting and protecting personal information is recognized as essential by all.

（二）保护网络知识产权

2. Protecting Online Intellectual Property Rights

加强网络知识产权保护是支持网络科技创新的关键。新技术新应用不断涌现，使得网络知识产权侵权的手段更加隐蔽、形式更加多样、成本更加低廉，执法面临溯源难、取证难、执行难等问题。中国持续探索、准确把握网络环境下知识产权创造、保护、运用的特点规律，通过建立健全监管机制、构建知识产权保护社会共治新格局，推动平台建立知识产权保护合作机制，开展打击网络侵权盗版专项行动等多重举措，持续加强网络知识产权保护。推进线上线下一体化执法，重拳出击，严厉打击网络商标侵权、假冒专利违法行为。常态化组织开展打击网络侵权盗版的“剑网”专项行动、打击院线电影盗录传播集中行动、重点市场版权专项整治等执法活动，严厉打击各类侵权盗版行为，集中整治重点领域、重点市场版权秩序。北京冬奥会、冬残奥会期间，开展冬奥版权保护集中行动，推动网络平台删除涉冬奥侵权链接11万余个。经过多年执法，网络知识产权保护环境得到明显改善。

Strengthening online intellectual property rights (IPR) protection is central to innovation in internet technology. As new technologies and applications flourish, IPR infringements online have become cheaper and more diversified and covert, posing a severe challenge to law enforcement in terms of tracing, evidence collection, and enforcement.

Over the years, China has developed a keen understanding of online IPR creation, protection and application, and taken strong actions for online IPR protection. These include: establishing and improving supervision mechanisms, creating a new dynamic of IPR protection by all members of society, launching cross-platform cooperation for IPR protection, and punishing online infringement and piracy. Integrated online-offline law enforcement has been strengthened to enable firm action against online trademark infringements and counterfeiting of patented products. Regular targeted actions have been taken against all types of infringements and piracy, including online copyright infringement, pirated film copies and illegal dissemination, and copyright infringement in key markets and areas. During the Beijing Winter Olympics and Paralympics, more than 110,000 unauthorized links containing content about the Games were deleted from internet platforms. Through years of effort, China has achieved a marked improvement in online IPR protection.

（三）规范网络市场秩序

3. Maintaining Order in the Online Market

网络市场快速崛起，对稳经济、促消费、保就业、惠民生发挥了重要作用。中国积极探索与网络市场新业态相适应的执法模式，通过规范市场公平竞争发展、打击不法新型交易行为等一系列行动，助力网络市场健康可持续发展。

The rapid rise of the online market has played a major role in stabilizing the economy, spurring consumption, securing employment, and serving the people’s wellbeing. China has tried out new models of law enforcement adapted to the online market, a new business form, and supported its sound and sustainable growth by regulating the market for fair competition and taking resolute action against all forms of illegal transactions.

保障公平竞争的网络市场环境。随着网络平台企业不断扩展自身的体量和实力，“掐尖式并购”、无正当理由屏蔽链接、“二选一”、大数据杀熟、流量挟持等妨碍市场公平竞争的问题也逐渐凸显。中国积极回应人民群众诉求，在支持网络平台企业创新发展的同时，依法规范和引导资本健康发展，采取多种治理平台竞争失序的执法举措。聚焦大型网络平台价格欺诈、低价倾销等重点问题，通过行政约谈、行政指导、规则指引等多种监管手段，整治垄断和不正当竞争行为。围绕民生、金融、科技、传媒等重点行业，依法审查涉及平台经营者集中案件，防止可能妨碍市场竞争和创新发展的并购行为，引导网络平台企业增强合规意识，规范自身经营行为。通过一系列行动，平台经济市场环境不断优化，公平竞争的行业生态稳步向好，中小企业获得更广阔的发展空间，统一、开放、公平、竞争、有序的网络竞争环境正在形成。

– Ensuring fair competition in the online market. As online platforms expand in size and grow in strength, they have increasingly hampered fair competition by acquiring the best-performing startups in their sectors, deliberately blocking URL links of other platforms, compelling platform users to choose one platform over another, engaging in big data-enabled price discrimination against existing customers, and hijacking traffic.

In response to public appeal, China has taken a range of measures to address disorderly competition among online platforms, support their innovation-driven growth, and regulate and guide capital growth by law. Acts of unfair competition by major online platforms such as price cheating and dumping, monopoly abuse, and other acts of unfair competition have been redressed through regulatory means including administrative admonition, administrative guidance, and guidance on rules. Cases relating to concentration of platform operators in key areas such as finance, high-tech, media that affect people’s wellbeing have been reviewed and handled in accordance with the law. Mergers and acquisitions that might adversely affect market competition and innovation have been prevented, and online platform businesses are advised to increase their awareness of rules and regulate their operations.

All this has contributed to an improved market environment for the platform economy, a sound business environment of fair competition, and broader space for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to grow. A unified, open, fair, competitive, and orderly online business environment is taking shape. 

规范网络交易活动。让网络交易活动在规范中运行，是营造良好网络市场环境、维护广大网络交易主体权益的必然要求。开展“网剑行动”，集中治理网上销售侵权假冒伪劣商品违法行为，重拳打击网上非法交易野生动植物及其制品活动。严格落实网络平台责任，强化互联网广告监管。针对“直播带货”、微店营销等新型网络交易形式，严管网络招徕渠道，查处多家涉嫌违法网站和平台用户。针对网络传销行为开展专项行动，对网络购物型传销、网络投资理财型传销、网络创业型传销，实施重点打击查处。通过一系列执法，重点领域、重点主体、重点形式的网络交易活动得到有效规范。

– Regulating online trading and transactions. Rule-based online trading and transactions are essential to creating a sound online market environment and protecting the rights of those engaged in these activities.

China has launched Operation Wangjian to fight online sales of pirated, counterfeit, and sub-standard products, and illegal trading of wildlife and products. It has made sure that online platforms assume their due responsibilities, and strengthened supervision over internet advertisement. In response to new online trading forms such as livestreaming e-commerce and mini online stores, China has exercised strict regulation over customer soliciting by online channels, and investigated a number of websites and platform users suspected of wrongdoing. Targeted actions have been taken against online pyramid selling, particularly under the disguise of e-commerce, investment and money management, and online business startups. Online trading and transactions by main market players in key areas have thus been effectively regulated.

（四）维护国家网络安全

4. Safeguarding National Cybersecurity

筑牢网络安全防线是实现互联网健康发展的重要前提和基础。中国持续在网络基础资源、重要网络系统、网络数据等领域开展安全执法工作，有效防范化解安全风险，体系化构建网络时代的安全环境。在网络基础资源领域，强化网站、域名、IP地址等基础资源管理，通过加强技术手段建设、完善预警机制等举措，强化安全保障。在重要网络系统领域，深化网络系统安全防护，持续监测网络安全威胁，有效防治网络系统遭受大规模服务攻击等重大安全事件。在网络数据领域，提升数据安全保护监管能力，通过建立安全监测体系、实施分类分级管理等手段，强化工业互联网、车联网、5G应用等领域的数据安全执法。

A strong line of defense against cyber threats is the precondition and basis for the healthy development of the internet. China has continued to carry out law enforcement in securing core internet resources, key network systems, and internet data, effectively preventing and defusing risks to cybersecurity, and creating a safe online environment in the internet age.

In the area of core internet resources, it has strengthened the management of websites, domains and IP addresses, and improved early warning systems through more sophisticated technical means to guarantee security. In the area of key network systems, it has further strengthened protection for network security and monitored cybersecurity threats, effectively guarding against large-scale denial-of-service attacks and other major security incidents. In the area of internet data, through monitoring systems and category-specific management at all levels, it has increased the ability to protect and oversee data security, and strengthened law enforcement on data security involving the Industrial Internet, Internet of Vehicles, and 5G application.

（五）营造清朗网络空间

5. Creating a Clean Cyberspace

紧紧围绕人民群众的新期待新要求，规范网络信息传播秩序，整治各类网络生态乱象。聚焦网络淫秽色情、虚假信息、网络暴力、算法滥用等人民群众反映强烈的突出问题，持续开展“净网”“清朗”系列专项行动，对传播各类违法违规信息的网站平台，采取约谈、责令改正、警告、暂停信息更新、罚款等多种措施。督促网站平台履行主体责任，依法依约对用户发布的信息进行管理，建立网络信息安全投诉、举报机制，形成治理合力。网络生态持续优化，全社会网络文明素养有效提升，网络环境有效净化。

In response to public demand and expectations, China has acted to regulate online information dissemination and rectify disorder in cyberspace. It has launched Operation Clean Net, Operation Qinglang and other special campaigns to address outstanding problems of strong public concern on the internet, such as pornography, fake information, cyberbullying, and abuse of algorithms. Websites and platforms spreading information that violates laws and regulations have received administrative admonition, rectification orders and warnings, and punishments such as fines and temporary bans on issuing new content. In addition, websites and platforms have been urged to assume their principal responsibility, and manage the information released by their users in accordance with the law and their user agreements. A complaint and reporting system for online information security is now in place to form synergy for cyber governance. With continued improvements to the online environment, the internet has become much cleaner and netizens more civil and better-behaved.

坚持对未成年人优先保护、特殊保护，构建有利于未成年人上网的良好环境。通过开展“护苗”、未成年人网络环境专项治理等行动，围绕网络违法和不良信息、沉迷网络游戏、网络不良社交等问题进行重点整治，净化未成年人网络环境。加强未成年人网络安全教育，依法惩处利用网络从事危害未成年人身心健康的活动，形成家庭、学校、社会多方位保护合力，营造良好安全的未成年人网络环境。

China prioritizes special protection for minors, creating a sound, friendly online environment for them. It has cleaned up the internet through Operation Child Protector and other special programs to maintain a safe online environment for minors, with a focus on illegal and harmful information, online gaming addiction, and unhealthy online socializing. It has strengthened the education on online safety among minors, and punished online crimes that harm the physical and mental health of minors, creating a sound and safe online environment for minors supported by joint efforts from families, schools, and society.

四、捍卫网络空间公平正义

IV. Defending Fairness and Justice in Cyberspace

公正司法是维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线。中国坚持司法公正、司法为民，积极回应网络时代司法需求，运用网络信息技术赋能传统司法，完善网络司法规则，革新网络司法模式，依法解决新型网络纠纷，打击网络犯罪，保障网络空间主体权益，使人民群众获得更加公平公正、公开透明、高效便捷、普惠均等的司法服务。

An impartial judiciary is the last line of defense for social fairness and justice. China has stayed committed to the principle of maintaining judicial justice and administrating justice for the people. Actively responding to the needs of justice in the age of the internet, China has employed internet and information technology to empower the traditional judiciary, improved rules of cyber justice, and reformed models of cyber justice. This has allowed it to settle new types of cyber disputes in accordance with the law, combat cybercrime, safeguard the rights and interests of cyberspace players, and deliver judicial services that are more fair, just, open, transparent, efficient, accessible, inclusive, and equitable.

（一）创新网络司法规则

1. Defining New Rules of Cyber Justice

随着互联网新技术新应用新业态的快速发展，网络空间承载的法律关系更为丰富多元，给网络空间司法保障带来了新挑战，需要构建更为完善的网络司法规则。中国及时制定涉及网络知识产权、人格权、网络交易、网络不正当竞争、电信网络诈骗等领域的民事和刑事司法解释。通过审理涉及网络基础设施安全、算法规则、数据权属交易、个人信息保护、网络平台治理等一大批新类型、疑难复杂和互联网特性突出的司法案件，细化法律适用标准，促进裁判标准统一，网络空间规则、行为规范、权利边界和责任义务日益明晰。制定人民法院在线诉讼、在线调解、在线运行规则，细化电子数据证据规则，规范网络犯罪案件办理程序，网络司法程序规则体系逐步建立。网络司法规则的体系化、系统化，为网络司法工作提供了规则引领和制度保障，让网络司法有章可循。

As new internet technologies, applications and business forms develop quickly, legal relationships in cyberspace are becoming more diverse, posing new challenges to the administration of justice in cyberspace. This calls for better-defined rules of cyber justice.

For this purpose, China has produced timely judicial interpretations of civil and criminal issues such as intellectual property rights, the right to dignity, online transactions, and unfair competition on the internet, as well as telecom and online fraud. It has handled a good number of unprecedented, complicated cases that are closely related to the internet, such as those involving internet infrastructure security, algorithms, data rights and trading, protection of personal information, and management of online platforms. In the process, it has refined the criteria for the application of the law and made the standards for adjudication consistent. This has led to increasing clarity on the rules, code of conduct, and boundaries of rights, obligations and responsibilities in cyberspace. China has formulated rules for online litigation, mediation and operation of the people’s courts, refined rules on taking electronic data as evidence, and standardized the procedures for handling cybercrime cases. As a result, a system of rules and procedures for cyber justice is taking shape. This systematic development of relevant rules provides regulatory guidance and institutional safeguards for cyber justice, which is therefore becoming more rule-based.

（二）探索网络司法模式

2. Exploring New Models of Cyber Justice

积极探索司法活动与网络技术深度融合的新路径、新领域、新模式，让社会正义“提速”。积极推行大数据、云计算、人工智能、区块链等现代科技在诉讼服务、审判执行、司法管理等领域的深度应用，先行先试构建中国特色的网络司法模式。鼓励各地法院因地制宜，结合当地互联网产业发展情况和网络纠纷特点，探索具有地域特色的新型互联网审判机制。相继设立杭州、北京、广州互联网法院，探索实行“网上案件网上审理”。大力推进数字检察工作，坚持大数据赋能法律监督，系统整合各类办案数据，积极探索构建大数据法律监督模型和平台，努力推动个案办理式监督和类案治理式监督相结合，为新时代法律监督提质增效。网络司法的新模式标志着中国特色社会主义司法制度在网络领域进一步发展完善，逐渐成为中国司法的一张亮丽名片。

China has been active in exploring new channels, domains and models for further integrating internet technology with judicial activities, for the purpose of speedier delivery of justice. In order to build a cyber justice model with Chinese characteristics, it has piloted measures in applying the latest technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain in judicial proceedings, judgment enforcement, judicial administration, and other fields.

Local courts are encouraged to explore new mechanisms with regional features for internet-empowered adjudication, on the basis of the development of local internet industry and the characteristics of local cyber disputes. Internet courts have been established in Hangzhou, Beijing and Guangzhou, in an attempt to realize adjudication of internet-related cases via the internet. In the process of digitalizing procuratorial work, China has used big data to empower legal oversight. It has systematically integrated a wide range of case information, worked on models and platforms for big data-based legal oversight, and implemented oversight of the prosecution of individual cases and of similar cases in order to address the common problems they raise. This has helped improve the quality and efficiency of legal oversight in the new era. The emergence of these new models signifies the further development of a socialist judicial system with Chinese characteristics in cyberspace, and is becoming a salient feature of China’s judicial system.

（三）维护网络司法权益

3. Judicial Protection of Online Rights and Interests

中国积极开展网络司法活动，坚决打击网络违法犯罪活动，努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义。

China has carried out judicial activities to combat cybercrime, so that the people can see that justice is served in every judicial case.

强化公民网络民事权益司法保护。依法办理个人信息保护、网络知识产权、网络交易、网络侵权等领域的民商事案件，保障各方主体的网络民事权益。在个人信息保护方面，重点关注处理大规模个人信息的网络平台，对侵犯公民个人信息的网络平台提起民事公益诉讼，通过案件审理明确用户个人信息商业使用的规则和边界，督促网络平台企业合法合规收集使用数据。在网络知识产权保护方面，针对涉及专利、集成电路布图设计、技术秘密、计算机软件等专业技术性较强的案件，探索引入技术调查官制度，逐步构建起维护网络空间公民合法权益的“防护栏”。

Strengthening judicial protection of online civil rights and interests. To protect the online civil rights and interests of all parties concerned, China handles civil and commercial cases involving personal information, intellectual property rights, online transactions, and online infringement in accordance with the law. For protection of personal information, the focus is put on online platforms that process huge amounts of personal information. Civil public-interest litigations have been launched against online platforms suspected of abusing personal information. In adjudicating these cases, the courts have clarified the rules and limits for the commercial use of customers’ personal information, and prompted companies running online platforms to collect and use data in accordance with laws and regulations. For protection of intellectual property rights in internet-related cases of high technological complexity such as those involving patents, integrated circuit designs, technological secrets, and computer software, the courts have introduced a technology investigator system. Step by step, safeguards are being set up in cyberspace to protect citizens’ legitimate rights and interests there.

加大网络犯罪惩治力度。随着互联网技术的快速发展，传统犯罪加速向以互联网为媒介的非接触式犯罪转变，电信网络诈骗、网络赌博、网络淫秽色情等涉网违法犯罪多发。中国依法办理新型网络犯罪案件。连续多年开展“净网行动”，严厉打击群众反映强烈的黑客攻击破坏、侵犯公民个人信息等违法犯罪活动。持续推进“云剑”“断卡”“断流”“拔钉”等专项行动，打击套路贷、校园贷、“以房养老”、“投资养老”等电信网络诈骗犯罪，依法惩处为电信网络诈骗犯罪团伙提供互联网接入、域名注册、服务器托管、移动互联网应用程序制作开发、网络支付、引流推广等服务支撑的黑灰产业。完善国家反诈大数据平台和反诈移动互联网应用程序，建设国家涉诈黑样本库，完善快速止付冻结机制、涉诈资金返还机制。坚决打击网络赌博犯罪行为，从严治理网络淫秽色情。网络犯罪治理工作取得明显成效，人民群众安全感有效提升，社会更加和谐稳定。

Intensifying punishment for cybercrime. As internet technology evolves swiftly, conventional crimes are transforming rapidly into internet-enabled, no-contact forms, leading to a rise in illicit acts such as telecom and online fraud, online gambling, and online pornography. China handles new types of cybercrime in accordance with the law. In recent years China has carried out a systematic “internet clean-up” campaign, combating cyber hacking, invasion of individual privacy, and many other criminal acts that cause strong concern to the public. It has launched a number of campaigns against telecom and online fraud, including those to hunt fugitives via cloud services and platforms, freeze the SIM cards and bank accounts used by suspects, intercept domestic recruitment by criminal groups operating from abroad, and pursue the heads and key members of criminal groups. It combats all types of predatory lending including trap loans, the student loan, reverse mortgage, and elder investment scams. It punishes in accordance with the law the shadowy businesses that provide services such as internet connection, domain registration, server hosting, mobile application development, online payment, and promotion to criminal groups behind telecom and online fraud.

China has also updated its national anti-fraud big data platform and anti-fraud app, built a national fraud database, and improved the mechanisms for quick freezing of payments and retrieval of swindled money. It takes resolute action against online gambling and delivers harsh punishments for online pornography. Through these efforts, remarkable progress has been made in combating cybercrime, giving the people a stronger sense of security and reinforcing social harmony and stability.

探索未成年人网络司法保护新路径。以惩防网络犯罪为重点，依法精准打击“隔空猥亵”等网络违法犯罪，加大对以未成年人为目标的网络诈骗犯罪的打击惩治力度。依法惩戒和精准帮教相结合，最大限度教育挽救涉网络犯罪的未成年人。积极推动网络领域未成年人公益保护，以办理涉毒音视频传播、侵犯未成年人个人信息权益、网络高额打赏等典型个案作为突破口，通过公益诉讼、检察建议、支持起诉、情况通报等多种形式，推动网络平台、社会、政府共同守护未成年人健康网络环境。

Exploring new avenues for judicial protection of minors in cyberspace. While focusing on forestalling and punishing cybercrime, China takes targeted measures against online criminal activities such as virtual sexual harassment, and has increased punishments for those preying on minors. Through law-based punishment and individualized assistance and education, the state does its utmost to rehabilitate underage people involved in cybercrime. China has strengthened the protection of minors in cyberspace, making breakthroughs in typical cases such as those concerning circulation of audio and video about narcotics, violation of minors’ personal information rights and interests, and excessive livestream rewards from minor viewers. By taking action in the form of public-interest litigation, written suggestions from prosecutorial organizations, support for prosecutions, and briefings on relevant information, China is working to pool the strength of online platforms, the public, and the government to foster a healthy cyber environment for young people.

五、提升全社会网络法治意识和素养

V. Promoting Public Awareness and Competence in Law-Based Cyberspace Governance

网络法治宣传教育需要全社会共同参与。中国借助互联网，法治宣传教育的内容、形式、手段不断创新，网民法治观念全面提升，网络平台主体责任和行业自律有效落实，尊法学法守法用法日益成为网络空间广泛共识和基本准则，社会主义法治精神在网络空间得到全面彰显。

Public participation is necessary for spreading knowledge of the rule of law in cyberspace. China makes every effort to break new ground in the content, form and means of spreading legal knowledge via the internet. The Chinese netizens’ awareness and understanding of the rule of law have generally increased, and online platforms have assumed their primary responsibility for legal compliance and the industry has embraced self-discipline. Respecting, learning, abiding by, and using the law is a shared understanding and basic principle, and the spirit of the socialist rule of law is fully manifested in cyberspace.

（一）拓展“互联网+普法”新模式

1. Internet Plus Public Legal Education

互联网日益成为人民群众学习、工作、生活的新空间，成为获取公共信息和服务的新平台，也逐渐成为普法的新渠道、新手段。“互联网+普法”将单向式法治宣传转变为互动式、服务式、场景式传播，专业化的法律术语转化为通俗易懂的生活话语、网言网语，受众的参与感、体验感、获得感不断提升。

The internet has become a new space where people study, work and live; it provides a new platform for them to obtain information and access public services, which makes it a new avenue and means to spread knowledge of the law. The internet has changed the structure of legal literacy from unidirectional communication to interactive, service-based and immersive communication, and interpreted technical terms in plain everyday language. The participants have become increasingly active with better experiences and more gain.

充分运用互联网开展法治宣传教育。政府网站、公众号设立普法专题专栏，围绕宪法、民法典、国家安全法、网络安全法等重要法律法规，以及生态文明建设、食品药品安全、个人信息保护等人民群众关心关注的问题，开展网上法治宣传，全面普及法律知识。充分利用中国普法“一网两微一端”，加强智慧普法平台建设，宣传中国法治建设实践经验，推送普法信息，引导全社会树立权利与义务、个人自由与社会责任相统一的法治观念，培育遇事找法、解决问题用法、化解矛盾靠法的法治意识和行为规范，引导全体人民做社会主义法治的忠实崇尚者、自觉遵守者、坚定捍卫者。

Employing the internet to spread knowledge of the law. Government websites and WeChat official accounts set up special columns and features to spread legal knowledge regarding eco-environmental progress, food and drug safety, protecting personal information, and other matters of public concern, with a focus on the Constitution, Civil Code, National Security Law, Cybersecurity Law, and other important laws and regulations. China makes full use of the legal publicity website (legalinfo.moj.gov.cn), its weibo account, WeChat account and app and builds a smart legal publicity platform to spread knowledge and experience of the rule of law in China, so as to inculcate the idea in the public that rights and duties are integral to each other, as are personal freedom and social responsibility, to raise legal consciousness that laws should be applied to regulate behaviors and solve problems and conflicts, and to guide the people to advocate, abide by and defend the socialist rule of law.

积极运用网络媒体开展网上普法活动。互联网媒体发挥内容、渠道、资源优势，结合不同群体普法需求，运用图解、动漫、短视频、网络直播、网络音乐等多种形式创作大量网络普法作品，通过论坛、博客、微博客、公众账号、即时通信工具、网络直播、搜索引擎、问答社区等多种渠道向公众提供法律知识，解读法律法规。网络普法打通了普法与群众间的“最后一公里”，促进普法更充分地融入市场经营、社区生活、校园学习、乡村建设，法律知识的到达率、普及率、知晓率得到显著提升。

Strengthening legal literacy through online media. With their strengths in content, channels, and resources, internet media have created a large number of graphics, cartoons, comics, short videos, livestream, and online music products on internet forums, blogs, microblogs, WeChat official accounts, instant messaging tools, livestreaming, search engines, Q&A communities and through many other channels that are tailored to meet the different needs of various groups in spreading legal awareness and explaining laws and regulations. These give the people direct access to the government’s public legal education information that has deeply penetrated businesses, communities, campuses, and villages. Legal literacy has improved significantly among all the people.

线下普法活动向线上延伸。随着互联网与经济社会生产生活的广泛融合，传统的线下法治讲座、普法基层行动、法律咨询服务、法治文艺展播等普法活动借助互联网不断扩大影响力和覆盖面。学习培训、微视频比赛、互联网法律法规知识大赛等更多“键对键”的线上活动和“面对面”的线下普法相互融合、相互补充、相得益彰，吸引更多人群参与法治宣传教育，让网络法治宣传教育惠及更广泛社会群体。

Extending real-world legal literacy efforts into the virtual world. With the widespread integration of the internet with the economy and social life, those lectures, legal literacy initiatives in communities, legal consulting services, and artistic performances on the rule of law that used to be conducted in the real world are now expanding their influence and coverage through the internet. Online legal literacy training courses, micro-video contests, and quiz games are integrating with and complementing those face-to-face activities, attracting wider participation, and benefiting a larger population.

（二）普及网络法律法规

2. Publicizing Cyber Laws and Regulations

宣传普及网络法律法规是网络法治宣传教育的重点内容。网络法律法规全面普及提升了人民群众的网络法治观念，为培育健康向上、文明法治的网络生态环境提供了重要支持。

Cyber laws and regulations are the main content of public legal education in cyberspace. They are becoming increasingly familiar to the public, providing the foundation for a sound and law-based cyberspace with high ethical standards.

网络法律法规普及融入网络立法全过程。在网络安全法、数据安全法、个人信息保护法等网络法律法规制定过程中，利用线上线下渠道，通过公开征求意见、研讨论证等方式，广泛听取、充分吸纳公民、法人、其他组织等各方意见。网络法律法规公布实施时，通过召开新闻发布会、答记者问和专家解读等方式解疑释惑，引导公众了解网络法律知识、遵守网络法律法规，为依法治网筑牢群众基础。

Cyber laws and regulations are publicized during the whole legislative process. When drafting cyber laws and regulations such as the Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law, and Personal Information Protection Law, the opinions of citizens, legal persons and other organizations are heard and can be adopted through public solicitation, deliberation, and appraisal via both online and offline channels. When these laws and regulations were promulgated, questions were explained through press conferences, answers to media questions, and expert interpretation. The public have been encouraged to learn more about cyber laws and regulations, and abide by them, which lays a solid public foundation for the law-based governance of cyberspace.

在网络执法、司法活动中适时开展网络法律法规普及。围绕利用网络传播违法和不良信息、侵害个人信息权益、电信网络诈骗、未成年人网络保护等人民群众关心关注的问题，发布网络法治典型案事例，集中开展以案释法。通过“中国审判流程信息公开网”“中国庭审公开网”“中国裁判文书网”“中国执行信息公开网”四大平台，公开网络司法案件。民众以更加生动直观的方式了解网络法律知识，社会公众从旁观者变为参与者、支持者、宣传者。

Legal literacy efforts are also being made in law enforcement and judicial activities when appropriate. To explain cyber laws, China releases information on typical cases of public concern, including online dissemination of illegal and harmful information, infringement of rights and interests relating to personal information, telecom and online fraud, and protection of minors in cyberspace. All cases relating to cyberspace are accessible to the public through four websites – adjudication procedure information (splcgk.court.gov.cn), court trial information (tingshen.court.gov.cn), judgment information (wenshu.court.gov.cn), and enforcement information (zxgk.court.gov.cn). The general public can access this information in a more direct and vivid way, and have evolved from onlookers to participants, supporters and advocates.

（三）面向重点对象开展网络普法

3. Raising Legal Awareness of Key Groups

法律的权威源自人民内心拥护和真诚信仰。中国围绕青少年、互联网企业从业人员等重要普法对象开展法治宣传，引导青少年网民依法上网、文明上网、安全上网，督促互联网企业合规合法经营，提升法律风险防范意识。

The authority of the law comes from the people’s firm belief and sincere support. China focuses its legal literacy efforts on key groups like teenagers and internet company employees. Teenagers are guided to adhere to laws, conduct themselves with civility, and follow cybersecurity protocols when surfing the internet. Internet companies are under supervision for their compliance with laws and regulations, and they are also required to guard against legal risks.

加强青少年网络法治宣传教育。青少年是祖国的未来、民族的希望。青少年网民在中国网民中的占比逐步增长。作为互联网的“原住民”，青少年是网上学习、交流、生活最活跃的参与者、实践者，其合法权益也更易受到网络违法活动的侵害。中国从保护青少年网络权益，促进青少年健康成长、全面发展出发，遵循青少年身心发展规律，贴近青少年学习生活实际，聚焦网络沉迷、网络欺凌、网络淫秽色情信息等重点问题，通过普法微综艺、儿童普法话剧、网络普法故事广播、网络普法云课堂、学法用法知识竞赛、法治副校长进校园、编写网络普法读本等生动活泼、丰富多彩的形式开展法治宣传教育，逐步形成了政府、社会、学校、家庭相结合的法治宣传教育格局，为提升青少年网民法治意识和网络安全素养提供了全面保障。

Improving education on cyber laws among teenagers. Teenagers are the future of the country and the hope of our nation. They are a growing demographic in China’s netizen population. As the pioneers of the internet, they are the most active participants in online classes, communication, and life, but their legitimate rights and interests are also vulnerable to infringement on the internet. To protect their rights and interests and promote their healthy growth and well-rounded development, China makes every effort to improve their understanding of the rule of law in cyberspace, especially on critical concerns such as internet addiction, cyberbullying, and online pornography. Varied and vivid forms are adapted to their physical and mental development and their realities, such as story books, micro variety shows, plays for kids, radio stories, online classes, quiz games, and law classes taught in primary and secondary schools by police officers, prosecutors and judges who serve as part-time vice principals. A public legal education framework integrating government, society, schools and families has taken shape, which promotes the all-round legal awareness of juvenile netizens and builds their cybersecurity competence.

强化互联网企业的依法经营意识。互联网企业是推动数字经济健康发展的重要市场主体，守法诚信是其应当遵守的基本行为准则。中国加强对互联网企业的网络法治教育培训，把网络法律法规特别是电子商务法、网络安全法、数据安全法、个人信息保护法、反垄断法、反不正当竞争法等与经营活动、行业发展密切相关的法律法规纳入企业入职培训、日常培训。支持互联网行业组织为互联网企业及其从业人员提供形式多样的法律宣传教育，鼓励互联网行业组织督促企业坚持经济效益和社会效益并重的价值导向，通过完善行业规范、出台行业标准、发布诚信倡议等方式，引导互联网企业积极履行法律义务和社会责任，依法保护消费者合法权益，维护公平竞争的市场环境。

Strengthening internet companies’ compliance with the law. Internet companies are the main market players in the digital economy, and should promote its healthy development. Honesty and observing the law must be their cardinal principles. China is intensifying its efforts to promote legal literacy among internet companies, and requiring them to incorporate cyber laws into their induction and routine training. This applies especially to laws with a direct bearing on corporate operations and industry development, such as the Electronic Commerce Law, Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law, Personal Information Protection Law, Anti-Monopoly Law, and Anti-Unfair Competition Law. Industry associations are encouraged to provide legal education in various forms for internet companies and their employees, and to ensure that the companies place equal emphasis on economic returns and social benefit. They are also required to guide – through improving industry norms, formulating industry standards, and issuing business integrity initiatives – the companies to fulfill their legal and social responsibilities. With such measures, consumers’ legitimate rights and interests are fully protected, and fair competition in the market is ensured.

（四）强化网络法治研究教育

4. Strengthening Research and Education on Law-Based Cyberspace Governance

网络法治教育、网络法治人才是建设网络强国的重要支撑和创新动力。中国面对网络法治实践中产生的重大理论问题和人才需求，初步形成了理论与实践相结合、制度与发展相适应的教育研究、人才培养机制，为网络法治建设提供了智力支持和人才保障。

Education and professional practitioners of law-based cyberspace governance underpin a cyber power and drive innovation. Facing major theoretical problems in law-based cyberspace governance and a demand for talented people, China has established a preliminary system for cultivating professionals and conducting research that combines theory and practice, adapts to the development of cyberspace, and provides intellectual support and sufficient talented people for the country’s law-based cyberspace governance.

全面提升网络法治研究能力。高校、科研机构创建网络法治研究新型智库，先后建立多个综合性网络法治研究基地。截至2022年6月，中国网络法治研究机构超过90家。网络法治智库充分发挥“智囊团”“思想库”“人才库”的重要作用，围绕数据、算法、平台治理等前沿问题开展研究，形成了大量学术研究成果。专家学者深入参与网络法治活动，围绕网络法治重要规划、重大立法、重点改革等加强调查研究，提出建设性建议。

Improving comprehensive research capabilities on law-based cyberspace governance. Universities and scientific research institutes have set up new-type think tanks to conduct relevant research and established a number of comprehensive research centers. By June 2022, China had more than 90 research institutes in this field. Serving as a bank of brain trusters, ideas, and talented people, these think tanks have conducted research in many frontier areas like data, algorithms, and platform management, and produced remarkable academic results. Experts and academics are fully engaged in relevant activities and offer constructive advice on China’s major plans, legislation and reforms in law-based cyberspace governance.

加强网络法治领域人才培养。中国系统整合传统法学学科教育和网络相关学科教育，在设立网络空间安全一级学科的基础上，部分高校开设网络与信息法学、数字法学、人工智能法学等二级学科。高校依规自主开设网络安全与执法等网络法治相关本科专业。组建从事网络法学研究和教学的工作团队，讲授网络与信息安全、法律与人工智能、网络法学、区块链与电子证据、法律数据分析等融合法律知识与计算机科学、统计学知识的跨学科跨专业课程，编写了网络法、计算法、数据法、个人信息保护法等领域的一系列具有前沿性、通用性及实操性教材，培养出一大批兼具法律专业知识和技术背景的复合型人才，为网络强国建设提供了有力的法治人才支撑。

Strengthening the training of personnel for law-based cyberspace governance. China integrates conventional legal studies with internet-related disciplines. Cybersecurity studies has been categorized as a primary discipline, and some universities have set up secondary disciplines like internet and information law studies, digital law studies, and artificial intelligence law studies. In line with specified regulations and procedures, institutions of higher learning, on their own initiative, have run undergraduate courses on the rule of law in cyberspace such as cybersecurity and law enforcement. Teams of research and teaching in cyber law have been organized to teach interdisciplinary courses that integrate legal knowledge with computer science and statistics, such as network and information security, laws and artificial intelligence, cyber law studies, blockchain and digital evidence, and legal analytics. A group of practical textbooks covering frontier research have been compiled for students in relevant majors, including cyber law, computational jurisprudence, data law, and personal information protection law. A large number of personnel with professional knowledge of both law and technology have been trained, providing a solid foundation for building up China’s strength in cyberspace.

六、加强网络法治国际交流合作

VI. Increasing International Exchanges and Cooperation in Law-Based Cyberspace Governance

网络空间是人类共同的活动空间。全球推动数字经济发展的愿望相同，应对网络安全风险的挑战相同，加强网络空间治理的需求相同。中国积极开展网络法治国际交流合作，坚持在独立自主、完全平等、互相尊重的基础上，与世界各国一道，共同参与全球网络治理体系变革，促进全球共同分享互联网发展的机遇和成果，携手构建网络空间命运共同体。

Cyberspace is a shared activity space for all of humanity. All countries around the globe share the same desire to develop the digital economy; all face the same challenges posed by cybersecurity threats and have the same need for strengthening cyberspace governance.

China is fully engaged in international exchanges and cooperation in the field of law-based governance of cyberspace. Upholding independence, equality, and mutual respect, it joins with other countries to reform the global cyberspace governance system, to ensure that all countries share the opportunities and fruits brought by the development of the internet, and to jointly build a community with a shared future in cyberspace.

（一）积极参与规则建设

1. Playing an Active Role in Rule Making

中国坚定维护国际公平正义，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序、以《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则。支持各国平等参与网络国际治理，制定各方普遍接受的网络空间国际规则。

China is committed to international fairness and justice. It resolutely safeguards the international system with the United Nations at its core, and the international order with international law as its foundation, and upholds the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. It supports the participation of all countries in global cyberspace governance on an equal footing, and in laying down international cyberspace rules that are universally accepted.

支持发挥联合国在网络国际治理中的主渠道作用。支持联合国制定打击网络犯罪全球性公约，共提并推动联合国大会通过决议，设立政府间特设专家委员会，并建设性参与公约谈判，呼吁尽早共同达成具有权威性、普遍性的公约，为国际社会合作应对网络犯罪挑战提供法律基础。注重发挥联合国在应对国际信息安全威胁领域的关键作用，与上海合作组织其他成员国共同向联合国提交“信息安全国际行为准则”，并于2015年提交更新案文。提出《全球数据安全倡议》，分别于2021年3月和2022年6月同阿拉伯国家联盟、中亚五国发表《中阿数据安全合作倡议》《“中国+中亚五国”数据安全合作倡议》，为讨论制定全球数据安全规则提供蓝本。参与推动联合国达成“网络空间负责任国家行为规范框架”，明确主权平等、和平解决争端、禁止使用武力、不干涉他国内政等国际法重要原则适用于网络空间，明确应建立全球性、客观的信息技术产品供应链安全标准。拓展与联合国专门机构的网络事务合作，参与联合国教科文组织制定《人工智能伦理建议书》，并与世界知识产权组织在域名规则制定和域名争议解决领域开展广泛合作。

China supports the UN’s role as the main channel in international cyberspace governance. It supports the UN effort to formulate a global-level cybercrime convention, has pushed for the General Assembly to adopt a resolution to establish an open-ended ad hoc intergovernmental committee of experts, and has played a constructive role in the negotiations on a convention. It calls on the international community to reach agreement on an authoritative and universal convention at the earliest possible time to lay a legal foundation for the battle against cybercrime. China values the UN’s key role in responding to international information security threats, and together with other Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states it submitted the original International Code of Conduct for Information Security to the UN General Assembly, and an updated version in 2015. It launched the Global Data Security Initiative, and issued the China-League of Arab States Cooperation Initiative on Data Security together with the League of Arab States in March 2021, and the Data Security Cooperation Initiative of China+Central Asia together with five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) in June 2022, which provide a blueprint for developing global data security rules. China encouraged the UN to draw up a framework for responsible state behavior in cyberspace, making clear that the principles of international law – such as equal sovereignty, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-use of force, non-interference in other countries’ domestic affairs – are also applicable in cyberspace, and that impartial global security standards for the supply chain of information technology products should be formulated. It has expanded its cyberspace cooperation with the UN’s special organizations, taken an active part in formulating UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, and conducted extensive cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization in formulating domain name rules and settling disputes in this field.

积极参与形成区域性网络治理规则。签署《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》，与其他14个成员国一道，围绕电子认证和签名、在线消费者保护、在线个人信息保护、网络安全、数据跨境流动、知识产权保护等领域形成区域规则，电子商务章节成为目前全球覆盖区域最广、内容全面、水平较高的电子商务国际规则。积极推进加入《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》和《数字经济伙伴关系协定》，参与数字经济领域高标准规则制定。

Taking an active part in the formulation of regional cyberspace governance rules. China signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement, under which the 15 member states including China laid down regional rules regarding electronic signature and electronic authentication, online consumer protection, online personal information protection, cybersecurity, cross-border transfer of information by electronic means, and intellectual property right protection. Its e-commerce chapter is by some margin the world’s most extensive and most used set of e-commerce rules. China has also taken vigorous steps to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, in order to participate in the formulation of high-standard rules in the digital economy.

（二）广泛开展交流合作

2. Conducting Extensive Exchanges and Cooperation

中国始终支持网络法治领域的国际交流与合作，积极开展对话协商、交流互鉴，不断拓展深化平等、开放、合作的全球伙伴关系，以共进为动力、以共赢为目标，共同推进网络国际治理。

As a longstanding supporter of international exchanges and cooperation in the rule of law in cyberspace, China takes part in dialogues, negotiations, exchanges, and mutual learning with other countries. It continues to expand and strengthen the network of global partnerships based on equality, openness, and cooperation, and to promote international cyberspace governance that is driven by common progress and designed for shared benefit.

开展网络法治双多边对话交流。建立中俄信息安全磋商机制、中欧网络工作组机制、中国－东盟网络事务对话机制、中日韩三方网络磋商机制等对话机制，联合举办“2019中德互联网经济对话”“中英互联网圆桌会议”“中韩互联网圆桌会议”“中古（巴）互联网圆桌论坛”“中巴（西）互联网治理研讨会”等活动，与相关国家在网络政策法规和治网实践等方面开展务实交流，及时回应各方关切，平等协商解决分歧。与泰国、印度尼西亚等签署网络安全合作备忘录，加强网络安全政策法规交流分享，共同促进网络安全能力建设。

Engaging in bilateral and multilateral dialogues and exchanges in law-based cyberspace governance. China has established the Sino-Russian Information Security Consultation Mechanism, China-EU Taskforce, China-ASEAN Cyber Dialogue Mechanism, and China-Japan-ROK Trilateral Cyber Consultation Mechanism, and co-hosted the 2019 China-Germany Dialogue on the Internet Economy, China-UK Internet Roundtable, China-ROK Internet Roundtable, China-Cuba Internet Development Forum, and China-Brazil Internet Governance Seminar. Through these pragmatic exchanges, it has worked with other countries on cyber policies, laws, regulations, and governance experience. It has responded promptly to the concerns of various parties, and settled disputes through negotiation on an equal footing. It has signed cybersecurity cooperation memorandums with countries including Thailand and Indonesia to strengthen exchanges and sharing in cybersecurity policies, laws and regulations, and to jointly build capacity in cybersecurity.

加强网络安全国际执法司法合作。中国与多国达成网络安全领域合作共识，在打击网络恐怖主义、电信网络诈骗等方面开展深层次务实合作。在打击网络恐怖主义方面，通过联合反恐演习、联合边防行动、警务合作、司法协助等多种形式，不断深化与相关国家交流合作，携手应对威胁挑战，共同维护世界和平和地区稳定。在打击电信网络诈骗方面，开展国际执法司法合作，与多国联合侦办跨境重大案件，取得明显成效。2022年3月至6月，在国际刑警组织框架下，与其他75个成员国共同参与“曙光行动”，逮捕犯罪嫌疑人2000余名，拦截非法资金5000余万美元，有效遏制跨国电信网络诈骗活动。

Increasing international law enforcement and judicial cooperation on cybersecurity. China has reached agreements on cybersecurity with many other countries and carried out in-depth and pragmatic cooperation in fighting cyberterrorism and telecom and online fraud. To combat cyberterrorism, China has increased cooperation with other countries through joint counterterrorism maneuvers, joint border defense operations, and police and judicial cooperation to meet threats and challenges and safeguard world peace and regional stability. In fighting telecom and online fraud, China has strengthened law enforcement and judicial cooperation with other countries, investigated major cross-border cases, and achieved substantial results. Between March and June 2022, 76 countries including China took part in an operation codenamed First Light 2022 initiated by the International Criminal Police Organization, with some 2,000 suspects arrested and some US$50 million worth of illicit funds intercepted, which effectively curbed transnational social engineering scams.

携手保护未成年人网络权益。积极与联合国儿童基金会、国际互联网举报热线联合会等国际组织以及英国、德国、阿联酋等国相关部门开展合作，治理线上未成年人色情问题。加入“WePROTECT终结网络儿童性剥削全球联盟”，与全球200多个政府、企业和民间社会组织一道努力打击儿童网上性剥削及性虐待，为儿童创造更加安全的网络环境。

Jointly protecting the rights and interests of minors in cyberspace. China cooperates with the United Nations Children’s Fund, the International Association of Internet Hotlines, and other international organizations, and relevant departments of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United Arab Emirates and other countries to fight online child pornography. As a member of WeProtect Global Alliance, China works with other member governments, companies and civil society organizations – totaling more than 200 – to combat child sexual exploitation and abuse online and create a safer cyber environment for children.

（三）努力搭建对话平台

3. Creating Platforms for Dialogue

中国展现负责任大国担当，积极搭建与世界互联互通的国际平台和国际互联网共建共享的中国平台，为世界各国在网络法治领域密切联系、增进了解、促进互信发挥了积极作用。

As a responsible major country, China has made great efforts to build a global platform promoting connectivity between China and the rest of the world, and a Chinese platform for the global internet to be shared and governed by all. It has played an active role in promoting connections, understanding, and mutual trust in the rule of law in cyberspace between different countries.

通过世界互联网大会搭建网络法治交流平台。自2014年起，中国连续九年举办世界互联网大会，邀请各国政府、国际组织、互联网企业、智库、行业协会、技术社群等各界代表参加。大会组委会发布《携手构建网络空间命运共同体》概念文件，提出“尊重网络主权，《联合国宪章》确立的主权平等原则是当代国际关系的基本准则，同样适用于网络空间”。发布《携手构建网络空间命运共同体行动倡议》，提出开展数据安全和个人信息保护及相关规则、标准的国际交流合作，推动符合《联合国宪章》宗旨的个人信息保护规则标准国际互认。开展未成年人保护立法经验交流，打击针对未成年人的网络犯罪和网络欺凌，进一步完善打击网络犯罪与网络恐怖主义的机制建设。支持并积极参与联合国打击网络犯罪国际公约谈判，有效协调各国立法和实践，合力应对网络犯罪和网络恐怖主义威胁。

Hosting the world internet conferences for exchanging ideas on the rule of law in cyberspace. Every year since 2014, China has hosted the World Internet Conference, attended by representatives from governments, international organizations, internet companies, think tanks, industry associations, and technology communities. The organizing committee of the conference released a concept document named Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace, which calls for “respecting sovereignty in cyberspace” and points out that “the principle of sovereign equality enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations is a basic norm governing contemporary international relations. It covers all aspects of state-to-state relations, and should likewise apply to cyberspace.” The organizing committee also launched the Initiative on Jointly Building a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace, proposing that “international exchanges and cooperation should be advanced in the fields of data security, personal information protection and relevant rules and standards, and efforts should be made to promote mutual recognition among countries on rules and standards on personal information protection in line with the purposes of the UN Charter.” China has shared experience in legislation on the protection of minors, combated cybercrimes and cyberbullying targeted at minors, and further improved mechanisms for combating cybercrimes and cyberterrorism. It has supported and taken an active part in negotiations under the framework of the United Nations on the global convention against cybercrimes, and coordinated work on legislation and practices in different countries in a joint effort to tackle the threats of cybercrimes and cyberterrorism.

搭建多形式、多渠道、多层次网络法治国际交流平台。通过金砖国家合作机制、上海合作组织、亚非法律协商组织、东盟地区论坛等多边平台，就网络立法、执法、司法、普法等网络法治建设情况深入交流观点、经验和做法。举办世界互联网法治论坛，发布《世界互联网法治论坛乌镇宣言》，为在网络司法领域分享经验、增进了解、相互学习借鉴搭建桥梁。支持互联网行业组织建立中国互联网治理论坛等国际交流平台，围绕数字包容、数据治理等议题开展交流研讨，促进中外互联网社群增进共识，共同解决互联网行业发展面临的问题。鼓励专家学者通过学术论坛、研讨交流会等多种平台，围绕数字经济、数据安全、人工智能治理等网络法治前沿问题，与国际同行开展学术交流，分享研究成果。

Building multi-form, multi-channel and multi-tiered international platforms to exchange views, experience and practices on law-based cyberspace governance including legislation, law enforcement, judicial work, and public legal education. China organizes this through many multilateral platforms like the BRICS cooperation mechanism, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, and ASEAN Regional Forum. It hosted the World Forum on Rule of Law in Internet, and released the Wuzhen Declaration at the event, building a bridge for sharing experience, increasing understanding, and learning from each other in cyberspace justice. China supports industry associations of the internet to build international exchange platforms such as the China Internet Governance Forum, discussing such issues as digital inclusion and data governance. These platforms have promoted common understanding among Chinese and foreign internet communities, and facilitated joint solutions to the problems obstructing the development of the internet. China encourages Chinese experts and academics to attend academic forums and symposiums, conduct intellectual exchanges, and share research fruits with their foreign counterparts in frontier research on the digital economy, data security, governance of artificial intelligence, and other related matters.

结束语

Conclusion

中国在互联网发展治理实践中，立足本国国情，借鉴世界经验，形成了具有鲜明中国特色的依法治网之道。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程上，中国将始终坚持全面依法治国、依法治网的理念，推动互联网依法有序健康运行，以法治力量护航数字中国高质量发展，为网络强国建设提供坚实的法治保障。

Based on its own realities, and learning from other countries’ experience, China has created a cyberspace governance model with distinct Chinese characteristics. On the new journey towards a modern socialist country, China will always be committed to all-round law-based governance of the country and of cyberspace. It will promote the lawful, orderly and healthy development of the internet in China, safeguard the high-quality development of a digital China under the rule of law, and provide a solid legal guarantee for building up China’s strength in cyberspace.

互联网发展红利惠及全球，依法促进网络空间发展和繁荣，符合世界各国人民利益。网络法治既是数字治理的重要方式，也是数字文明建设的重要成果。面对数字化带来的机遇和挑战，中国愿同国际社会一道践行共商共建共享的全球治理观，共同推动全球互联网治理法治化进程，让数字文明发展成果更好造福各国人民，携手构建网络空间命运共同体，共同创造人类美好未来。

The internet benefits the whole world. China champions the interests of the peoples of all countries in promoting the development and prosperity of cyberspace in accordance with the law. The rule of law in cyberspace is an important tool of digital governance, and a marker of digital progress. Facing the opportunities and challenges brought about by digitalization, China will follow the global governance principle of achieving shared growth through consultation and collaboration, and work together with the international community to ensure global cyberspace governance is law-based, and that digital progress will deliver greater benefit to the people. China stands ready to partner with all other countries to build a community with a shared future in cyberspace and create a better world.