新时代党的治藏方略的实践及其历史性成就

CPC Policies on the Governance of Xizang in the New Era: Approach and Achievements

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2023年11月

November 2023

目录

Contents

前言

Foreword

一、新发展理念全面贯彻

I. Full Implementation of the New Development Philosophy

二、精神文明建设成效明显

II. Notable Achievements in Cultural and Ethical Development

三、民族宗教工作扎实推进

III. Solid Progress in Ethnic and Religious Undertakings

四、社会大局持续安定向好

IV. Sustained and Stable Social Development

五、生态安全屏障日益坚实

V. Stronger Eco-Environmental Security Barrier

六、民主法治建设不断加强

VI. Strengthening Democracy and the Rule of Law

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Foreword

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，站在实现中华民族伟大复兴的战略高度，着眼于西藏同全国一道实现全面小康和现代化，高度重视西藏发展，亲切关怀西藏人民。党中央先后召开第六次、第七次西藏工作座谈会，明确提出做好西藏工作的指导思想、总体要求和重点任务，为推进西藏长治久安和高质量发展、实现西藏各族人民对美好生活的向往、建设社会主义现代化新西藏指明了方向。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has practiced a people-centered approach to development. With a strategic vision to rejuvenate the Chinese nation, and to ensure that the Xizang Autonomous Region will realize moderate prosperity and modernization together with the rest of the country, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to the development of Xizang and focused its attention on the people in the region. The CPC Central Committee held the sixth and seventh national meetings on Xizang in 2015 and 2020 respectively, at which it established the guiding principles, overall requirements and priority tasks, pointing the way to lasting stability and quality development, meeting the people’s aspirations for a better life, and realizing socialist modernization in the region.

中央第七次西藏工作座谈会确立了新时代党的治藏方略，并将其概括为“十个必须”：必须坚持中国共产党领导、坚持中国特色社会主义制度、坚持民族区域自治制度，必须坚持治国必治边、治边先稳藏的战略思想，必须把维护祖国统一、加强民族团结作为西藏工作的着眼点和着力点，必须坚持依法治藏、富民兴藏、长期建藏、凝聚人心、夯实基础的重要原则，必须统筹国内国际两个大局，必须把改善民生、凝聚人心作为经济社会发展的出发点和落脚点，必须促进各民族交往交流交融，必须坚持我国宗教中国化方向、依法管理宗教事务，必须坚持生态保护第一，必须加强党的建设特别是政治建设。

The seventh National Meeting on Xizang has outlined the CPC guidelines for governing Xizang in the new era as follows:

• Uphold CPC leadership, socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy;

• Adhere to the strategy that stability in Xizang is paramount in the governance of the border areas and the country as a whole;

• Focus on safeguarding national unification and strengthening ethnic unity;

• Govern Xizang in accordance with the law, bring prosperity to Xizang and its residents, unite them in one mind, and lay a solid foundation for its long-term growth;

• Address both domestic and international imperatives;

• Focus on improving people’s lives and strengthening unity in socio-economic development;

• Facilitate ethnic exchanges, communication and integration;

• Adapt religion to China’s realities, and handle religious affairs in accordance with the law;

• Prioritize eco-environmental protection;

• Strengthen the Party, especially its political foundations.

新时代党的治藏方略，立足中国特色社会主义实践和西藏工作实际，深刻揭示了西藏工作的内在规律，科学回答了一系列方向性、全局性、战略性问题，是中国共产党领导人民治藏稳藏兴藏成功经验的总结提炼和创新发展，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想关于西藏工作的集中体现，为做好西藏工作提供了根本遵循。

These guidelines, grounded on the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the actual situation of Xizang, demonstrate a keen understanding of work related to Xizang. They encapsulate the CPC’s past successes in stabilizing Xizang and its plans for future development. Embodying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, these guidelines provide answers to a series of questions on the future direction and strategy in governing Xizang and are to be followed in all undertakings related to the region.

在新时代党的治藏方略引领下，在全国人民大力支持下，西藏各族干部群众团结奋斗，各项事业取得全方位进步、历史性成就。西藏社会大局持续稳定向好、经济建设全面快速发展、人民生活水平不断提高、民族和睦宗教和顺、文化事业繁荣进步、生态安全屏障日益坚实、边疆巩固边境安全、党的建设全面加强，与全国人民一道迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，踏上了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。

Following the CPC’s guidelines for governing Xizang in the new era, and with nationwide support, officials and the peoples of the various ethnic groups in the autonomous region have worked together and achieved all-round progress and historic success in various undertakings. Significant progress has been made in stabilizing the social environment, achieving rapid economic progress, and strengthening the Party organization in Xizang, which has led to a better life to its people, amity among all ethnic groups and religions, cultural prosperity, sound ecological systems, and secured borders. Together with the rest of the country, people in Xizang have witnessed the tremendous transformation of the Chinese nation from standing up and becoming prosperous to growing in strength, and are now embarking on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects.

一、新发展理念全面贯彻

I. Full Implementation of the New Development Philosophy

人民对美好生活的向往，就是中国共产党矢志不渝的奋斗目标。西藏认真践行以人民为中心的发展思想，全面贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，聚焦发展不平衡不充分的问题，优化产业结构布局，培育内生动力，彻底摆脱了束缚千百年的绝对贫困问题，“十三五”发展目标如期完成，经济总量不断迈上新台阶。

The main driver of the CPC’s endeavors is the people’s aspirations for a better life. Xizang has followed the people-centered approach to development and applied the new development philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development in full. It is addressing imbalanced and insufficient development, optimizing the industrial structure, and boosting growth. Xizang had long been plagued by poverty, but absolute poverty has now been eradicated. The region has now achieved all objectives for development set in the 13th Five-year Plan (2016-2020) as scheduled, and the economy is robust.

——经济持续健康快速发展

– Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development

经济发展态势良好。西藏紧紧围绕使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用，深化经济体制改革，统筹做好稳增长、促改革、调结构、惠民生、防风险、保稳定各项工作，经济活跃度不断提升。2022年全区地区生产总值达到2132.64亿元，按不变价计算，比2012年增长1.28倍，年均增长8.6%，经济增速位居全国前列。产业结构日趋合理，自我发展能力显著增强。

The economy has witnessed solid and steady growth. Seeing that the market plays the decisive role in the allocation of resources and the government better fulfills its functions, Xizang has extended the reform of the economic system, and coordinated the tasks of sustaining growth, promoting reform, making structural changes, improving people’s lives, preventing risks, and ensuring social stability. As a result, the economy is growing more dynamic. In 2022 Xizang’s GDP reached RMB213.26 billion, an increase by a factor of 2.28 compared with that in 2012 at constant prices, representing an average annual growth rate of 8.6 percent. Its economic growth rate ranked among the highest in China. The industrial structure is being rationalized and the capacity for endogenous development has been significantly increased.

特色农业优质发展。重点发展青稞产业、优质畜牧业、设施农业，告别靠天吃饭、靠天养畜的老路。一大批优质青稞粮油生产、无公害蔬菜种植、标准化奶牛规模养殖、牦牛藏羊养殖等农牧业特色产业基地建成。2022年，农畜产品加工业总产值达到60亿元。

High-quality development has been realized in agricultural industries that leverage local strengths. Developing highland barley industry, high-quality animal husbandry, and protected agriculture have been treated as priorities. The days are gone when the Tibetan people lived at the mercy of the elements. A large number of industrial bases have been built for agriculture and animal husbandry adapted to local conditions, such as the cultivation of high-quality highland barley, the production of edible oil, pollution-free vegetable planting, standardized dairy cattle scale farming, and yak and Tibetan sheep farming. In 2022, the total output value of farm and livestock products processing reached RMB6 billion.

工业发展富有成效。第二产业发展势头强劲，建立起富有当地特色的现代工业体系。2012年至2022年，工业增加值增长1.77倍，产业链深度和广度不断延伸。2022年，规模以上工业企业数量比上年增长1.1%，高新技术企业达15家。

Progress has been made in industrial development. Secondary industry has achieved strong growth, and a modern industrial system with local characteristics has been established. From 2012 to 2022, the added value of industry increased by a factor of 2.77, and both the depth and breadth of industrial chains were extended. In 2022 the number of industrial enterprises of designated size (enterprises with a turnover exceeding RMB20 million per annum) expanded by 1.1 percent over the previous year, and the number of hi-tech firms reached 15.

第三产业活力增强。在中央支持下着力推动重要世界旅游目的地建设，拉萨雪顿节、日喀则珠峰文化旅游节、山南雅砻文化旅游节、林芝桃花节、那曲羌塘恰青赛马艺术节等成为重要的旅游品牌。2012年至2022年，接待旅游人数从1058.39万人次增加到3002.76万人次，旅游收入从126.48亿元增加到407.07亿元，增长2.2倍。山南市乃东区昌珠镇扎西曲登社区将雪巴藏戏与民宿旅游结合起来，走出致富新路。藏戏传承人尼玛次仁说：“旧社会，我们跳藏戏是为了让农奴主高兴，而今天表演，是为了让我们自己和更多人过上美好日子。”

There is greater vitality in the tertiary industry. With the support of the central government, Xizang is being transformed into a world-class tourist destination. The Tibetan Shoton Festival in Lhasa, Mount Qomolangma Cultural Tourism Festival in Xigaze, Yalong Cultural Tourism Festival in Shannan, Nyingchi Peach Blossom Festival, and Nagqu Horse Racing Festival have all become flagship tourist attractions. From 2012 to 2022, the number of tourists to Xizang climbed from 10.58 million to 30.03 million, with revenues from tourism surging by a factor of 3.2 from RMB12.65 billion to RMB40.71 billion. Zhaxi Qoiden community of Changzhu Township in the city of Shannan is a base for promoting Yalong Zhaxi Xoiba Tibetan Opera, an item on the national intangible cultural heritage list. As more tourists go to the community to appreciate the opera, locals have begun to operate household hotels, which have become a major source of income. Nima Tsering, a leading performer of Tibetan Opera, said: “In the old days, we performed Tibetan Opera to please the serf owners. Today, we do it to help ourselves and others live a better life.”

改革创新纵深推进。深化农村土地制度改革，重点健全承包土地合同管理、经营权流转管理、权属登记管理等制度。2014年，曲水县白堆村农牧民群众领取到不动产权证书（土地承包经营权），这是西藏历史上首次为农户农村土地颁证。实施新型农业经营主体培育工程，家庭农场、农牧民专业合作社等逐步发挥其在农村改革中的示范引领作用。持续推进国企国资改革，做强做优做大国有资本，2022年，全区国有企业资产总额较2012年增长13.05倍。优化税收营商环境，推进“证照分离”改革，深化“减证便民”，压缩企业开办时间。西藏各类市场主体从2012年的12.44万户发展到2022年的43.76万户。创新驱动发展，数字经济增加值增长10%以上。

Further progress has been made in reform and innovation. To expand reform of the rural land system, a significant effort has been invested in improving the management systems of land contracts, the transfer of rural land use rights, and ownership registration. In 2014, farmers and herders in Baidui Village of Quxu County received their immovable property rights certificates, which means they have the right to use contracted land. This was the first time in the history of Xizang that land certificates had been issued to villagers. A project developing new types of agricultural business entity is under way, and the leading role of family farms and professional cooperatives has been given full play in rural reform.

Reform of state-owned enterprises and state capital has been extended and efforts have been made to strengthen, expand, and increase the returns on state capital. By 2022 the total assets of state-owned enterprises in Xizang had increased by a factor of 14.05 compared with 2012. The tax and business environment has been optimized. Reform of the system separating operating permits from business licenses has been advanced to simplify procedures and to reduce time for business registration. The number of different market entities in Xizang has grown from 124,400 in 2012 to 437,600 in 2022. Innovation drives development. The added value of Xizang’s digital economy has increased by more than 10 percent.

投资金融进一步惠及民生。2012年至2022年，中央财政补贴累计达1.73万亿元。在国家财政支持下，全社会固定资产投资从2012年到2022年增长2.33倍。投资重点放在增强西藏经济发展基础和自我发展能力的基础设施、公共服务等领域，在不同时期相继安排一大批关系西藏长远发展和人民生活的重大工程项目，极大改善了人民生产生活条件。招商引资累计到位资金4650亿元，民间投资活力增强。金融机构组织体系持续改善，逐步形成银行、证券、保险等多层次、多元化、多功能的金融组织体系，金融支持经济社会发展作用明显增强。

Investment and financial services have brought more benefits to the people. From 2012 to 2022, a total of RMB1.73 trillion in financial subsidies from the central government went to Xizang. With the financial support of the state, investment in fixed assets increased by a factor of 3.33 times between 2012 and 2022. The investment focused on infrastructure, public services and other fields that could reinforce the foundations of Xizang’s economic and endogenous development. A large number of major engineering projects related to long-term development have been set up over time, greatly improving the people’s working and living conditions. A total of RMB465 billion has been invested. Private investments are thriving. The system of financial institutions continues to improve, and a multi-level, diverse, and multi-functional financial system has taken shape for banking, securities, insurance, and other relevant activities. The role of finance in supporting economic and social development has expanded significantly.

区域交流合作持续深化。加强与周边地区交流合作，积极融入成渝地区双城经济圈、大香格里拉经济圈、陕甘宁青经济圈、长江经济带等周边经济圈，努力打造面向南亚开放的重要通道。启动通关一体化改革，南亚标准化（拉萨）研究中心挂牌成立。吉隆边境经济合作区获国务院批准设立，拉萨综合保税区通过国家验收。吉隆口岸扩大开放为国际性公路口岸，实现中尼双边开放。2022年，西藏外贸进出口总值46.01亿元，贸易伙伴遍及95个国家和地区。中国西藏发展论坛、西藏智库国际论坛、中国西藏旅游文化国际博览会、跨喜马拉雅国际自行车极限赛等，已成为推动西藏与世界各地交流互鉴、合作发展的重要平台。

Exchange and cooperation with other parts of the country and the world has been strengthened. Exchange and cooperation with neighboring regions has been strengthened. Xizang has actively integrated itself into regional economic circles, including the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle, the greater Shangri-La Economic Circle, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Qinghai Economic Circle, and the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It has worked to transform itself into a vital channel for the country’s increasing opening up towards South Asia. Integrated reform of customs clearance has been launched, and the South Asia Standardization (Lhasa) Research Center has been established. The Gyirong cross-border economic cooperation zone was set up with the approval of the State Council. The comprehensive bonded zone in Lhasa has passed acceptance review. Gyirong Port has been expanded as an international highway port, realizing the bilateral opening up of China and Nepal. In 2022, the total value of Xizang’s foreign trade stood at RMB4.6 billion, and its trading partners covered 95 countries and regions. Events such as the Forum on the Development of Xizang, International Symposium of the Xizang Think Tank, China Xizang Tourism and Culture Expo, and the Trans-Himalaya International Extreme Cycling Race have become important platforms for promoting exchanges, mutual learning and cooperation between Xizang and the rest of the world.

援藏工作成效显著。坚持不懈执行对口援藏政策，从1994年至2022年，先后有10批共11900名援藏干部人才奋战在高原各地。不断加强同各对口援藏省市的协调，探索与援藏省市和中央企业协同发展、产业合作以及援藏工作管理新模式，统筹融合经济援藏、产业援藏、科技援藏、就业援藏、扶贫援藏等，以及医疗、教育人才“组团式”援藏，实现从给资金、建项目的“输血式”帮扶，逐步向产业培育、技术支持、人才培养等的“造血式”帮扶转变。仅“十三五”期间，17个省市规划安排援藏项目就达1260个，完成总投资200亿元。

Nationwide support for Xizang development has delivered remarkable results. Paired-up assistance from other parts of the country has made consistent progress. Between 1994 and 2022, a total of 11,900 officials and professionals were dispatched in ten groupings to assist Xizang. Coordination among provinces, cities and state-owned enterprises that assist Xizang has been intensified, and new models have been piloted in coordinated development, industrial cooperation, and management of paired-up assistance. Efforts have been made to coordinate assistance in the forms of financial aid, technical support, poverty alleviation, and facilitation of industrial development and employment, as well as sending teams of medical and educational professionals. The model of assistance has changed from one mainly relying on external support, such as providing funds and launching projects, to a self-sustaining model including developing industries, offering technical support, and nurturing talent. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), 17 provinces and municipalities launched 1,260 projects to assist Xizang, representing a total investment of RMB20 billion.

——基础设施建设全面加强

– Improved infrastructure

交通设施建设超常规发展。以公路为基础，铁路、航空、管道运输协调发展的综合交通运输体系日益完善。2022年初，公路通车总里程突破12.14万公里，其中，高等级公路通车里程达到1105公里，形成了以20条国道为主骨架，以36条省道、边防公路、农村公路为基础，基本辐射全区的公路网络。铁路营业里程从2012年的701公里增加到2022年的1359公里，青藏铁路格拉段完成扩能改造，川藏铁路雅安至林芝段全线开工、拉萨至林芝段通车运行，“复兴号”开进西藏、开到拉萨。2022年，管道运输量0.31亿吨公里。西藏航空顺利开航运营。国际国内航线达到154条，通航城市70个，民航西藏区局2022年旅客吞吐量达到334.6万人次。

There has been considerable progress in transport infrastructure. Based on highways and supplemented by railways, aviation, and pipelines, a comprehensive transport system has been developed and steadily improved. By early 2022, the total road length exceeded 121,400 km, including 1,105 km of high-grade highway. A road network covering the whole of Xizang has been formed, with 20 national highways as the foundation, supported by 36 provincial highways together with many border roads and rural roads. The railway network was extended from 701 km in 2012 to 1,359 km in 2022. The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Xizang Railway has been renovated. The Ya’an-Nyingchi section of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway is under construction, and the Lhasa-Nyingchi section has entered service. The Fuxing high-speed train series is now operating in Xizang and reaches as far as Lhasa. The pipeline network transported 31 million tonnes-km in 2022. Tibet Airlines has been successfully launched, with 154 international and domestic routes connecting 70 cities. In 2022, passenger throughput handled by the Xizang Autonomous Regional Administration of CAAC reached 3.35 million.

电网工程建设取得重大突破。西藏电力实现从紧缺限电到富余输出的历史性转变。先后建成青藏、川藏、藏中、阿里4条“电力天路”和“三区三州”电网建设等重点项目，在世界屋脊织起一张安全可靠的“光明网”“民生网”和“幸福网”，形成覆盖所有县区和主要乡镇的西藏统一电网，累计外送清洁电量130亿千瓦时以上。通动力电的行政村比重达到96.5%，用电量从2012年的28.84亿千瓦时增长到2022年的119.8亿千瓦时，增幅连续多年保持全国前列。阿里与藏中电网联网工程全线贯通，区内电网联为一体，结束了阿里电网长期孤网运行的历史。

Major breakthroughs have been made in the construction of the power grid. Xizang has made a historic shift in electrical power from rationing to surplus output. The Qinghai-Xizang, Sichuan-Xizang, central Xizang, and Ngari electric transmission lines have been built. Major electricity grid projects in western and southwestern regions have provided Xizang with ample supply of power. A safe and reliable power grid covers all counties/districts and main towns/townships in Xizang. The grid, described by the local people as a “grid of light, livelihood and happiness”, has transmitted more than 13 billion kWh of clean energy-generated electricity. Now, 96.5 percent of villages have access to three-phase power supply. Electricity consumption increased from 2.88 billion kWh in 2012 to 11.98 billion kWh in 2022, recording one of the fastest rates of growth in China for many years. The Ngari power grid, operating in isolation for a long time, has now been connected with the central Xizang power network, and thus becomes part of the integrated regional network.

水利设施建设取得崭新进展。“十三五”期间全口径投资较“十二五”期间增长52%，建成一批标志性重大水利项目。拉洛工程入选全国有影响力十大水利工程，旁多、拉洛水利枢纽并网发电、灌区通水，湘河水利枢纽及配套灌区工程开工建设。水利惠及更多民生，防洪减灾成效明显，河湖生态持续改善，农村饮水安全问题得到有效解决，城乡供水保障能力显著提升。

Further progress has been made in water conservation facilities. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), total investment increased by 52 percent compared with the previous period, and several landmark water conservancy projects were completed. The Lalho project was selected as one of the top 10 water conservancy projects in China. The Pondo and Lalho water conservation projects are generating electricity and providing irrigation. The Xianghe River water conservation project and the supporting irrigation facilities are under construction. More local people are benefiting from water conservation. Flood control and disaster reduction efforts have become more effective and the eco-environment of Xizang’s rivers and lakes has steadily improved. Safe drinking water is now available in most rural areas. The capacity to provide secure water supplies in urban and rural areas has been significantly increased.

数字基础设施建设取得长足发展。自治区电子政务网、自治区统一基础云平台、自治区大数据控制中心基本建成，积极融入“东数西算”布局，西藏首个云计算中心建成，并获评国家绿色数据中心。累计建成5G基站8099座、光缆线路近31.26万公里。5G网络实现县区及重点乡镇覆盖，移动信号覆盖3A级以上景区，光纤宽带、4G信号、广播电视信号基本实现行政村全覆盖。现代通信“云网融合”，实现寻常百姓与世界联通。

Digital infrastructure has made remarkable progress. The autonomous region’s e-government websites, unified basic cloud platform and big data control center are largely complete. Xizang has actively participated in the national move to channel more computing resources from its eastern areas to its less developed western regions. It has built its first cloud computing center, and received the title of national green data center. A total of 8,099 5G base stations and nearly 312,600 km of fiber-optic cables have been built. 5G networks now cover all counties/districts and main towns/townships in Xizang. All 3A-level (and above) scenic spots now have mobile signal coverage. Optical fiber broadband, 4G, radio and TV signals cover almost all administrative villages. Modern cloud and network integration has enabled local people to connect with the world online.

——绝对贫困得到历史性消除

– Eradication of absolute poverty

脱贫攻坚全面胜利。西藏始终坚持精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略。落实“五个一批”脱贫措施，2019年底，累计实现62.8万建档立卡贫困人口脱贫，74个贫困县（区）全部摘帽，彻底摆脱了束缚西藏千百年的绝对贫困问题。2022年脱贫人口人均收入达到1.38万元，年均增长率高于农村居民人均可支配收入增长水平。脱贫群众享有稳定的吃、穿、住、学、医等保障，享有更加和谐的安居乐业环境、更加均衡的基础设施条件和基本公共服务、更加完善的社会保障体系。

Xizang has eradicated absolute poverty. It has implemented five key measures – new economic activities, relocation from uninhabitable areas, recompense for eco-protection, education, and social assistance for basic needs – through which people have been lifted out of poverty. By the end of 2019, through the basic strategy of targeted poverty alleviation, the autonomous region had lifted 628,000 registered poor residents and 74 counties/districts out of poverty. This represented victory in the battle against extreme poverty that had plagued Xizang for thousands of years. The per-capita income of those lifted out of poverty reached RMB13,800 in 2022, growing faster than the per-capita disposal income of rural residents. Those people lifted out of poverty have reliable access to food, clothing, housing, education and medical care, more harmonious living and working conditions, more convenient infrastructure and basic public services, and a proper social security system.

乡村振兴加快实施。2021年以来，累计实施建设美丽宜居村300个，创建认定美丽宜居示范村505个；建设高标准农田，实施农机深松整地作业，建设国家级畜禽养殖标准化示范创建场，农牧综合服务中心覆盖所有乡镇；新型农村集体经济组织达6172个，带动农业生产组织化和规模化水平提升；着力发展高原特色产业和绿色有机产业，创建优势特色产业集群4个、国家现代农业产业园7个、农业产业强镇18个；脱贫攻坚成果巩固拓展，脱贫人口外出务工稳定在20万人以上，建设非遗工坊173个，带动脱贫群众实现居家就业、就近就业，谱写了新时代乡村全面振兴的西藏篇章。

Rural revitalization has accelerated. Since 2021, Xizang has built a total of 300 beautiful and livable villages and created and certified 505 demonstration villages. Efforts have been made to develop high-standard farmland through mechanical deep tillage, build state-level demonstration farms for standardized livestock and poultry husbandry, and provide all townships with comprehensive service centers for agriculture and animal husbandry. The number of new rural collective economic organizations reached 6,172, resulting in higher-level and larger-scale agricultural production. The region has developed local highland industries and green and organic farming. Xizang now hosts four special industrial clusters, seven modern agricultural industrial parks, and eighteen towns with strong farming industries. The region has consolidated and expanded the outcomes of the fight against poverty. More than 200,000 former victims of extreme poverty have found jobs outside their hometowns. A total of 173 intangible cultural heritage workshops have been built, offering opportunities for people who have been lifted out of poverty to work at or close to their homes. Xizang is turning a new page in all-around rural revitalization.

——共同富裕程度显著提升

– Promotion of common prosperity

收入水平高速增长。2022年，城镇居民人均可支配收入由2012年的18363元提高到48753元，增长1.7倍；农村居民人均可支配收入由2012年的5698元提高到18209元，增长2.2倍；城乡居民收入比由2012年的3.22降低至2.67，收入差距持续缩小；全体居民人均可支配收入由2012年的8568元提高到26675元。自2015年起，全体居民人均可支配收入增速连续8年居全国首位。

Xizang has seen a rapid rise in incomes. By 2022, the per-capita disposable income of urban residents has risen to RMB48,753 from RMB18,363 in 2012, representing a 2.7-fold increase. The per-capita disposable income of rural residents more than tripled from RMB5,698 in 2012 to RMB18,209 in 2022. The income ratio between urban and rural residents dropped from 3.22 in 2012 to 2.67 in 2022, narrowing the income gap. The per-capita disposable income of the region’s residents as a whole rose to RMB26,675 in 2022 from RMB8,568 in 2012, representing the country’s highest growth rate for eight consecutive years since 2015.

消费市场更加繁荣。2022年，社会消费品零售总额726.52亿元，比2012年的318.39亿元增长1.3倍。2022年，货运周转量达130.88亿吨公里，推动产地和消费地之间的有效衔接；全区邮政行业业务收入（不包括邮政储蓄银行直接营业收入）完成7.44亿元，邮政行业寄递业务量完成17882.59万件，其中，快递业务量完成1219.31万件。19家大型全国性电商和物流快递企业陆续落户，冷链仓储面积达11.3万平方米。市县乡村四级电商服务全面推开，2022年，网上零售额达91.4亿元。

The consumer market has been more buoyant. The retail sales of consumer goods increased by a factor of 2.3 from RMB31.84 billion in 2012 to RMB72.65 billion in 2022. In 2022, total freight turnover reached 13.09 billion tonnes-km, effectively expanding links between centers of production and centers of consumption. The revenue of Xizang’s postal services (excluding direct revenue of postal savings banks) reached RMB744 million, and 178.83 million courier delivery packages had been handled in 2022, including 12.19 million express delivery packages. Nineteen large national e-commerce and express delivery businesses have settled in Xizang, and cold chain storage space stands at 113,000 square meters. E-commerce services are available at city, county, township and village levels. In 2022, online retail sales reached RMB9.14 billion.

二、精神文明建设成效明显

II. Notable Achievements in Cultural and Ethical Development

全面贯彻新时代党的治藏方略，需要各族人民坚定信心，团结奋斗，振奋精气神，汇聚正能量。西藏大力弘扬社会主义主流价值，积极传承和保护民族优秀传统文化，大力推进公共文化服务体系建设，繁荣文化事业，发展文化产业，使社会主义核心价值观真正深入人心，更好满足各族群众精神文化生活新期盼。

We must make a concerted effort to fully implement CPC policies on the governance of Xizang in the new era and boost the morale and confidence of all ethnic groups. To better meet the new expectations of the people of all ethnic groups for a rich intellectual and cultural life, Xizang has vigorously promoted mainstream socialist values, inherited and protected its fine traditional culture, and developed a system of public cultural services. As a result, its cultural undertakings have flourished, its cultural industries have developed, and the core socialist values have taken root in the hearts of the people.

——社会主流价值广为弘扬

– Promotion of mainstream social values

核心价值观引领绵绵用力。西藏坚持用中国特色社会主义共同理想凝聚力量，印发《关于贯彻〈关于培育和践行社会主义核心价值观的意见〉实施意见》，把坚持社会主义核心价值体系与学习贯彻习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神结合起来、与贯彻落实中央重大方针政策和决策部署结合起来、与推进西藏改革发展稳定的实践结合起来、与各项重大主题宣传教育活动结合起来，加强党史、新中国史、改革开放史、社会主义发展史、西藏地方与祖国关系史教育，帮助各族干部群众树立正确的国家观、历史观、民族观、文化观、宗教观，为建设社会主义新西藏注入强大精神动力。

The guiding role of core values has been strengthened. Xizang has consistently built consensus and pooled strengths with the common ideal of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. It has issued the Decision on Implementing the Guidelines on Cultivating and Practicing the Core Socialist Values. The region has upheld the core socialist values, studied and implemented the essence of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s speeches, and combined the core socialist values with the implementation of major policies, decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee, with the efforts in promoting reform, development and stability, and with major thematic publicity and educational campaigns. The region has increased educational activities on the history of the Party, the history of the PRC, the history of reform and opening up, the history of socialist development, and the history of the ties between Xizang as a region and the country as a whole, and helped officials and people of all ethnic groups in Xizang to develop a sound understanding of our nation and our country, and of history, culture and religion. This has all helped to inject strong impetus into the efforts to build a new socialist Xizang.

红色文化教育发扬光大。2021年，西藏百万农奴解放纪念馆新馆建成。全国援藏展览馆、西藏自治区“两路”精神纪念馆、布达拉宫雪城系列展陈馆、江孜抗英遗址、拉萨市林周农场红色遗址、尼木县革命烈士陵园、波密县扎木中心县委红楼、昌都市革命历史博物馆、江达县岗托十八军军营旧址、改则县进藏先遣连纪念馆等，命名为西藏自治区爱国主义教育基地，为社会主义核心价值观的培育提供了更加丰富的站点基石。

Revolutionary culture and education have been promoted. In 2021, the building of a new memorial hall dedicated to the liberation of the million serfs in Xizang was completed. A number of exhibitions, museums and sites have been designated as education bases for patriotism, providing more resources for cultivating the core socialist values. They include the Aid-Tibet Exhibition Hall, the Memorial Hall on the Spirit of Builders of the Two Plateau Highways, the Potala Palace Snow City Series Exhibition Hall, the Site of the Battle Against British Invaders in Gyangze, the Revolutionary Site of Linzhou Farm in Lhasa, the Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery of Nyemo County, the Red Building of the Party Committee of Zamu County (today’s Bomi County), Chamdo Revolutionary History Museum, the Site of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 18th Army Barracks of Gamtog in Jomda County, the Memorial Hall of the Advance Company of the PLA in Gertse County.

——优秀传统文化焕发活力

– Revitalization of fine traditional culture

历史文化遗产得到有效保护。西藏现有中国历史文化名城3座，中国历史文化名镇5个，中国历史文化名村4个。80个村落列入中国传统村落名录，29个村寨获评中国少数民族特色村寨。现已调查登记各类文物点4468处，各级文物保护单位2373处，其中全国重点文物保护单位70处。布达拉宫历史建筑群（含布达拉宫、罗布林卡、大昭寺）被列入《世界遗产名录》。编制布达拉宫、罗布林卡、大昭寺、帕拉庄园等一批全国重点文物保护单位保护规划，完成布达拉宫、罗布林卡等重大文物保护工程，实施文物保护专项监测。完成萨迦寺、桑耶寺等重大文物保护工程，对平措林寺、托林寺、科迦寺等文物建筑和壁画持续开展保护修复，开展同卡寺、查杰玛大殿、色拉寺等珍贵文物预防性保护项目。2013年起，10万余件各类珍贵文物在数字化建档中得到更加科学的保护。在阿里噶尔县故如甲木墓地进行的考古挖掘，出土“王侯文鸟兽纹锦”和茶叶，充分证明早在1800多年前西藏西部就已通过丝绸之路与祖国其他地区建立了密切联系。札达县桑达隆果墓地考古发掘获2020年度全国十大考古新发现。日益丰富的考古发现展现了中华文明的博大灿烂。

Historical and cultural heritage is under effective protection. Xizang now boasts three state-level historical and cultural cities, five such towns and four such villages. Eighty villages have been added to the List of Traditional Chinese Villages. Twenty-nine villages were awarded the title of ethnic-minority villages with cultural significance. A total of 4,468 sites of historical or cultural interest of all types have been examined, registered and protected by the local county or district government. Xizang has 2,373 cultural relics protection units under the protection of governments at different levels, 70 of which are key units under state protection. The Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa (including the Potala Palace, Norbulingka, and Jokhang Temple) are registered on the World Heritage List. Xizang has formulated a protection plan for key cultural relics units under national-level protection including the Potala Palace, Norbulingka, Jokhang Temple, and Pala Manor. It has completed major protection projects including those on the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, and launched special actions to monitor cultural relics. A project dedicated to protecting important antiques in Sakya Monastery and Samye Monastery has been completed. Xizang is carrying out ongoing restorations to historical architecture and murals in Puncogling Monastery, Tolin Monastery, Khorzhak Monastery, among others. It also carries out projects to preserve precious sites of historical interest such as Tangkar Monastery, the main Hall of Riwoche Monastery, and Sera Monastery. Since 2013, over 100,000 precious cultural relics of all kinds have been carefully protected through digital archiving. The tea leaves and the brocade with characters meaning “marquis” and bird and animal patterns unearthed during archaeological excavations in the Gurujamu Cemetery in Gar County of Ngari Prefecture prove clearly that more than 1,800 years ago, western Xizang had already established close ties with other parts of the country through the ancient Silk Road. The archaeological excavation of Sangmda Lungga tomb site in Zanda County was named one of the top 10 new archaeological discoveries in China in 2020. The rich archaeological findings fully testify to the splendor of Chinese civilization.

藏医药得到传承和创新发展。2019年，国家投资10亿元用于西藏藏医药大学新校区建设，该校累计培养了7000余名藏医药专业人才。截至2022年初，西藏公立藏医医疗机构达49所，乡镇卫生院和村卫生室藏医药服务覆盖率分别达到94.4%和42.4%。藏医药产业体系基本形成，实现藏药生产标准化、规范化、规模化。先后整理出版300多部藏医药古籍文献，收集珍贵古籍文本600多卷。藏医药学巨著《四部医典》入选世界记忆亚太地区名录。

Tibetan medicine has been protected and developed. In 2019, the state invested RMB1 billion in the construction of a new campus of the University of Tibetan Medicine, which has trained over 7,000 medicine professionals. As of early 2022, Xizang hosted 49 public institutions of Tibetan medicine; 94.4 percent of town/township health centers and 42.4 percent of village health clinics in the region provided Tibetan medicine services. Tibetan medicines are now being produced on a commercial basis, and the production of Tibetan medicine has been scaled up, standardized, and regulated. Over the years, more than 300 ancient documents on Tibetan medicine have been collated and published. More than 600 volumes of rare ancient books have been collected, and the Four Medical Classics, a masterpiece in Tibetan medicine, has been included in the Memory of the World Asia Pacific Regional Register.

藏文古籍文献和非遗得到保护利用。2013年，国家组织实施《中华大典·藏文卷》重点文化工程，计划用15年时间，出版从吐蕃时期至西藏和平解放前的藏文文献典籍，这是我国保护和弘扬藏族优秀传统文化的又一个标志性工程。2012年至2022年，国家和自治区投入非物质文化遗产保护资金3.25亿余元，用于西藏非物质文化遗产代表性项目保护、国家级非遗代表性传承人记录工作、开展传习活动以及保护利用设施建设等。现有国家级非遗代表性项目106项、国家级非遗代表性传承人96名，自治区级非遗代表性项目460项、自治区级非遗代表性传承人522名。《格萨（斯）尔》、藏戏、藏医药浴法等已列入人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。

Tibetan classics and intangible cultural heritage (ICH) are under proper protection and utilization. In 2013, the state launched a priority cultural project – Library of Chinese Classics: Tibetan Volume. According to the plan, the project would take 15 years to collect and publish important Tibetan classics for the period from the Tubo Kingdom (618-842) to the peaceful liberation of Xizang in 1951. This is yet another landmark project in protecting and promoting Tibetan traditional culture. The central government and the Xizang local government had earmarked over RMB325 million between 2012 and 2022 for protecting ICH items on the national representative list in Xizang, recording the knowledge and skills of the bearers of ICH items on the national list, training ICH practitioners, and building facilities for ICH protection and utilization. There are 106 ICH items on the national representative list with 96 bearers, and 460 items on the regional list with 522 bearers. Three items – Gesar, Tibetan Opera, and the Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa of Xizang – have been registered on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

藏语言文字学习使用得到依法保障。藏语言文字在卫生、邮政、通讯、交通、金融、科技等领域都得到广泛使用。公共场所设施、招牌和广告都可见国家通用语言文字和藏文标识，随时可以收听收看国家通用语言文字和藏语文的节目。中小学校均开设国家通用语言文字课程和藏语文课程。截至2022年底，西藏公开发行藏文期刊17种、藏文报纸11种，累计出版藏文图书7959种、4501.3万册。2015年，国家标准《信息技术　藏文词汇》正式发布。全国藏语术语标准化工作委员会于2018年发布《党的十八大以来审定的藏语新词术语》，包含藏语新词术语近1500条；2022年发布《党的十九大以来藏语新词术语（汉藏对照）》，包含藏语新词术语2200条。

The study and use of the Tibetan language and script are guaranteed by law. The Tibetan language is widely used in fields such as health, postal services, communications, transport, finance, and science and technology. Both standard Chinese and the Tibetan language can be found on public facilities, signage and advertisements. Radio and television programs in both languages are available at any time. Courses in both languages are taught in primary and secondary schools. By the end of 2022, Xizang had 17 periodicals and 11 newspapers in the Tibetan language, and had published 45.01 million copies of 7,959 Tibetan-language books. In 2015, the national standard Information Technology – Vocabulary in the Tibetan Language was officially released. In 2018, the National Committee for the Standardization of Tibetan Terminology issued The New Tibetan Terms Approved Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which contains nearly 1,500 new terms. Issued in 2022, The New Tibetan Terms Approved Since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (Chinese-Tibetan) contains 2,200 new terms.

——公共文化事业蓬勃发展

– Vigorous development of public cultural undertakings

公共文化服务体系日趋完善。基本建成自治区、市（地）、县（区）、乡（镇）、村（居）五级公共文化设施网络，实现市（地）有图书馆、群众艺术馆、博物馆，县（区）有综合文化活动中心，乡（镇）有综合文化活动站，村（居）有文化活动室。西藏现有10个专业文艺院团、76个县区艺术团、153个民间藏戏队、395个乡镇文艺演出队和5492个建制村文艺演出队，专兼职文艺演出人员超过10万人。西藏农村电影放映全面实现数字化，全区478套数字电影放映设备，每年放映6.3万余场电影。建成6263个县乡村三级新时代文明实践中心（站、所）。开展中华优秀传统文化进基层活动，提升基层文化设施服务功能，建强100个村级群众性文化示范阵地。

The public cultural service system continues to improve. There is a five-tiered network of public cultural service facilities in place, at the levels of village/community, town/township, county/district, city/prefecture, and the autonomous region. There are now libraries, people’s art halls and museums in all of Xizang’s cities/prefectures, all-purpose cultural centers in the counties/districts, cultural activity stations in towns/townships, and cultural activity halls in villages/communities. Xizang boasts 10 professional performing art troupes, 76 art troupes at the county/district level, 153 part-time Tibetan Opera troupes, 395 performing teams at the township level and 5,492 at the administrative village level, with over 100,000 professional and amateur performers. Digitized movie projection is fully achieved in rural areas in Xizang. The region has 478 sets of digital movie projection facilities and holds more than 63,000 movie screenings every year. A total of 6,263 centers (stations) for promoting cultural and ethical progress in the new era have been set up at the village, township and county levels. The region has carried out programs to keep fine traditional Chinese culture alive and strong at the grassroots level, upgraded cultural facilities at the village/community level, and built 100 village-level cultural demonstration bases.

文化艺术创作繁荣发展。推出歌舞晚会《共产党来了苦变甜》《祖国·扎西德勒》《西藏儿女心向党》，话剧《共同家园》《八廓街北院》，藏戏《次仁拉姆》《藏香情》，歌舞剧《天边格桑花》等一大批坚守中华文化立场、彰显时代精神、体现西藏特色、群众喜闻乐见的优秀文艺作品。话剧《不准出生的人》、歌舞晚会《西藏儿女心向党》、舞蹈《欢腾的高原》、广场舞《奋进新时代》、少儿藏戏《喜迎新春》先后在全国获奖。

Cultural and artistic creation has flourished. With Chinese culture in mind, a number of outstanding literary and artistic works have been created, highlighting the spirit of the time and reflecting Tibetan features. They have proved popular with the general public. They include the song and dance gala Bitter Turns Sweet When the CPC Comes, Tashidelek to Our Country, and Affection of the Tibetans for the CPC, dramas such as Our Common Home and The North Yard of Barkhor Street, the Tibetan opera Tsering Lhamo, the Story of Tibetan Incense, and the musical theater Galsang Flowers at the Roof of the World. Among them, the drama An Unblessed Birth, the song and dance gala Affection of the Tibetans for the CPC, the dance Exuberant Plateau, the square dance Forging Ahead in the New Era, and the Tibetan opera Celebrating the New Year performed by children have won national awards.

体育事业快速发展。各类群众性体育赛事活动丰富多彩，民族传统体育得到传承发展，山地户外运动广泛开展。竞技体育水平逐步提高，“十三五”期间获得国际国内赛事奖牌231枚。2018年雅加达亚运会，运动员多布杰夺得男子马拉松赛铜牌，创造了我国男子马拉松亚运会最好成绩。2020年洛桑冬青奥会，索朗曲珍在滑雪登山女子个人越野赛和短距离赛两个项目上创造了我国历史最好成绩。2021年第十四届全国运动会，西藏代表团共取得3金1银2铜的好成绩。2022年北京冬奥会，西藏两名运动员取得参赛资格，实现了西藏竞技体育新突破。

Xizang has seen rapid development in public sports. Various public sport events have taken place, with traditional ethnic sports promoted and mountain sports popularized. The region has gradually improved its performance in competitive sports. Athletes from Xizang won 231 medals at international and domestic events during the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020). At the 2018 Jakarta Asian Games, athlete Dobjee won the bronze medal in the men’s marathon – the best result that China had ever achieved in this event in the Asian Games. At the Lausanne 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games, Sonam Chodron achieved the best result in China’s history in two events: skiing and mountaineering women’s individual cross-country race and short distance race. At the 14th National Games in 2021, the Tibetan delegation won three gold medals, one silver and two bronze. At the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, two athletes from Xizang qualified for the competition, representing a breakthrough in competitive sports for the region.

广播影视出版事业发展壮大。广播、电视综合人口覆盖率分别达到99.41%、99.56%。创作电影《布德之路》《我的喜马拉雅》《七十七天》《宁都啦》，电视剧《呀啦索 幸福家园》，纪录片《你好！新西藏》《西藏　我们的故事》《党的光辉照边疆》等优秀影视作品。截至2022年底，共有数字影院74家，银幕191块，2022年电影票房达3722.87万元，观影人次87.97万。建好用好市地、县区融媒体中心，建设推广使用自治区级融媒体平台“珠峰云”。积极创作播出中华优秀文化纪录片，制作译制民族语言广播节目时长超15000小时，每年制作译制民族语言电影80部以上，制作译制民族语言电视节目时长达7300小时。现有各类印刷企业40家，各类出版发行单位219家，出版期刊231.73万册、图书270.7万册，出版物销售总额12.93亿元，建成5400多个农家书屋和1700多个寺庙书屋，有力推动新闻出版繁荣发展，不断丰富农牧民群众的科学文化知识。

Radio, film, TV, and publishing are expanding rapidly. The coverage rates of radio and TV programs are both well over 99 percent of the population in Xizang. Movies like Life of Budag, My Himalayas, Seventy-seven Days, and Fall in Love, TV drama Happy Home, and documentaries Hello, New Xizang, Our Stories in Xizang, and The Party Shines upon the Border have been produced. By the end of 2022, Xizang had 74 digital cinemas with 191 screens in total. In 2022, cinemas in Xizang netted total box-office receipts of RMB37.23 million with around 879,700 tickets sold. Efforts have been made to build and make good use of integrated media centers in cities, prefectures, counties and districts, and to build and promote the use of the integrated media platform “Everest Cloud” of the Xizang Autonomous Region. Many excellent cultural documentaries have been produced and broadcast. More than 15,000 hours of radio programs, 7,300 hours of TV programs, and more than 80 movies are translated or dubbed from and into minority languages every year. There are 40 printing enterprises and 219 publishing institutions of various types, releasing nearly 2.32 million copies of periodicals and 2.71 million copies of books, with total sales exceeding RMB1.29 billion. Over 5,400 rural libraries and over 1,700 monastery libraries have been built. All this effectively promotes the prosperity and development of the press and publishing business in Xizang and continues to enrich the scientific and cultural knowledge of farmers and herders.

——文化产业发展势头良好

– Sound development of the cultural industry

文化市场活跃兴盛。制定实施《西藏自治区人民政府办公厅关于大力推进文化和旅游深度融合加快发展特色文化产业的意见》，出台招商引资优惠政策，对在藏注册的各类文化企业在金融税收等各方面提供支撑政策，各类奖励资金、扶持资金持续发力。截至2022年底，各类文化企业达8000余家，从业人员超7万人，文化及相关产业增加值达63.29亿元，拥有四级文化产业示范园区（基地）344家。7家关联企业上榜“2021西藏自治区百强民营企业”，4家关联企业上榜“2021西藏自治区民营企业就业20强”，1家民营文化企业4次荣获“全国文化企业30强”提名企业。

The cultural industry is prosperous and dynamic. The Decision of the General Office of the Xizang Autonomous Region on In-Depth Integration of Culture and Tourism to Accelerate the Development of a Cultural Industry with Distinctive Characteristics has been made and implemented. The region has introduced preferential financing and taxation policies to attract investment and provided policy support to cultural enterprises of all categories registered in the region. The region offers incentive funds and supporting funds to help them. By the end of 2022, more than 8,000 cultural enterprises had registered in Xizang, employing over 70,000 people, and the added value of cultural and related industries reached RMB6.33 billion. A total of 344 cultural demonstration parks and bases had been set up at four levels across the region. Seven associated enterprises were listed among the 2021 Top 100 Private Enterprises in the Xizang Autonomous Region, and four among the 2021 Top 20 Private Employers in the Xizang Autonomous Region. One has been nominated four times for China’s Top 30 Cultural Enterprises.

重点文化产业项目推进顺利。“十三五”期间，91个文化产业重点项目顺利实施，总投资近500亿元。“西藏宝贝”文化电商平台、西藏文化旅游创意园区、西藏出版文化产业园、中国西藏珠峰文化旅游创意产业园区等平台相继建成。藏文化大型史诗剧《文成公主》及舞台剧《金城公主》等一大批特色文化项目走向市场。植根于西藏文化沃土、具有浓郁民族特色和时代气息的动漫、影视、唐卡等文化产品市场反响良好。

Key cultural programs have been launched. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), 91 key cultural projects were successfully implemented, with a total investment of nearly RMB50 billion. The cultural e-commerce platform Treasures in Xizang, Xizang Creative Culture and Tourism Industry Park, Xizang Publication and Cultural Industry Park, and Mount Qomolangma Creative Culture and Tourism Industry Park, among others, have been instituted or built. Many characteristic cultural projects, such as the Tibetan epic drama Princess Wencheng and the stage play Princess Jincheng, have hit the market. Cultural products such as animations, films, television programs, and Thangka, which are rooted in Tibetan culture and capture distinct ethnic features and the characteristics of the times, have been well received by the public.

三、民族宗教工作扎实推进

III. Solid Progress in Ethnic and Religious Undertakings

铸牢中华民族共同体意识，是新时代党的民族工作的主线，也是西藏工作的战略性任务。西藏坚持铸牢中华民族共同体意识，推动民族工作高质量发展，平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系日益巩固。西藏依法管理宗教事务，宗教信仰自由得到充分保障，宗教领域持续和谐稳定，宗教与社会主义社会更相适应。

Developing a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the Party’s top priority in managing ethnic affairs in the new era and a strategic task in governing Xizang. Committed to this mission, the region has strengthened its work related to ethnic affairs and consolidated the socialist ethnic relationship of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance, and harmony. It manages religious affairs in accordance with the law, fully guarantees freedom of religious belief, maintains harmony and stability in the religious field, and helps religion to adapt to the socialist society.

——中华民族共同体意识不断铸牢

– Heightening the sense of Chinese identity

中华民族共有精神家园加快构筑。西藏编写出版铸牢中华民族共同体意识系列读本等民族团结进步教材和读本，打造“互联网+民族团结”交流平台，开展“中华民族一家亲、同心共筑中国梦”主题宣传教育，引导各族人民牢固树立休戚与共、荣辱与共、生死与共、命运与共的共同体理念。围绕“西藏百万农奴解放纪念日”“西藏和平解放纪念日”“民族团结进步宣传活动月”等时间节点，在各级党政机关、学校、企事业单位、城乡社区等广泛开展民族团结进步知识竞赛、文艺表演等群众喜闻乐见的活动。深化中华民族视觉形象塑造，建成中华文化主题公园，让中华文化始终成为西藏各民族人心凝聚、团结奋进的强大精神纽带。

A shared sense of belonging for the Chinese nation has been consolidated. Xizang has compiled and published textbooks and readers on ethnic solidarity and progress, such as The Readers on Building a Stronger Sense of National Identity. Communication platforms featuring internet plus ethnic solidarity have been launched. The One Nation One Dream campaign was conducted in an effort to guide all ethnic groups to understand that they are in a community with shared joys and sorrows, and weal and woe. During major celebrations such as the Serf’s Emancipation Day, the Peaceful Liberation Day of Xizang, and the Month for Promoting Ethnic Solidarity and Progress, Party and government departments, schools, enterprises, public institutions, and urban and rural communities organize popular activities such as knowledge contests and cultural performances on ethnic solidarity and progress. A theme park has been built to present a visual image of the Chinese nation as one community, creating a strong bond among all ethnic groups and inspiring them to move forward in unity and solidarity.

各民族交往交流交融更加紧密。因地制宜构建互嵌式社区，各族群众共居共学、共建共享、共事共乐的格局已然形成，涌现出拉萨市河坝林社区等一批汉族、藏族、回族、蒙古族等多民族和谐街道（社区、家庭）典型。日喀则市仁布县切娃乡普纳村59户村民来自不同地区不同民族，村民们自发将民族团结写入村规民约，约定每年召开民族团结座谈会，凝心聚力共谋发展。促进各族学生共同学习、共同进步。在17个援藏省市建立西藏高校毕业生区外就业服务联络站，支持帮助毕业生就业创业，毕业生就业率连续多年保持在95%以上。鼓励支持区外种养大户、致富能手和涉农企业到西藏创业兴业。西藏处处呈现出各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的生动局面。

Exchanges, communication and integration among ethnic groups have been strengthened. Local communities in the region have formed multi-ethnic neighborhoods, where people of various ethnicities reside, learn from each other, and enjoy life together. A number of exemplary multi-ethnic harmonious neighborhoods (residential communities/families) mixing Han, Tibetan, Hui, and Mongolian people, such as the Wabaling community in Lhasa, have emerged. Puna Village in Qewa Township of Rinbung County, Xigaze City, is a newly established settlement of 59 households from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The villagers spontaneously included the term “solidarity” into the community regulations and agreed to host a solidarity forum annually for consultation on common development.

China has promoted mutual learning and common progress among students of all ethnicities. In 17 provinces and municipalities that provide assistance to Xizang, employment service and liaison offices have been set up for graduates of Xizang universities to find employment or business opportunities beyond their own region. The graduate employment rate has been maintained above 95 percent for years. Large household businesses in crop and animal farming, entrepreneurs, and agriculture-related businesses are encouraged to invest in Xizang. The autonomous region today is a place for unity, common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups.

——民族团结进步持续巩固

– Further promoting ethnic solidarity and progress

民族团结进步创建工作切实开展。广泛开展民族团结进步模范区创建，大力推进各民族交往交流交融，推进民族团结市县行活动。2020年，颁布《西藏自治区民族团结进步模范区创建条例》；2021年，出台《西藏自治区民族团结进步模范区创建规划（2021－2025年）》。西藏先后有140个集体、189名个人受到国务院表彰，荣获全国民族团结进步模范集体（个人）称号。拉萨等7地（市）均成功创建成为全国民族团结进步示范市。“民族团结杰出贡献者”国家荣誉称号获得者热地的事迹广为传颂，全社会掀起向“时代楷模”卓嘎、央宗姐妹学习的热潮，争当民族团结进步模范。

Work to facilitate ethnic solidarity and progress has been carried out effectively. Efforts have been made to establish model communities of ethnic unity and progress to promote exchanges and integration of various ethnic groups. Tours have been organized to such cities and counties. In 2020, the region promulgated the Regulations on Building a Model Region for Ethnic Solidarity and Progress in the Xizang Autonomous Region. In 2021, the Plan for Building a Model Region for Ethnic Solidarity and Progress in the Xizang Autonomous Region (2021-2025) was introduced. At the national level, 140 groups and 189 individuals in Xizang were honored by the State Council as models of ethnic solidarity and progress. Seven cities/prefectures including Lhasa were recognized as national demonstration cities. The story of Raidi, recipient of the national honorary title Outstanding Contributor to Ethnic Solidarity, was widely disseminated. People across the region were encouraged to emulate sisters Drolkar and Yangzom as models of the times for ethnic solidarity.

反渗透反颠覆反分裂斗争不断深入。西藏根据维护国家安全的总要求和自身实际，坚持依法治藏原则，紧紧依靠各族群众，牢牢把握反分裂斗争主动权，深入揭批达赖集团的反动本质，坚决抵制、严厉打击各种分裂破坏活动。“团结稳定是福，分裂动乱是祸”的观念深入人心，各族群众维护祖国统一、维护国家主权、维护民族团结的态度日益坚决。

The fight against infiltration, subversion and secession continues. In accordance with the general requirements of safeguarding national security and the region’s specific circumstances, and upholding the rule of law in the governance of the region, Xizang adopts a proactive approach to combat secessionism. The reactionary nature of the Dalai Group has been exposed and denounced, and the regional government relies closely on the people of all ethnicities to resist all forms of secession and sabotage. It is now deeply rooted in the people’s minds across the region that unity and stability are a blessing, while division and unrest lead to disaster. They are ever more determined to safeguard the country’s unity, national sovereignty, and ethnic solidarity.

——宗教信仰自由充分保障

– Fully guaranteeing the freedom of religious belief

宗教活动有序开展。西藏现有藏传佛教宗教活动场所1700多处，僧尼约4.6万人；清真寺4座，世居穆斯林群众约1.2万人；天主教堂1座，信徒700余人。雪顿节、燃灯节、萨嘎达瓦、转山转湖等1700多项宗教民俗活动既保存历史的仪礼传统和庄严，也加入现代的文化体验和活力。活佛转世传承方式得到国家和西藏各级政府的承认和尊重。2007年，国家颁布《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》，就藏传佛教活佛转世应坚持的原则、应具备的条件、应履行的申请报批程序等作出详细规定，也明确了包括达赖、班禅等大活佛转世必须遵循的国内寻访、金瓶掣签、中央政府批准原则，保障依法有序开展活佛转世事宜。2016年，“藏传佛教活佛查询系统”上线。截至2022年底，已有93位新转世活佛得到批准认定。

Religious activities are carried out in an orderly manner. The region today hosts over 1,700 sites for Tibetan Buddhism activities, approximately 46,000 Buddhist monks and nuns, four mosques, about 12,000 native Muslims, and one Catholic church with over 700 believers. Over 1,700 religious and folk activities including the Shoton Festival, Butter Lamp Festival, Saga Dawa Festival, and the walks around lakes and mountains help to preserve the solemn traditional rituals and demonstrate new vitality with modern cultural elements. Reincarnation of living Buddhas is a practice recognized and respected by the government at all levels. In 2007, the State-Issued Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism stipulated the principles that should be followed, the conditions that should be met, and the application and approval procedures that should be implemented. It also specified that reincarnated Tibetan living Buddhas, including Dalai Lamas and Panchen Rinpoches, must be looked for within the country, decided through the practice of lot-drawing from the golden urn, and receive approval from the central government. The reincarnation of living Buddhas has been carried out in an orderly manner ever since. In 2016, an online system has been launched to help obtain information about living Buddhas. By the end of 2022, 93 newly reincarnated living Buddhas have been approved and recognized.

寺庙公共服务有效保障。从2015年开始，积极推进寺庙卫生室建设、僧医培养工作，完善寺庙僧尼社会保障体系，逐年提高寺庙僧尼社会保障待遇，积极提供社会公共服务。政府每年补贴2600多万元，实现在编僧尼医保、养老保险、低保、意外伤害险和健康体检的全覆盖。大力改善寺庙基础设施，绝大部分寺庙实现通路、通讯、通电、通水、通广播电视，广大僧尼的学习生活条件越来越现代化。

Public services at monasteries and temples have been effectively guaranteed. Much work has been done since 2015 to promote the construction of medical clinics in monasteries and temples, train doctor-monks, improve the social security system for monks and nuns, raise their social security benefits year by year, and provide them with social public services. The government provides over RMB26 million per annum to cover medical insurance, pension schemes, subsistence allowances, accident injury insurance, and health check expenses for all registered monks and nuns. Great efforts have gone into improving infrastructure in monasteries and temples to modernize study and living conditions for monks and nuns; most monasteries and temples now have access to roads, telecommunications, electricity, water, radio and television.

——藏传佛教活动健康有序

– Conducting Tibetan Buddhist activities in an orderly manner

依法管理宗教事务稳步推进。西藏全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针，积极引导藏传佛教与社会主义社会相适应，加快推进宗教事务管理法治化、规范化、制度化建设。先后颁布实施《西藏自治区实施〈宗教事务条例〉办法》《西藏自治区大型宗教活动管理办法》《西藏自治区〈藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法〉实施细则》等规范性文件，依法保障宗教界合法权益，维护宗教领域正常秩序，妥善处理涉及宗教的各类矛盾和纠纷，依法加强和改进寺庙管理，促进宗教和谐。

Law-based management of religious affairs has made steady progress. Fully implementing the Party’s basic policy on religious affairs, Xizang has guided Tibetan Buddhism in adapting to socialist society, and moved faster to improve the institutions and standards for managing religious affairs in accordance with the law. Measures of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Implementing the Regulations on Religious Affairs, Measures of the Xizang Autonomous Region on the Management of Major Religious Activities and Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Measures on the Management of Living Buddha Reincarnation of Tibetan Buddhism have been issued and implemented to safeguard the legal rights and interests and order of religious society, properly resolve religion-related differences and disputes, improve monastery management, and promote religious harmony.

藏传佛教研究与人才培养不断加强。支持宗教团体结合西藏实际，引导宗教界人士增强依法依规开展宗教活动的自觉性，推动藏传佛教界内部管理规范化、制度化、现代化。按照传统教育与现代教育相契合、传统学位与现代学衔相衔接，规范“三级学衔”制度，培养爱国爱教、学问精深的现代僧才。截至2022年底，已有164名学经僧人获得格西“拉让巴”学位，273名僧人获得藏传佛教最高学衔“拓然巴”学位。2016年至2022年，中国佛教协会西藏分会每年举办藏传佛教讲经阐释交流会，中国藏学研究中心每年举办藏传佛教教义阐释工作研讨会，出版《藏传佛教教义阐释（试讲本）》《藏传佛教教义阐释研究文集》等11部成果著作，教规教义研究日益精深。

Tibetan Buddhist studies and the training of adepts have been strengthened. In the context of Xizang’s actual situation, efforts have been made to raise awareness among religious groups that activities must be carried out in accordance with laws and regulations, and to promote efforts to standardize, institutionalize, and modernize the internal management of Tibetan Buddhist society. While promoting the integration of traditional and modern education, degrees and titles, new efforts have been made to standardize the three-level title system and cultivate patriotic and knowledgeable talent in monks and nuns. As of the end of 2022, 164 monks had been accredited as Geshe Lharampas and 273 monks had earned the highest Thorampa ranking. From 2016 to 2022, the Xizang branch of the Buddhist Association of China held annual meetings on the interpretation of Tibetan Buddhist sutras; the China Tibetology Research Center hosted annual seminars on the interpretation of Tibetan Buddhism doctrines and published 11 books, such as Interpretive Notes for Tibetan Buddhism Doctrines (Trial Edition) and Collections of Studies on Interpretive Notes for Tibetan Buddhism Doctrines, promoting in-depth study on the precepts and doctrines of Tibetan Buddhism.

四、社会大局持续安定向好

IV. Sustained and Stable Social Development

新时代党的治藏方略要求，要准确把握西藏工作的阶段性特征，提高社会治理水平，确保国家安全、社会稳定、人民幸福。西藏坚持把维护祖国统一、加强民族团结作为西藏工作的着眼点和着力点，不断完善工作机制、提高治理水平，谋长久之策，行固本之举，社会大局持续稳定向好，群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感不断增强。

The CPC policies on the governance of Xizang in the new era have emphasized the importance of accurately understanding the present work in Xizang, strengthening social governance, and safeguarding national security, social stability, and the people’s wellbeing. With a focus on safeguarding national unification and strengthening ethnic unity, the local government of Xizang has constantly improved its working mechanisms and governance capacity. All of this is helping to lay a solid foundation for long-term development. As a result, Xizang has enjoyed sustained and steady social development, and the people’s sense of gain, fulfilment and security continues to grow.

——社会事业全面进步

– All-round progress of social undertakings

教育事业高质量发展。涵盖学前教育、基础教育、职业教育、高等教育、继续教育、特殊教育的比较完整的现代教育体系已经形成。自2012年秋季学期开始，辍学问题得到历史性解决，建立起全学段学生资助体系，资助范围覆盖所有家庭经济困难学生。2012年至2022年，国家累计投入西藏的教育经费达2515.06亿元，现有各级各类学校3409所，在校学生94.4万多人，学前教育毛入学率达89.52%，义务教育巩固率达97.73%，高中阶段毛入学率达91.07%。第七次全国人口普查数据显示，西藏每10万人中拥有大学文化程度的由2010年的5507人上升到2020年的11019人，新增劳动力人均受教育年限提高至13.1年。

Educational undertakings have achieved high-quality development. A modern education system encompassing preschools, primary and secondary schools, vocational and technical schools, institutions of higher learning, and continuing and special education institutions is in place. Progressively since 2012, Xizang has eliminated the problem of students dropping out of school. It has established a student financial assistance system covering all stages of education for every student from disadvantaged families. From 2012 to 2022, the central government invested more than RMB251.51 billion in Xizang’s education. At present, the region has 3,409 schools of various types and at various levels, hosting over 944,000 students. The gross enrollment rate for preschool education has reached 89.52 percent. The completion rate for compulsory education has reached 97.73 percent. The gross enrollment rate in senior high schools is 91.07 percent. The results of the seventh national census showed that the number of college or university graduates per 100,000 inhabitants in Xizang had risen from 5,507 in 2010 to 11,019 in 2020. New entries into the region’s workforce now have an average of 13.1 years of education.

住房保障更加完善。深入实施城镇保障性安居工程建设和易地搬迁，全力推进老旧小区、棚户区及农村危房改造，加大公租房供给，实施城镇供暖工程，重点推进5个高寒高海拔县城和边境县城集中供暖工作。2016年以来，累计安排中央财政补助资金17.06亿元，完成农牧区建档立卡贫困户等4类重点对象4.36万户危房改造，接续实施动态新增农村低收入群体等重点对象危房改造和农房抗震改造。2022年，城镇居民和农牧民人均住房建筑面积分别达到44.82平方米和40.18平方米，居住条件显著改善。

Greater efforts have been made to ensure decent housing. Xizang has stepped up the construction of government-subsidized affordable homes in urban areas and the relocation of people in rural areas. It spares no effort in the renovation of dilapidated residential areas, shanty towns, and dilapidated rural houses. It is also increasing the supply of public rental houses. The region has launched a project to ensure heating in urban areas, especially in the five county seats located across cold and high-altitude areas and border areas. Since 2016, the central government has provided RMB1.71 billion in subsidies to help 43,600 households in farming and pastoral areas who fall into the four categories [The four categories are registered poor households, households entitled to subsistence allowances, severely impoverished rural residents cared for at their homes with government support, and impoverished families of individuals with disabilities. – Tr.], including registered poor households, to renovate their sub-standard homes. It has also supported the renovation of sub-standard homes and improved the earthquake resistance of rural housing for key groups including the newly registered low-income group in rural areas. In 2022, the per-capita living space of urban residents in Xizang reached 44.82 square meters, and that of farmers and herders 40.18 square meters. The people enjoy a steady improvement in housing conditions.

公共卫生事业持续壮大。涵盖基本医疗服务和妇幼保健、疾病防控、藏医药等公共卫生服务体系全面建立。医疗人才“组团式”支援取得长足发展，援藏省市助力受援地成功创建6家三级甲等医院，帮带1165个医疗团队、3192名本地医疗人员，填补2219项技术空白。实现400多种“大病”不出自治区，2400多种“中病”不出市地，常见“小病”在县级医院就能得到及时治疗。孕产妇、婴幼儿死亡率分别由20世纪50年代初的5000/10万、430‰，下降到2022年的45.8/10万、7‰，人均预期寿命提高到72.19岁。包虫病、大骨节病等地方病和先天性心脏病、白内障等常见病得到有效控制和消除。近年来，采取病区改良水质、换粮、易地搬迁等综合防治措施，大骨节病高发流行态势得到有效遏制，54个病区县全部达到国家消除标准，2018年至今无儿童新发案例。2012年以来，开展先天性心脏病患儿医疗救治工作，已筛查366万多人次，对6246名患者在区内外医院实施介入或手术治疗，绝大多数患儿病情得到根治，重获健康。

Public health services have been strengthened. The region provides a comprehensive public healthcare system covering regular basic medical services, maternity and childcare, disease prevention and control, and Tibetan medicine and therapies. The assistance by medical professionals in groups to Xizang has made remarkable progress. Relevant provinces and municipalities have offered pairing-up assistance to Xizang, helping the region build six more Grade-A tertiary hospitals, train 1,165 medical teams with a total of 3,192 local medical workers, and plug 2,219 gaps in medical technology. Local patients can now obtain treatment for more than 400 serious diseases within the region and for more than 2,400 moderate diseases within the prefectural-level administrative units where they live; victims of minor diseases can receive timely treatment at county-level hospitals. The death rate of women in childbirth dropped to 45.8 per 100,000 in 2022 from 5,000 per 100,000 in the early 1950s, and the infant mortality rate declined from 430‰ to 7‰. Over the same period, average life expectancy has increased to 72.19 years. Endemic diseases such as hydatidosis and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and common diseases such as congenital heart disease and cataracts have been eradicated or brought under effective prevention and control. Xizang has effectively curbed the widespread occurrence of KBD through integrated prevention and control measures, such as improving water quality, changing diets, and relocating residents out of endemic areas. KBD has been eliminated in all of the region’s 54 counties previously plagued by the disease. Since 2018, no new KBD cases have been detected among children. In 2012, the region launched a program to cure children with congenital heart disease. To date, the program has carried out over 3.66 million screenings. A total of 6,246 children have received interventional or surgical treatment at hospitals in Xizang and other places in the country. The overwhelming majority of those children have been cured.

多层次社会保障体系基本建成。不断推进城乡社会保障体系一体化，加快健全覆盖全民、统筹城乡、公平统一、可持续的分类分层社会保障体系。城镇调查失业率低于全国平均水平，零就业家庭持续动态清零。城乡居民基本养老保险待遇确定和基础养老金正常调整机制逐步建立，居民基本养老保险待遇水平与经济发展同步提高，基本医疗保险参保人数达342.88万人，参保率持续稳定在95%以上，城乡居民住院产生的合规医疗费用最高报销比例达到90%以上。持续推进藏药纳入国家基本药物目录（民族药）工作，大病专项救治病种扩大到38种，实现医保报销一次性和跨省异地直接结算。

A basic multi-tiered social security system has been established. Xizang has progressively integrated urban and rural social security networks, and established and improved a fair, unified, and sustained category-specific and multi-tiered social security system that covers all residents and coordinates urban and rural areas. The surveyed urban unemployment rate has remained below the national average and the number of families with no one in work has been steadily reduced to zero. A mechanism to set and regularly adjust the payment standard of basic pension schemes for urban and rural residents has been established, ensuring that it increases in parallel with economic growth. A total of 3.43 million people are covered by basic medical insurance, more than 95 percent of the total population in the region. The maximum reimbursement rate of inpatient medical expenses covered by basic medical insurance has surpassed 90 percent. More Tibetan medicines are being included in the National Essential Medicines List (Ethnic Medicines). A special treatment policy has been extended to cover 38 serious diseases. Patients can now settle their medical bills covered by medical insurance at one time on a cross-provincial basis.

——平安西藏建设卓有成效

– Steady achievements in building a safe Xizang

高水平平安建设切实推进。强化社会面管理，平安县、平安乡镇、平安小区、平安单位、平安寺庙、平安学校等基层平安创建活动持续推进，向更高水平综合治理迈进。坚持预防与化解相统一，积极推动解决合理诉求和实际困难，法理情并用推动“事心双解”，培育打造“朗扎”调解室、“雪莲花”调解室、“乡贤帮帮忙”等模式，依靠群众、发动群众，为人民群众安居乐业构筑社会根基。拉萨市7次登上中国最具幸福感城市榜单，西藏各族群众安全感满意度指数连续多年保持在99%以上。

Concrete measures have been taken to achieve a higher standard of social stability. On a journey towards higher-level integrated governance, Xizang continues to strengthen social governance and makes every effort to build safe counties, safe townships, safe communities, safe institutions, safe monasteries, and safe schools. To forestall and defuse risks, Xizang has taken proactive action to meet people’s rational demands and resolve their immediate concerns. In dealing with social complaints and disputes, law, fairness and compassion are all taken into consideration to ensure problems are settled in a manner acceptable to all stakeholders. By establishing the “Langza mediation offices”, “Snow Lotus mediation offices”, and “rural sages mediation teams”, Xizang relies on and mobilizes the people to lay the social foundations allowing them to live and work in peace and contentment. Lhasa has been listed among “China’s happiest cities” seven times. The safety index of people of all ethnic groups in the region has stayed above 99 percent for years.

——治理现代化水平明显提升

– Considerable improvement in social governance

社会治理体系不断健全。西藏创新社会治理机制，制定出台全区市域社会治理现代化试点工作联系点工作方案、健全完善矛盾纠纷多元化解机制的实施意见、乡村治理领域专项整治实施方案等，立体化、智能化治安防控体系建设不断推进，综治中心和“智慧城市”“智慧边防”建设加快推进。在城乡村居、社区广泛开展“双联户”服务管理和“创先争优强基础惠民生”活动，引导群众广泛参与社会治理，形成党委领导、政府负责、民主协商、社会协同、公众参与、法治保障、科技支撑的社会治理全覆盖新格局，打造人人有责、人人尽责、人人享有的社会治理共同体。

There has been a significant improvement in social governance. Xizang has made consistent innovations to the social governance system. It has released documents such as the Plan for the Pilot Project of Promoting the Modernization of Municipal Social Governance in Xizang, the Opinions on Improving Diversified Dispute Settlement Mechanisms, and the Implementation Plan of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Carrying out Special Campaigns to Improve Rural Governance. The region has made steady progress in establishing a multi-dimensional and intelligent public security system by accelerating the construction of integrated management centers, smart cities and intelligent border defense.

Xizang has implemented a social service and management model at both urban and rural communities known as “household groups” to help maintain social order and increase family income and has carried out a campaign to consolidate the development foundation and benefit the people. It has continued to guide the public towards participating in social governance. As a result, a new social governance pattern led by Party committees, implemented by government departments, based on consultation, coordination and broad participation, and underpinned by the rule of law and science and technology has been established. Efforts have been made to create a social governance community in which all participate and share.

——固边兴边工作稳步推进

– Steady progress in safeguarding and developing border areas

兴边富民建设有力推动。西藏着力创建国家固边兴边富边行动示范区，坚持固边和兴边并重，出台村镇建设规划，制定村镇建设实施方案，坚持把小康村建设与乡村振兴战略有机结合，推进完善边境地区基础设施和公共服务设施，实现农牧民群众就地就近就业，不断铸牢中华民族共同体意识，基本建成设施完善、产业兴旺、生态良好、宜居宜业的富裕文明村镇。边境地区群众生活大幅改善，自觉争做神圣国土的守护者、幸福家园的建设者，像格桑花一样扎根在雪域边陲。

Efforts have been made to develop border areas and improve people’s lives there. Xizang strives to build itself into a demonstration region for safeguarding, developing and bringing prosperity to border areas, with equal emphasis on stability and development. Plans and specific programs for developing villages and towns have been formulated. The measures for realizing moderate prosperity in all villages have been launched in line with the national strategy of rural revitalization. The region has improved infrastructure projects and public service facilities in border areas to ensure that people in farming and pastoral areas can find work near their homes. All these projects have contributed to reinforce the sense of the Chinese nation as one single community. Most villages and towns are enjoying improved infrastructure, flourishing businesses, better eco-environment, congenial living and working conditions, and economic prosperity and cultural development. Encouraged by notable improvement in their lives, the local residents are striving to become the conscientious guardians of the border areas and builders of happy homes.

五、生态安全屏障日益坚实

V. Stronger Eco-Environmental Security Barrier

西藏是国家重要的生态安全屏障。保护好西藏生态环境，利在千秋、泽被天下。西藏坚持生态保护第一，处理好保护与发展的关系，走绿色可持续发展之路，着力打造全国乃至国际生态文明高地，美丽西藏建设不断释放生态红利。

Xizang is one of China’s important ecological barriers. Protecting the natural environment in Xizang will benefit the country and the people for thousands of years to come. In its efforts to become a national or even an international model in advancing eco-civilization, Xizang continues to prioritize eco-environmental conservation, follows a holistic approach to coordinating conservation and development, and pursues green and sustainable development. It will continue to deliver eco-environmental dividends while building a beautiful Xizang.

——生态环境持续保持良好

– Sound eco-environment

生态功能区建设有序推进。积极推动羌塘、珠穆朗玛峰、冈仁波齐、高黎贡山、雅鲁藏布大峡谷等典型区域纳入《国家公园空间布局方案》，西藏自然保护地体系建设进入新阶段。现有各级各类自然保护区47个，总面积41.22万平方公里。第三次全国国土调查数据显示，林地、草地、湿地、水域等生态功能较强的地类增加到108.11万平方公里。设立三江源国家公园（唐北区域），加强了长江源区、澜沧江源区等中国江河源头的保护与修复。

Orderly progress has been made in the development of eco-environmental function zones. Through proactive efforts, Changtang, Mount Qomolangma, Mount Kangrinboqe, Gaoligong Mountain and Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon have been included in China’s Overall Plan of National Parks, and work to develop the system of nature reserves in Xizang has entered a new phase. Currently, there are 47 nature reserves of different types at all levels, which cover a total area of 412,200 square kilometers. According to the third national survey of territorial land, forests, grasslands, wetlands, water regions and other lands with stronger eco-environmental functions amount to 1.08 million square kilometers. The establishment of the Sanjiangyuan National Park (the section north of the Tanggula Mountain) has contributed to the protection and restoration of the river sources in China, such as the source areas of the Yangtze and Lancang rivers.

高原生物多样性逐渐提升。2016年至2022年，完成营造林832万亩，实现森林覆盖率和草原综合植被盖度双增长。西藏有陆生野生脊椎动物1072种，其中雪豹、野牦牛、藏羚羊、黑颈鹤、滇金丝猴等国家一级保护野生动物65种，国家二级保护野生动物152种，大中型野生动物种群数量居全国之首；已记录维管束植物7504种，其中巨柏、喜马拉雅红豆杉等国家一级重点保护野生植物9种，国家二级重点保护野生植物148种。根据全国第二次陆生野生动植物资源调查，藏羚羊种群数量由20世纪90年代的7万余只增长到30余万只，野牦牛种群数量由20世纪不足1万头增长到2万余头，黑颈鹤数量由20世纪不足3000只增长到1万余只。曾被国际社会认为已绝种的西藏马鹿“失而复得”，由发现时的200余头增长到800余头。发现白颊猕猴等野生动物新物种5种、中国新记录物种5种，发现野生植物新物种——吉隆毛鳞菊。

Biodiversity on the plateau has gradually improved. From 2016 to 2022, 8.32 million mu (554,666 hectares) of forests were planted in Xizang. It has achieved “double growth” in both forest and grassland vegetation coverage. There are 1,072 terrestrial wild vertebrate species in Xizang, including 65 species of wild animals under national Grade-I protection such as the snow leopard, wild yak, Tibetan antelope, black-necked crane and Yunnan golden snub-nosed monkey, and 152 species of wild animals under national Grade-II protection. Xizang has the largest population of large and medium-sized wild animal species in China. It has recorded 7,504 species of vascular plants; nine of these are under national Grade-I protection, including Cupressus gigantea and Taxus wallichiana, and 148 species are under national Grade-II protection. According to the second national survey on terrestrial animals and plants, the number of Tibetan antelopes increased from over 70,000 in the 1990s to over 300,000, wild yaks from under 10,000 to over 20,000, and black-necked cranes from under 3,000 to over 10,000. The Tibetan red deer, once considered extinct by the international community, has now come back, and its numbers have grown to over 800 from over 200 at the time of its rediscovery. Five new animal species such as the white-cheeked macaque, five new wildlife species in China, and one new wild plant species of Chaetoseris iyriformis Shif have been discovered.

人居环境状况持续改善。“十三五”以来，环境空气质量优良天数比例达99%以上，主要城镇环境空气质量整体保持优良，7个市地6项污染物浓度均达到国家二级及以上标准。珠穆朗玛峰区域环境空气质量持续保持在优良状态，达到一级标准。2022年，拉萨市在全国168个重点城市空气质量排名中位列第一，林芝市、昌都市环境空气质量优良天数达到100%。主要江河、湖泊水质整体保持优良。金沙江、雅鲁藏布江、澜沧江、怒江干流水质达到Ⅱ类标准，拉萨河、年楚河、尼洋河等流经重要城镇的河流水质达到Ⅱ类及以上标准，发源于珠穆朗玛峰的绒布河水质达Ⅰ类标准。班公错、羊卓雍错和纳木错水质均为Ⅲ类标准。地级城市集中式饮用水水源地水质达标率100%。全面实施土壤污染防治行动，西藏土壤环境质量状况处于安全水平，总体维持自然本底状态。

The living environment continues to improve. Since 2016, the proportion of days with excellent or good air quality in Xizang has reached over 99 percent each year. The air quality in main towns and cities has, on the whole, remained excellent or good, and the concentrations of six pollutants in seven prefecture-level administrative units has reached the state Grade-II standards or above. The air quality in the Mount Qomolangma area continues to be rated as excellent or good, reaching the state Grade-I standards. In 2022, Lhasa ranked first among the 168 key cities in China in terms of air quality, and Nyingchi and Qamdo both enjoyed excellent air quality all year round. The major rivers and lakes report good water quality. The water quality of main streams of the Jinsha River, Yarlung Zangbo River, Lancang River and Nujiang River has reached Grade-II standards, that of the Lhasa River, Nyangchu River and Nyang River that run through major towns and cities reached Grade-II standards or above, that of the Rongpo River that originates from Mount Qomolangma reached Grade-I standards, and that of the Pangong Tso, Yamzho Yumco and Nam Co lakes reached Grade-III standards. The quality of the drinking water sources in prefecture-level cities has all reached the required standards. Thanks to its comprehensive control of soil pollution, the soil environment in Xizang is generally maintained in its original natural state and is safe in quality.

——生态保护与经济建设相适宜

– Complementary eco-environmental protection and economic development

绿色低碳产业发展壮大。加快建设国家清洁能源基地，电力装机容量中清洁能源比重占到近90%，为国家碳达峰、碳中和贡献西藏力量。大力发展高原绿色农牧业，“三品一标”产品总数达到1014个。帕里牦牛和亚东黑木耳被评为中国百强农产品。加查县安绕镇核桃、隆子县热荣乡黑青稞、芒康县纳西民族乡葡萄获批“三品一标”产品，品牌效应开始凸显。

The green, low-carbon industry has grown in strength. Xizang has accelerated the building of a national clean energy base, and clean energy now makes up 90 percent of the installed power generation capacity. It has thus contributed to China’s targets for peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. Xizang has developed plateau green farming and animal husbandry, producing 1,014 different pollution-free, green or organic farm products or agro-products with geographical indications. Pagri yak and Yadong black fungus ranked among the Top 100 Farm Produce in China. Gyaca walnuts, Lhünze black highland barley, and Markam grapes have been listed as “pollution-free, green, organic farm products or agro-products with geographical indications”, and are beginning to be recognized by more consumers.

生态保育工作成效显现。推进《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划（2008－2030年）》落地，实施“两江四河”（雅鲁藏布江、怒江、拉萨河、年楚河、雅砻河、狮泉河）流域绿化、乡村“四旁”（宅旁、路旁、田旁、水旁）植树等项目。加强建设项目的生态修复和绿色施工。雅鲁藏布江上的藏木水电站建设过程中，通过修建2.6公里长的鱼类洄游通道和每年大规模的增殖放流等方式，有力保护了高原珍稀鱼类的生存和繁殖。拉日铁路建设过程中，选植优良树种，确保边坡植草及乔木成活率和固沙防沙，在主要地段为野生动物迁徙留出高架通道。拉林铁路建设过程中，有效保护黑颈鹤的最大越冬栖息地。

Eco-environmental conservation has produced results. The Plan for Protection and Building of Ecological Security Barriers in Xizang (2008-2030) has been implemented. Greening projects for the basins of the Yarlung Zangbo, Nujiang, Lhasa, Nyangchu, Yalong and Shiquan rivers and for areas near residential houses, roads, farmlands and waters have been executed, with emphasis on eco-environmental restoration and green construction. During the construction of the Zam Hydropower Station on the Yarlung Zangbo River, a 2.6-kilometer-long fish migration channel was built, and fry breeding and release events were organized each year on a large scale. All these efforts have effectively secured the living and breeding conditions for rare plateau fish species. During the construction of the Lhasa-Xigaze Railway, fine tree species were selected to ensure the survival of turf and trees and efforts were made to stop and fix the sand dunes near the railway line. In addition, elevated passages were opened at major sections for the migration of wild animals. During the construction of the Lhasa-Nyingchi Railway, the largest winter habitat was well conserved for the black-necked cranes.

——生态文明高地加快建设

– New measures to accelerate eco-environmental progress

生态环境治理体系日益完善。落实《青藏高原生态环境保护和可持续发展方案》，施行《中华人民共和国青藏高原生态保护法》，颁布实施《西藏自治区国家生态文明高地建设条例》等政策法规。统筹山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护和系统治理，全面推进河湖林草保护责任到人。2017年，西藏全面推行河湖长制，实现河流、湖泊全覆盖。实行最严格水资源管理制度，建立“河湖长+检察长+警长”协作机制，强化水域岸线管控，维护河湖生命健康，实现河湖功能永续利用。全面推行林长制，初步构建起党委领导、党政同责、属地负责、部门协同、源头治理、全域覆盖的林草资源保护发展长效机制。不断加强与周边省区的合作，2020年，与青海、云南签订《跨省流域上下游突发水污染事件联防联控机制合作协议》；2021年，与四川、云南、青海、甘肃、新疆和新疆生产建设兵团联合制定实施《关于建立青藏高原及周边区域生态检察司法保护跨省际区划协作机制的意见》，实现青藏高原协同保护。不断完善监测监察考核体系，深化领导干部自然资源资产责任审计，在11个国家级自然保护区设立35个公益诉讼检察联络室，提升生态环境领域公益诉讼执法能力。

The autonomous region has continued to improve the eco-environmental governance system. A series of policies, regulations and statutes have been promulgated and implemented, including the Plan on Eco-environmental Protection and Sustainable Development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Ecological Conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Regulations on Developing National Eco-civilization Model in the Xizang Autonomous Region. Xizang follows a holistic approach to the integrated conservation and systematic management of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, deserts and glaciers. A responsibility system has been introduced by which the responsibility for protecting rivers, lakes, forests and grasslands is assigned to specific persons with the title of chiefs. Since 2017, Xizang has enforced the strictest water resource administration system and established a “river/lake chief + procurator-general + police chief” coordinating mechanism, to strengthen the management of water bodies and shorelines, keep rivers and lakes healthy, and achieve their sustained utilization. A comprehensive system of forest chiefs has also been introduced across the region to establish a long-term mechanism for the protection and development of forest and grassland resources that addresses problems at source and covers the whole area. Under Party leadership, responsibilities are jointly assumed by local Party committees and governments supported by coordination of relevant departments. Cooperation with neighboring provinces and autonomous regions also has been reinforced in this regard. In 2020, Xizang signed a cooperation agreement with Qinghai and Yunnan provinces on establishing a joint prevention and control mechanism for water pollution emergencies in the upper and lower reaches of inter-provincial river basins. In 2021, it worked out an implementation document with Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai and Gansu provinces, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps on establishing a cross-provincial cooperation mechanism for judicial eco-environmental protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas, which will facilitate the coordinated protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Xizang has also improved the monitoring and performance assessment system and strengthened the auditing of leading officials on their management responsibilities for natural resources. Thirty-five procuratorial liaison offices have been set up in 11 national nature reserves to handle public-interest litigation related to eco-environmental protection and to strengthen the capacity for law enforcement.

科学考察和技术攻关取得突破性进展。国家启动第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究，聚焦水、生态、人类活动，深入分析青藏高原环境变化与机理，在国际地球科学和生命科学前沿领域产出一批原创性理论成果，对青藏高原的科学认识达到新的高度。加强青藏高原科学研究基地平台建设，建成国家青藏高原科学数据中心西藏分中心，科考成果为保护青藏高原生态环境、应对气候变化、防控自然灾害、促进绿色发展等提供科学支撑。2012年以来，持续在气候变化影响、生物多样性等领域开展技术攻关和应用示范研究，产生了一批创新成果。高原典型退化生态系统修复技术研究突破退化草地植被恢复关键技术，获得10项新技术新方法新工艺。建成拉萨地球系统多维网生态保护修复治理示范工程，提出生态保护修复治理的系统方案。推动山水林田湖草沙冰系统治理，查明青藏高原生态系统变化和碳汇功能，服务国家生态安全屏障体系优化和碳中和国家目标。建成西藏首家种质资源库，累计入库保存种质资源2047种8458份，为生物多样性保护提供基础支撑。研究形成高原固废生物质低碳化能量利用技术体系，有效降低固废处理成本约15%，环境污染减排大于75%，相关成果已推广至青海等地，实现经济效益近3亿元。

Great progress has been registered in scientific surveys and technological breakthroughs. The central government has launched the second comprehensive scientific survey on water, the eco-environment, and human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and conducted a thorough analysis of local environmental changes and their mechanisms. This has generated a number of original theories in international frontier fields of geoscience and life sciences and substantially increased knowledge about the plateau. It has also stepped up efforts to build platforms for scientific research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and built the Xizang Branch of the National Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Data Center. Research results have provided technological support for protecting the plateau’s eco-environment, addressing climate change, preventing and controlling natural disasters, and promoting green development.

Since 2012, the region has conducted research on core technologies and application demos in relation to climate change impact and biodiversity conservation, among others, and a number of innovative applications have emerged. Breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of degraded grassland vegetation – a key technology in research on restoring typical degraded plateau ecosystems. Ten new technologies, methods and techniques have been produced as a result. A demonstration project of a multi-dimensional network of the earth system for ecological conservation, restoration and governance was completed in Lhasa, providing a systematic plan for ecological conservation, restoration and governance. In order to optimize the national system of ecological security barriers and achieve the national goal of carbon neutrality, the region has taken systematic measures to protect and restore mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, deserts and glaciers, and investigated changes in the ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau and its role as a carbon sink.

Xizang has established its first germplasm resource center and conserved 8,458 items of germplasm covering 2,047 species, a fundamental support to the protection of biodiversity. Researchers have worked out a system for utilizing solid waste and biomass on the plateau with low-carbon energy, which would reduce the costs of solid waste and biomass processing by 15 percent and environmental pollution by more than 75 percent. Research findings have been rolled out in neighboring provinces including Qinghai, generating an overall economic benefit of nearly RMB300 million.

——美丽西藏建设释放生态红利

– Eco-environmental dividends

生态保护机制持续发力。2018年以来，累计落实山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护修复资金49.33亿元。建立覆盖森林、湿地、草原、水生态等领域的生态保护补偿机制。各类生态保护补偿资金从2012年的37亿元，快速增加到2022年的161亿元。

Eco-environmental conservation mechanisms play an increasingly important role. Since 2018, more than RMB4.93 billion have been invested in the integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, deserts and glaciers. An eco-environmental conservation and compensation mechanism has been put in place that covers forest, wetland, grassland, and water ecosystems. The amount paid for eco-environmental compensation in 2012 was RMB3.7 billion and it quickly increased to RMB16.1 billion in 2022.

生态扶贫向生态富民转变。2016年至2022年，年均为群众提供生态保护岗位53.77万个，累计兑现生态补偿资金126.37亿元。大力发展生态产业和碳汇经济，带动群众绿色就业创业。截至2022年底，家庭民宿（旅馆）数量达2377家，乡村旅游接待游客1274万人次，实现收入15.87亿元，农牧民直接和间接参与乡村旅游就业6.4万人次，人均增收4500余元。

Xizang has shifted its focus from poverty alleviation to bringing prosperity to local people through eco-environmental conservation. From 2016 to 2022, 537,700 eco-environmental conservation jobs were created on average each year, and a total of RMB12.64 billion was paid in eco-environmental compensation. The development of eco-environmental businesses and the carbon sink economy has helped local people find green jobs or start green businesses. By the end of 2022, the number of rural family hotels and homestays had reached 2,377, receiving 12.74 million visits and generating revenues of almost RMB1.59 billion. Some 64,000 farmers and herders worked directly or indirectly for the rural tourism business, leading to a per capita rise of more than RMB4,500 in income.

生态环保生活方式蔚然成风。人与自然和谐共生、追求可持续发展的高原生态文化得到进一步激发。林芝市成功创建国家森林城市。林芝市波密、山南市琼结、昌都市江达等11个市县区成为国家生态文明建设示范区。林芝市巴宜区、山南市隆子县、拉萨市柳梧新区达东村入选“绿水青山就是金山银山”实践创新基地。2016年起，“那曲地区城镇植树关键技术研发与绿化模式示范项目”在那曲示范推广植树200余亩，选育出班公柳、高山柳、云杉、江孜沙棘等多种高抗树种，结束了那曲种不活一棵树的历史。许多农牧民从曾经的砍树人变成种树人、护树人，丰富的生态资源成为当地群众看得见守得住的“幸福不动产”。

An eco-friendly lifestyle has become popular. A new plateau eco-culture has taken shape in which people pursue harmony between humanity and nature and value sustainable development. Nyingchi City has been recognized as a national-level forest city, and 11 cities/counties including the Bomi County in Nyingchi City, the Qonggyai County in Shannan City and Jomda County in Qamdo City have become national eco-civilization demonstration zones. Bayi District in Nyingchi, Lhünze County in Shannan and Dagdong Village of Liuwu New District in Lhasa have been listed as bases for implementing the eco-environmental philosophy that “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”. Since 2016, thanks to the Research and Development of Key Technologies for Afforestation and Greening Model Demonstration Project in Nagqu Prefecture (now Nagqu City), the region has selected and cultivated some high-resistance tree species, such as Salix bangongensis, Salix cupularis, dragon spruce, and Hippophae gyantsensis, which have been planted on more than 200 mu (about 14 hectares) of land. It is no longer the case that no tree could ever survive in the harsh conditions of Nagqu. Many farmers and herders now plant and protect trees rather than cutting them down. These rich eco-environmental resources are becoming the “real estate for a happy life” that the local people can see and keep.

六、民主法治建设不断加强

VI. Strengthening Democracy and the Rule of Law

做好西藏工作，必须厉行法治，加强社会主义民主建设。西藏始终坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治藏有机统一；保证人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度、基层群众自治制度在西藏贯彻落实。西藏政治建设迈出新步伐，有效保障各族人民享有当家作主的权利，极大推动各项事业发展进步。

To ensure that Xizang continues to achieve successful development, the rule of law must be upheld and socialist democracy strengthened across the board. Xizang has always been committed to the Party’s leadership, the people’s position as masters of the country, and law-based governance. Efforts have been made to ensure the effective implementation of the system of people’s congresses, the system of CPC-led multi-party cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of grassroots self-governance. Fresh progress has been made in strengthening the political development in the region, ensuring the right of all people of all ethnic groups to be masters of the region and the country. As a result, all undertakings have advanced in the region.

——社会主义民主建设深入推进

– Continuous progress in advancing socialist democracy

人民代表大会制度优越性充分体现。党的十八大以来，西藏自治区进行的两次换届选举中，90%以上的选民参加了县、乡直接选举，有些地方参选率达到100%。人大代表履职尽责的体制机制更加完善，自治区人大建立落实了人大常委会组成人员直接联系基层人大代表、基层人大代表联系人民群众的“双联系”制度。米林市南伊珞巴民族乡人大代表达娃秉承“群众选我当代表，我为群众办实事”理念，与有关部门沟通，为昌都三岩搬迁群众修建温室大棚、解决群众入冬吃菜难的问题。截至目前，西藏共创建772个“人大代表之家”，覆盖所有市（地）、县（区）、乡（镇、街道），部分行政村建有“代表小组”活动室，人大闭会期间代表履职活动更加经常化、规范化、制度化。

The strengths of the system of people’s congresses have been given full play. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, two elections have been held in Xizang to elect the regional people’s congress, in which more than 90 percent of eligible voters have participated in the county and township-level direct elections, and the participation rate in some places has even reached as high as 100 percent. The institutional mechanism for deputies to the people’s congresses to fulfill their duties with due diligence has further improved. The People’s Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region has established and implemented a dual-contact system in which members of its standing committee maintain direct contact with community-level deputies who in turn maintain direct contact with people in their constituencies. Dhawa, deputy from Naiyu Lhoba Township, Mainling City to the People’s Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region, believes that “as an elected deputy, one should do everything possible to serve the people.” By coordinating the relevant departments, he has helped build greenhouses for relocated residents in Sangan of Qamdo, ensuring their access to fresh produce in winter. To date, Xizang has instituted 772 “homes of deputies to people’s congresses”, covering all cities/prefectures, counties/districts, and townships/towns/sub-districts in the region. Some villages have set up deputies’ functional centers. These facilities enable deputies to perform their duties on a more regular basis in the intersessional period, which has helped regulate and institutionalize the dual-contact system.

社会主义协商民主独特优势更加彰显。西藏把协商民主深深嵌入社会主义民主政治全过程，充分发挥人民政协作为协商民主重要渠道和专门协商机构的作用，围绕经济社会发展中的重大问题和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题建真言献良策。人民政协吸收民族宗教、党外知识分子、新的社会阶层等各界、各族人士参加。政协第十二届西藏自治区委员会共有委员440人，其中非中共党员占比59.3%。74个县（区）政协组织全覆盖，全区政协委员超过8000名，85.7%是少数民族。2013年至2022年，政协西藏自治区委员会共收到提案4356件，已全部办复。政协推动委员认真履行政治协商、民主监督、参政议政职责。

The unique advantages of socialist consultative democracy have been further highlighted. Xizang has exercised consultative democracy throughout the process of socialist democracy. It gives full play to the role of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) as a major channel for consultative democracy and its committees as specialist consultative bodies. CPPCC members are encouraged to offer workable suggestions to address major issues related to economic and social development and resolve the people’s immediate concerns. The CPPCC is open to representatives from all social sectors and ethnic groups, including those of religious circles, intellectuals who are not CPC members, and people from New Social Groups. There are 440 members on the 12th CPPCC Committee of the Xizang Autonomous Region, 59.3 percent of whom are not CPC members. CPPCC organizations have been established in all the 74 counties/districts in the region. There are more than 8,000 CPPCC members in the whole region; ethnic minority members account for 85.7 percent. Between 2013 and 2022, the CPPCC Committee of the Xizang Autonomous Region received a total of 4,356 proposals, all of which were processed with feedbacks. The CPPCC organizations have urged its members to earnestly perform their duties in political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in the deliberation and administration of government affairs.

基层民主实践广泛真实生动。西藏社会主义基层民主实践形式不断丰富，农村建立村民代表会议制度，城市社区全部建立社区居民代表大会、社区居委会等社区组织，为社区居民自治提供了充分的组织保障。2019年，《西藏自治区村务公开办法》颁布实施，90%以上的行政村设立村务公开栏，保障群众的知情权、参与权、决策权、监督权。2015年，出台《西藏自治区职工代表大会工作规范（试行）》。迄今全区有基层工会组织8821个，工会会员60.7万人。企事业单位职工通过职工代表大会等民主管理制度，在重大决策和涉及职工切身利益等重大事项中充分行使民主权利。

Democracy has been translated into extensive, pragmatic and vivid actions at the grassroots. Grassroots democracy in Xizang has been gradually enriched. The system of villagers’ representative meetings has been established, and community residents’ congresses or residents’ committees have been instituted in urban areas, providing a satisfactory organizational guarantee for grassroots self-governance. In 2019, the Measures of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Transparency in Village Affairs was issued. So far, more than 90 percent of the villages in the region have set up “transparency” bulletin boards, to ensure the right of local people to be informed, to participate in the deliberation of village affairs and in the decision-making process, and to scrutinize the exercise of power.

In 2015, the Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Workers’ Congresses (for Trial Implementation) were promulgated. There are now 8,821 trade unions in the whole region, with 607,000 members in total. Employees in enterprises and public institutions can fully exercise their democratic rights in the decision-making process regarding important matters that concern their immediate interests through democratic management systems such as workers’ congresses.

——民族区域自治制度全面实施

– Full implementation of regional ethnic autonomy

民族区域自治制度进一步贯彻落实。民族区域自治制度赋予自治区在政治、经济、社会、文化等方面的发展权利；自治区人大及其常委会还制定多项全国性法律的实施办法，成为国家立法的重要补充。贯彻“收入全留、补助递增、专项扶持”财政补贴优惠政策，把中央关心、全国支援与自力更生、艰苦奋斗有机结合起来，合理安排使用地方财政收入。民族区域自治制度在西藏的实践不断深化，具体举措和实现形式与时俱进。

More measures have been adopted to reinforce the system of regional ethnic autonomy. The regional autonomy system ensures the region’s right to development in the political, economic, social, cultural and other fields. The People’s Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee have also formulated implementation measures for a number of national laws, which have become an important supplement to state legislation. Preferential financial policies have been introduced, such as policies to give the autonomous region the right to retain all its revenues, to receive increasingly higher subsidies from the central government, and to allocate funds earmarked for special projects. The Xizang Autonomous Region relies on its hard-working spirit while benefiting from the caring policies of the central government and support from other parts of the country. It makes judicious use of its own fiscal revenues. To keep pace with the times, Xizang fully implements the autonomy system, regularly updating specific measures and means to exercise autonomy.

宪法和法律赋予的权利得到充分行使。西藏自治区人民代表大会常务委员会主任或副主任由藏族公民担任，自治区主席由藏族公民担任。全区42153名四级人大代表中，藏族和其他少数民族占89.2%。第十四届全国人民代表大会的西藏代表共有24名，其中藏族和其他少数民族代表16名，占66.7%，门巴族、珞巴族等人口较少民族也有自己的代表。29名住藏全国政协委员中，少数民族委员占比86.2%。妇女在各级人大代表、政协委员中的比例较以往明显提高。少数民族干部培养使用工作不断加强，为西藏的全面繁荣稳定和发展进步作出重要贡献。

The exercise of rights conferred by the Constitution and other laws is fully guaranteed. The offices of chairperson or vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region are occupied by Tibetans, as is the office of the governor of the Xizang Autonomous Region. A total of 89.2 percent of the 42,153 deputies to people’s congresses at four levels in the autonomous region are from the Tibetan or other ethnic minorities. Of the 24 deputies of the Xizang delegation to the 14th NPC, 16 were from ethnic minorities, including ethnic groups with small populations such as the Monba people and the Lhoba people. There are 29 members of the CPPCC national committee from Xizang, 25 of whom are from ethnic minorities. The proportion of females among deputies to people’s congresses at all levels or members of the CPPCC at all levels has risen considerably. Efforts have been intensified in the training and appointment of ethnic minority officials, which has significantly contributed to prosperity, stability, development, and progress in all respects in Xizang.

——依法治藏工作取得重大进展

– Marked progress in the governance of Xizang in accordance with the law

法规体系建设长足发展。党的十八大以来，西藏践行“治国必治边、治边先稳藏”的战略思想，制定实施一批地方性法规、政府规章和规范性文件，建立科学完备的法规体系，加强法治政府和法治社会一体化建设，实现对自治区各项事务治理的制度化、规范化、程序化。截至2022年底，自治区人大及其常委会先后制定实施160件地方性法规和具有法规性质的决议、决定，确保稳定、发展、生态、强边四件大事及涉及社会管理、民生福祉等各类事项都能在法治轨道上运行。自治区人大及其常委会从地方实际出发，突出地方特色，立足重要的国家安全屏障和生态安全屏障，先后制定并颁布实施《西藏自治区民族团结进步模范区创建条例》《西藏自治区国家生态文明高地建设条例》。从2021年开始，西藏所有设区的市都拥有地方立法权。地方立法主体的扩大和地方立法体制的完善，为西藏社会的稳定繁荣提供了法治保障。

Significant progress has been made in the development and improvement of the legal framework. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, guided by the strategy that stability in Xizang is paramount in the governance of the border areas and the country as a whole, the autonomous region has formulated and implemented a number of local regulations, government rules and other normative documents, establishing a complete and sound legal system. The region has endeavored to advance the rule of law in terms of both government administration and social governance, by introducing institutions, standards and procedures in the management of regional affairs. As of 2022, the People’s Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had formulated and implemented 160 local regulations and statutory resolutions and decisions of a regulatory nature. They ensure that the rule of law contributes to maintaining stability, facilitating development, protecting the eco-environment, safeguarding the borders, and organizing other matters involving social governance and the people’s wellbeing. The People’s Congress of Xizang and its Standing Committee have focused on practical issues in light of local realities and features. Based on the region’s important role as a national and ecological security shield, the congress has formulated and implemented Regulations on the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress in the Xizang Autonomous Region and Regulations on Developing Ecological Highlands in the Xizang Autonomous Region. Starting from 2021, all the region’s cities with subsidiary districts have been accorded local legislative powers. More local legislative bodies and the improved local legislative system have provided legal guarantees for stability and prosperity in Xizang.

法治政府建设迈出新步伐。持续优化营商环境，制定出台《西藏自治区优化政务环境工作方案》《西藏自治区推进西南五省政务服务“跨省通办”工作实施方案》。强化权力制约监督，出台《西藏自治区行政执法监督条例》《西藏自治区规范行政执法裁量权规定》《西藏自治区重大行政决策程序暂行规定》等地方性法规、政府规章和规范性文件。依法公开政务信息，“互联网+政务服务”扎实推进，政务服务事项网上可办率显著提升，进一步优化政务服务，方便群众办事。

Fresh progress has been made in law-based government. The business environment has been steadily improved. The Work Plan of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Building a Sound Administrative Environment and the Implementation Plan of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Promoting the Inter-Provincial E-Government in the Five Southwestern Provinces have been formulated and released. To keep the exercise of power under effective restraint and supervision, several local regulations, government rules and other normative documents have been formulated and released, including the Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on the Supervision of Administrative Law Enforcement, the Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Discretion over Administrative Law Enforcement and Interim Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Major Administrative Decision-Making Procedures. Transparency in government affairs in accordance with the law has been promoted, with most government services available online now. These efforts have further optimized government services for the convenience of the people.

法治社会建设实现新突破。中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅出台《关于加快推进公共法律服务体系建设的意见》，公共法律服务体系向纵深推进，县级以上司法行政机关全部挂牌运行公共法律服务实体平台，逐步向社区基层面延伸。仅2021年，西藏法律援助机构共组织提供法律咨询2.73万余人次，办理法律援助案件7626件，为受援人挽回经济损失9847万元。出台《西藏自治区法治宣传教育条例》，深入开展以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系宣传教育，切实加强乡村法治文化阵地、校园法治文化阵地及宗教活动场所法治文化阵地建设，分区分类营造浓厚的法治氛围。大力实施乡村“法律明白人”培养工程，建立村居法律服务微信群，实现村居法律顾问全覆盖。坚持送法下乡，深入开展以案释法和全国民主法治示范村（社区）创建等工作，引导带动更多群众尊法学法守法用法。

New breakthroughs have been made in the building of a law-based society. The General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Measures on Accelerating the Building of a Public Legal Service System, further boosting the public legal service system. All judicial administrative offices at the county level and above have launched public legal service entity platforms, gradually extending to the primary-level communities. In 2021 alone, legal aid institutions in the region provided consultation services to people on more than 27,300 occasions and accepted 7,626 legal aid cases, which helped legal aid recipients recover financial losses of RMB98.47 million. The Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on the Awareness-raising and Education on the Rule of Law have been promulgated, and an extensive education campaign has been carried out to raise awareness of the Chinese socialist legal system with the Constitution at the core. Effective public education on the rule of law has been conducted in rural areas, at schools, and in religious facilities to create a culture of respect for the rule of law across Xizang. The region has carried out a vigorous project to encourage villagers to learn about the law, set up WeChat groups for legal services in rural areas, and provided legal advisers to all villages. A campaign to bring legal knowledge and services to the countryside has been executed, in which real-life cases have been used to explain and interpret laws. National pilot villages and communities for democracy and the rule of law have been established. Interpreting laws with vivid cases motivates more people to learn the law, respect it, abide by it, and apply it.

结束语

Conclusion

伟岸的喜马拉雅山，见证西藏和平解放以来的沧桑巨变；奔腾的雅鲁藏布江，奏响新时代西藏发展进步的恢弘乐章。党的十八大以来，西藏步入发展最好、变化最大、群众得实惠最多的历史时期。西藏经济社会的发展进步是中国建设发展辉煌成就的一个典型缩影，是中国式现代化在世界屋脊创造的人类发展奇迹。

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, Xizang has experienced a period of unprecedented development and huge change, bringing more tangible benefits to the people. The social and economic progress of Xizang epitomizes the nation’s outstanding achievements in development, created on the roof of the world through the Chinese path to modernization.

实践充分证明，只有全面深入贯彻落实新时代党的治藏方略，坚持所有发展都要赋予民族团结进步的意义，都要赋予维护统一、反对分裂的意义，都要赋予改善民生、凝聚人心的意义，都要有利于提升各族群众获得感、幸福感、安全感，抓好稳定、发展、生态、强边四件大事，才能确保西藏长治久安和高质量发展。

The region’s achievements have proved that to ensure long-term stability and high-quality development in the region, the Party’s guidelines on the governance of Xizang in the new era must be fully and thoroughly implemented. The region’s development must serve to benefit ethnic unity and progress, to safeguard national unity and oppose separatism, and to improve people’s lives and build social consensus, so that people of all ethnic groups in Xizang will have a greater sense of gain, fulfillment and security. To ensure long-term stability, prosperity and high-quality development in Xizang, the four main tasks of ensuring stability, facilitating development, protecting the eco-environment, and strengthening the borders must be successfully and effectively fulfilled.

党的二十大报告提出，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。这为新时代西藏工作树立了新航标，将鼓舞激励西藏各族人民以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线，坚定不移走中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路，贯彻落实新时代党的治藏方略，完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，全面推进民族团结进步事业，继续谱写西藏长治久安和高质量发展的绚烂华章。

The Report to the 20th CPC National Congress stated that the central task of the CPC is to lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in a concerted effort to realize the Second Centenary Goal of building China into a modern socialist country in all respects, and to advance the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through a Chinese path to modernization. This has set a new goal for Xizang, and will encourage the people of all the ethnic groups in the region to follow a Chinese approach to ethnic issues, and fully implement the Party’s policies on the governance of Xizang in the new era, underpinned by a strong sense of the Chinese nation as one single community. Applying the new development philosophy in full, to the letter and in all fields, they will promote ethnic unity and progress on all fronts, and open a new and splendid era of long-term peace and stability and high-quality development in the region.