2012年中国人权事业的进展
Progress in China’s Human Rights in 2012
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China
2013年5月
May 2013, Beijing
目录
Contents
前言
Foreword
一、经济建设中的人权保障
I. Protection of Human Rights in Economic Construction
二、政治建设中的人权保障
II. Protection of Human Rights in Political Construction
三、文化建设中的人权保障
III. Protection of Human Rights in Cultural Services
四、社会建设中的人权保障
IV. Protection of Human Rights in Social Development
五、生态文明建设中的人权保障
V. Protection of Human Rights in Ecological Progress
六、人权领域的对外交流与合作
VI. Foreign Exchanges and Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights
前言
Foreword
进入二十一世纪以来，中国共产党和中国政府带领全国人民在建设中国特色社会主义的伟大征程上，不断将中国人权事业的发展向前推进。
Since the arrival of the 21st century, the Chinese people have been making constant efforts in advancing human rights protection along the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government.
尊重和保障人权是中国共产党和中国各级国家机关的意志和行动。继“人权”分别庄严载入中国宪法、国民经济和社会发展规划及中国共产党党章之后，2012年11月召开的中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会又将“人权得到切实尊重和保障”确立为全面建成小康社会的奋斗目标之一。中国政府还发布了《国家人权行动计划（2009-2010年）》和《国家人权行动计划（2012-2015年）》，并对《国家人权行动计划（2009-2010年）》的实施情况进行了评估。中国人权事业的发展进入了有计划、持续稳健、全面推进的新阶段。
It has been the will and action of the CPC and state organs at all levels to respect and protect human rights. After the concept of “human rights” was successively enshrined in China’s Constitution, national economic and social development plans and the CPC Constitution, the 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in November 2012, set “respect for and protection of human rights” as one of the goals in the drive for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The Chinese government issued the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009-2010) and the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015), and reviewed the implementation of the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009-2010). The cause of human rights in China has entered a stage of planned, sustainable, steady and comprehensive development.
坚持科学发展，促进社会和谐，改善人民生活，增进人民福祉，是中国共产党和中国政府治国理政的基本遵循和主要原则。在以人为本、全面协调可持续发展的科学发展观指导下，中国将人权事业的发展与经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设和生态文明建设相结合，把保障人民的生存权、发展权放在首位，努力促进经济、社会和文化权利与公民、政治权利的全面、协调发展。经过多年不懈努力和奋斗，中国的人民生活水平、民主建设水平、依法治国水平、文化发展水平、社会保障水平、环境保护水平，都迈上了一个大台阶。
In governance, the CPC and the Chinese government follow the fundamental and major principle of pursuing scientific development, promoting social harmony, improving the people’s livelihood and promoting the wellbeing of the people. Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development which puts people first and aims at comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development, China combines its human rights endeavors with economic, political, cultural, social and ecological construction, prioritizes the people’s rights to subsistence and development, and endeavors to promote the comprehensive and balanced development of their economic, social and cultural rights as well as their civil and political rights. After years of unremitting efforts, China has stepped up to a higher level in the people’s living standard, democracy, rule of law, cultural development, social security and environmental protection.
中国是一个发展中的大国，人口众多，区域差异较大，资源有限，环境和生态保护压力大，发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题依然突出。国家各项事业发展中关系人民群众切身利益的问题还较多，需要继续付出艰苦努力加以解决。在中国，实现更高水平的人权保障，任务依然十分繁重。
China is a developing country with a vast population and fraught with larger regional differences and resource, environmental and ecological strains as well as conspicuous problems from unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable development. Arduous efforts are still to be made to solve the numerous problems in the development of various undertakings that bear on the people’s vital interests. It remains a tough task for China to better protect its people’s human rights.
一、经济建设中的人权保障
I. Protection of Human Rights in Economic Construction
中国有13亿多人口，不发展经济，不首先解决人民的温饱问题，其他一切权利都难以实现。发展是解决中国所有问题的关键，也是推动中国人权事业发展的根本。只有推动经济持续健康发展，才能筑牢人民幸福安康的物质基础，保障人民的生存权和发展权。多年来，中国坚持以经济建设为中心，通过发展经济来扩大城乡就业，增加居民收入和家庭财产收入，改善人民衣食住行用等条件，维护弱势群体权益，使公民经济权利得到更加切实的保障。
China has a population of over 1.3 billion. For such a populous country, it would be impossible to protect the people’s rights and interests without first developing the economy to feed and clothe the people. Development is the key to solving all existing problems and facilitating progress of human rights in China. Only by pursuing healthy and sustainable economic development can China consolidate the material foundation for the people’s happiness and wellbeing, and protect their rights to subsistence and development. For many years, China has taken economic construction as the central task and, through economic growth, expanded rural and urban employment, increased the residents’ income and family property income, provided the people with better food, clothing, housing, transportation and other daily necessities, safeguarded the rights and interests of disadvantaged groups, and effectively protected the citizens’ economic rights and interests.
人民生活水平不断提高。经济的平稳较快发展为改善民生奠定了基础，创造了条件。2012年，在世界各大经济体增长全面减速、各种风险不断暴露的情况下，中国国内生产总值增长7.8%，居民消费价格涨幅回落到2.6%。2012年全年粮食总产量达到58957万吨，实现新中国成立之后第二个连续9年增产，连续6年产量超5亿吨。民以食为天，粮食生产连续9年增长，对于一个13亿多人口的国家来说意义十分重大，为中国人民过上幸福美好生活打下了坚实基础。农村生产生活条件不断改善。2008年至2012年，新建改建农村公路146.5万公里，改造农村危房1033万户，解决了3亿多农村人口的饮水安全和无电区445万人的用电问题。城乡居民收入增长较快。2012年全年农村居民人均纯收入7917元，比上年增长13.5%，扣除价格因素，实际增长10.7%；全年城镇居民人均可支配收入24565元，增长12.6%，扣除价格因素，实际增长9.6%。城乡居民收入实际增长快于国内生产总值增长，农村居民收入实际增长快于城镇居民。2012年，农村居民家庭恩格尔系数（即居民家庭食品消费支出占消费总支出的比重）为39.3%，城镇居民家庭恩格尔系数为36.2%。到2012年底，全国民用轿车保有量5989万辆，比上年增长20.7%，其中私人轿车5308万辆，增长22.8%；城镇居民每百户拥有汽车21.5辆，比2007年增加15.5辆。全国固定及移动电话用户总数达到139031万户,比上年末增加11896万户。移动电话普及率达到82.6部/百人，固定电话普及率达到20.7部/百人。互联网上网人数5.64亿人,其中使用移动电话上网人数4.2亿，互联网普及率达到42.1%。2012年全年国内出游人数达29.6亿人次，比上年增长12.1%；国内居民出境人数8318万人次，增长18.4%。其中因私出境7706万人次，增长20.2%，占出境人数的92.6%。积极稳妥推进城镇化。2008年至2012年转移农村人口8463万人，城镇化率由45.9%提高到52.6%，城乡结构发生了历史性变化。
The people’s living standards are constantly on the rise. Steady yet relatively rapid economic development has provided the foundation for a better livelihood for the Chinese people. Despite the slowdown of economic growth in the world’s major economies and the manifestation of various risks, China’s GDP grew by 7.8 percent in 2012 and the rise in the CPI (Consumer Price Index) fell back to 2.6 percent. China’s annual grain output in 2012 reached 589.57 million tons, registering the second nine-year consecutive growth since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, topping the 500-million-ton mark for six years in a row. Food is people’s paramount necessity. For a country with more than 1.3 billion people, a nine-year consecutive growth in grain output was of particularly significant importance, as it laid a solid foundation for the Chinese people to live a happier and better life. The living and production conditions in rural areas have kept improving. From 2008 to 2012 China built or rebuilt 1.465 million km of rural roads, renovated 10.33 million rural houses in disrepair, solved the problem of drinking water safety for over 300 million rural residents, and provided power to 4.45 million people in areas previously devoid of access to electricity. At the same time, urban and rural residents’ income has been growing relatively rapidly. The annual per-capita net income for rural residents reached 7,917 yuan in 2012, up 13.5 percent over the previous year or 10.7 percent in real terms. The annual per-capita disposable income for urban residents was 24,565 yuan, an increase of 12.6 percent or 9.6 percent in real terms year on year. The income growth of urban and rural residents in real terms outpaced the GDP growth, while the income growth of the rural residents in real terms surpassed that of the urban residents. In 2012 the Engel coefficients (i.e., the proportion of food expenditure in the total consumption spending) per rural and urban household were 39.3 percent and 36.2 percent, respectively. By the end of 2012 car ownership had reached 59.89 million, an increase of 20.7 percent over the previous year, among which 53.08 million were private cars, an increase of 22.8 percent. There were 21.5 cars for every 100 urban households, an increase of 15.5 over 2007. The combined number of fixed and mobile phone users reached 1,390.31 million, an increase of 118.96 million over that at the end of the previous year. There were 82.6 mobile phones and 20.7 fixed phones for every 100 people. There were over 564 million Internet users in China, among whom 420 million access the Internet via mobile phones. The Internet penetration rate reached 42.1 percent. The number of domestic tourists in 2012 totaled 2.96 billion, and the number of Chinese citizens making trips abroad reached 83.18 million, up 12.1 percent and 18.4 percent, respectively, over the previous year. Among them, those making trips abroad for private purposes reached 77.06 million, a year-on-year increase of 20.2 percent, accounting for 92.6 percent of the total. Active and steady efforts have been made to promote urbanization. From 2008 to 2012, a total of 84.63 million rural laborers moved to cities and towns, raising the urbanization rate from 45.9 percent to 52.6 percent and effecting a historic change in China’s urban-rural structure.
农村扶贫开发进入新阶段。为不断提高农村贫困人口生活水平，中国政府于2011年颁布《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011-2020年）》，明确提出到2020年稳定实现扶贫对象不愁吃、不愁穿，以及保障其义务教育、基本医疗和住房的总目标。国家大幅度提高扶贫标准，将农民人均纯收入2300元（2010年不变价格）作为新的国家扶贫标准，更多低收入人口被纳入扶贫范围。2011年全国扶贫对象覆盖人口1.22亿人，占农村户籍人口的12.7%。2012年，中央财政综合扶贫投入2996亿元，比2011年增长31.9%。其中，中央财政专项扶贫资金332亿元。启动实施了武陵山、六盘山、罗霄山等11个集中连片特困地区区域发展与扶贫攻坚规划及“十二五”（2011-2015年）时期支持西藏、新疆和新疆生产建设兵团、四川云南甘肃青海四省藏区经济社会发展规划，着力解决深度贫困问题。2011年，国家扶贫开发工作重点县农村居民人均纯收入3985元，比2009年增长40.2%，增幅高于全国农村居民平均水平。按照新的国家扶贫标准，2012年末农村贫困人口为9899万人，比上年末减少2339万人。国家编制出台了《扶贫开发整村推进“十二五”规划》，计划“十二五”期间，完成中西部3万个贫困村整村推进任务，年均6000个村。农村贫困残疾人生活状况进一步改善。2012年国务院印发《农村残疾人扶贫开发纲要（2011-2020年）》。2012年，共扶持229.9万农村贫困残疾人，为86.1万农村残疾人提供实用技术培训，为13.2万户农村贫困残疾人家庭实施危房改造。
Poverty reduction in rural areas enters a new stage. To constantly improve the living conditions of the impoverished population in rural areas, the Chinese government promulgated the Outline of Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020) in 2011, setting forth the general objective of providing adequate food and clothing for poverty-stricken people while ensuring their access to compulsory education, basic medical services and housing by 2020. The state raised the national poverty line substantially to 2,300 yuan per person per year on average (calculated at 2010 constant prices), and by this criterion more low-income people have been included in poverty-reduction programs. In 2011 a total of 122 million people were covered by poverty-reduction programs all over the country, making up 12.7 percent of the rural population. In 2012 the central government spent 299.6 billion yuan on comprehensive poverty-reduction programs, an increase of 31.9 percent over the previous year, of which 33.2 billion yuan was special funds for poverty reduction. The state has launched regional development and poverty-reduction projects in 11 regions, including the Wuling, Liupan and Luoxiao mountainous areas, as well as plans to support the economic and social development of Tibet, Xinjiang, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and the Tibetan-inhabited areas in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai during the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015). These efforts were aimed at alleviating deep-rooted poverty in these areas. In 2011 the average per-capita annual income for farmers in the counties which are key targets of the government’s poverty-reduction work reached 3,985 yuan, an increase of 40.2 percent over 2009, a higher growth rate than that of the average level in China’s rural areas. By the end of 2012 the size of the impoverished population in rural China had decreased to 98.99 million according to the new criterion, 23.39 million fewer than that at the end of the previous year. The state formulated the 12th Five-Year Plan for Village-based Development-oriented Poverty Reduction, planning to lift 30,000 impoverished villages in central and western China out of poverty, or 6,000 villages per year, in the five years from 2011 to 2015. At the same time, the living conditions of impoverished disabled people in rural areas have been further improved. In 2012 the State Council issued the Outline of Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for Disabled People in Rural Areas (2011-2020). In the same year the state rendered support to 2.299 million disabled people in poverty in rural China, provided training for 861,000 disabled people in practical skills and helped 132,000 poor families with one or more disabled members to renovate their houses.
少数民族贫困地区人民生活不断改善。根据民族地区的实际，中国政府坚持国家帮助、发达地区支援、民族地区自力更生相结合的方针，制定出台一系列优惠政策，推动少数民族地区经济发展，努力提高各民族人民生活水平。中央财政不断加大对民族地区的转移支付力度。2010年至2012年，中央财政对8个民族省（自治区）转移支付总额为26055亿元，占中央财政对地方转移支付总额的比重由24.3%提高到25.7%，同时加大了对民族自治州、民族自治县及边境地区的转移支付力度。国家编制实施《扶持人口较少民族发展规划（2011-2015年）》，将6个10万人以上30万人以下的民族纳入扶持范围，安排专项资金帮助人口较少民族发展经济和改善生产生活条件。国家支持边境地区经济社会发展，编制实施《兴边富民行动规划（2011-2015年）》。国家制定了促进牧民增收、支持牧区发展的政策。少数民族和民族地区脱贫致富成效显著。2005年至2010年，民族8省区贫困人口从2338.4万人减少到1304.4万人，贫困发生率从16.5%下降到7%，比全国同期贫困发生率下降幅度快了近5.5个百分点。
People’s living standards in poverty-stricken ethnic-minority areas are continuously improving. Based on the actual conditions in ethnic-minority areas, the Chinese government, adhering to the principle of combining assistance from the central government, support from developed regions and self-reliance of the ethnic-minority areas, has formulated a series of preferential policies to promote the ethnic-minority areas’ economic growth and improve the living conditions of all ethnic groups. The central government has been continuously increasing transfer payments to ethnic-minority areas. From 2010 to 2012 the total amount of transfer payments to eight ethnic-minority provinces (autonomous regions) reached 2.6055 trillion yuan, up from 24.3 percent to 25.7 percent of the total transfer payments from the central government to local governments. Meanwhile, transfer payments to ethnic-minority autonomous prefectures, counties and border areas have also been increased. The state formulated and promulgated the Plan for Supporting the Development of Ethnic Minority Groups with Fewer Populations (2011-2015), including six ethnic minority groups with populations ranging from 100,000 to 300,000 each in the recipients of assistance, and earmarked special funds to help them develop their economy and improve their production and living conditions. The state also rendered support to the economic and social development of border areas by formulating the Action Plan to Bring Prosperity to Border Areas and the People There (2011-2015). The state adopted policies to increase income for the herdsmen and promote the development of pastoral regions. Marked achievements have been scored in helping ethnic-minority areas and their people get rid of poverty and become relatively well-off. From 2005 to 2010 the number of impoverished people in the eight aforesaid provinces (autonomous regions) decreased from 23.384 million to 13.044 million, and the impoverishment rate dropped from 16.5 percent to 7 percent, nearly 5.5 percentage points faster than the national average impoverishment rate in the same period.
城乡居民住房条件进一步改善。2009年以来，围绕“住有所居”和“城市化进程中人类住区的可持续发展”两大主题，在推进城镇住房市场化改革，努力通过发展商品房市场满足群众多层次住房需求的同时，中国政府把满足困难群众基本住房需要，列为政府提供基本公共服务的重要内容，通过大规模实施保障性安居工程，加快推进住房保障工作。中国的保障性安居工程，包括城镇地区的保障性住房建设、棚户区改造以及农村地区的危房改造、游牧民定居工程。在城镇保障性安居工程方面，2008年至2012年新建各类保障性住房1800多万套，棚户区改造住房1200多万套。到2012年底，全国累计用实物方式解决了3100万户城镇家庭的住房困难，占城镇家庭总户数的12.5%左右。此外，全国还有近500万户城镇低收入住房困难家庭享受政府发放的廉租住房租赁补贴。2012年底，城镇和农村人均住房面积分别为32.9平方米和37.1平方米，分别比2007年增加2.8平方米和5.5平方米。为规范国有土地上房屋征收与补偿活动，维护公共利益，保障被征收房屋所有权人的合法权益，2011年1月21日，国务院颁布施行《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》，同时废止了2001年6月13日国务院公布的《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》。
Urban and rural housing conditions are further improved. Since 2009, focusing on the two major themes of “ensuring that all the people enjoy the right to housing” and “obtaining sustainable development of residential areas in the process of urbanization,” the Chinese government, while working hard to satisfy the people’s diverse demands for housing by promoting market-oriented reform of the urban housing system and developing the commercial housing market, has also listed satisfying the basic housing needs of people in poverty as an important content of the basic public services to be provided by the government and carried out massive affordable housing projects to enhance housing security. The affordable housing projects in China cover the building of affordable housing in urban areas, the rebuilding of shanty areas and rural housing in disrepair, and the building of permanent housing for nomadic herdsmen. From 2008 to 2012 China built more than 18 million affordable suites of housing and rebuilt more than 12 million suites in shanty areas. By the end of 2012 China had provided housing for 31 million urban families, about 12.5 percent of the total urban households. In addition, the government had provided low-rent housing subsidies for nearly five million urban low-income families. At the end of 2012 the per-capita living space in China’s urban and rural areas reached 32.9 square meters and 37.1 square meters, respectively, up 2.8 square meters and 5.5 square meters compared with 2007. In order to regulate the expropriation of and compensation for buildings on state-owned land, protect the legitimate rights of the owners of such buildings as well as the public interest, the State Council promulgated and put into effect the Regulations on the Expropriation of and Compensation for Buildings on State-owned Land on January 21, 2011, and simultaneously abolished the Regulations on the Dismantling of Urban Houses promulgated on June 13, 2001.
积极促进劳动者充分就业。经济的持续平稳增长为保障就业提供了条件。国家实施积极的就业政策，保障公民工作权。2008年至2012年，累计投入就业专项资金1973亿元，实现高校毕业生就业2800万人，城镇就业困难人员就业830万人。2012年，在经济增速趋缓的背景下，全年城镇新增就业1266万人，城镇失业人员再就业552万人，就业困难人员就业182万人，年末城镇登记失业率为4.1%，与上年末持平。全国农民工总量为26261万人，比上年增长3.9%。其中，外出农民工16336万人，增长3.0%；本地农民工9925万人，增长5.4%。国家积极促进农村劳动力就地就近转移就业，8.5万个村开展休闲农业与乡村旅游活动，带动2800万农民就业。2012年，城镇新安排残疾人就业32.9万人；城镇实际在业残疾人达到444.8万；1770.3万农村残疾人实现稳定就业。2011年，全国共组织开展各类职业培训约2200万人次。2012年，中央财政支出就业专项资金454亿元，用于支持落实相关促进就业的政策。2010-2012年，农业部依托“阳光工程”培训项目开展农业技能培训，中央财政累计安排培训补助资金33亿元，培训农民930万人次。
Proactive efforts are made to boost employment. The steady and sustained economic growth has provided a guarantee for employment. The state implements an active employment policy to guarantee the citizens’ right to work. From 2008 to 2012 China invested a total of 197.3 billion yuan in special employment funds, and helped 28 million college graduates and 8.3 million people in urban areas with employment difficulties find jobs. In 2012, against a backdrop of slowing economic growth, 12.66 million new job opportunities were created, 5.52 million laid-off workers were reemployed, and 1.82 million people with employment difficulties found jobs in urban areas of China. At the year’s end, the registered urban unemployment rate was 4.1 percent, the same as the previous year. The total number of rural migrant workers was 262.61 million in 2012, up 3.9 percent from the previous year, among whom the number of rural workers employed away from their homes reached 163.36 million and the number of local rural workers reached 99.25 million, representing increases of 3 percent and 5.4 percent over the previous year, respectively. As China encourages farmers to find jobs in or close to their hometowns, 85,000 villages launched recreational agriculture and village tourism, providing jobs for 28 million farmers. In 2012 China helped an additional 329,000 disabled people in urban areas to find jobs, raising the total urban number of employed disabled people to 4.448 million; and in the rural areas, 17.703 million disabled people got stable jobs. In 2011, 22 million people took part in vocational training courses of various types provided by the government. In 2012 the central government appropriated 45.4 billion yuan in special employment funds to help implement policies intended to boost employment. From 2010 to 2012, taking advantage of the training programs of the “Sunlight Project,” the Ministry of Agriculture provided agricultural skill training to 9.3 million farmers with 3.3 billion yuan of subsidy funds from the central government.
保障劳动者各项基本权利。国家先后修改了劳动合同法、职业病防治法，制定了《女职工劳动保护特别规定》和《最高人民法院关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律若干问题的解释（三）》，保障劳动者各项权利。工会覆盖面进一步扩大。截至2012年9月，全国建立基层工会组织266.6万个，覆盖企事业机关单位616.6万个，与2009年相比分别增长34.9%和42.8%，其中非公经济组织工会组织185.5万个，较2009年增长47%。工会会员达2.8亿人，较2009年增长16.7%，其中非公经济组织会员达1.6亿人，较2009年增长16%。积极推进工资集体协商，保障获得公平报酬的权利。截至2012年9月，全国共签订工资专项集体合同122.8万份，覆盖企业308.2万家，覆盖职工1.5亿人，与2009年相比分别增长140%、241%和142%。2012年，全国各级劳动保障监察机构共查处违法案件41.2万件，督促用人单位与805.5万人次劳动者签订劳动合同。2012年，全国24个省份调整了最低工资标准，最低工资标准年均增幅22%。城镇非私营单位在岗职工平均工资由2007年的24932元增加到2011年的42452元，年均增长14.23%；城镇私营单位就业人员年平均工资由2009年的18199元增加到2011年的24556元，年均增长16.16%。
The basic rights of workers are guaranteed. The state has amended the Labor Contract Law and the Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases, and formulated the Special Rules on Protection of Female Employees and Interpretations (III) of the Supreme People’s Court of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases, so as to protect various rights of workers. More trade unions have been established, involving more employees. By the end of September 2012 the number of grassroots trade unions had increased to 2.666 million, covering 6.166 million enterprises and public institutions, up 34.9 percent and 42.8 percent over 2009, respectively, of which 1.855 million trade unions were set up in non-public economic organizations, an increase of 47 percent over 2009. The number of trade union members nationwide reached 280 million, among whom 160 million were from non-public economic organizations, up 16.7 percent and 16 percent over 2009, respectively. China actively promotes the collective negotiation system on wages to guarantee the employees’ right to fair remuneration. By the end of September 2012 a total of 1.228 million special collective contracts had been signed throughout the country, involving 3.082 million enterprises and 150 million employees, up 140 percent, 241 percent and 142 percent over 2009, respectively. In 2012 labor security supervision organs at various levels investigated and handled 412,000 law-breach cases regarding labor security, and urged employers to sign labor contracts with 8.055 million employees. In the same year 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) raised their local minimum wage standards, averaging a 22 percent annual hike. The per-capita annual wage for employees in the urban non-private sector increased from 24,932 yuan in 2007 to 42,452 yuan in 2011 and that for employees in the urban private sector increased from 18,199 yuan in 2009 to 24,556 yuan in 2011, representing an average annual increase of 14.23 percent and 16.16 percent, respectively.
保障人民生活和生产安全。中国重视在发展经济过程中保障人民生活和生产安全。近年来，国家努力构建完善的市政公用事业服务体系，城市人居环境质量不断提升。迄今，中国共21次获得联合国人居奖，有7个项目获得迪拜国际改善居住环境最佳范例奖，有30个城市获得中国人居环境奖，398个项目获得了中国人居环境范例奖。2011年，全国113个环保重点城市供水量水质达标率提高到90.6%。截至2012年底，饮用水卫生监测网络已经覆盖全部省份，共设立水质监测点近3万个。2010-2012年，全国累计解决了1.72亿农村居民和2300万农村学校师生的饮水安全问题。2008年以来，完成大中型和重点小型水库除险加固1.8万座。国家着力解决制约安全生产的突出问题和深层矛盾，安全生产法规政策体系不断完善。颁布了多项安全生产标准，严厉打击非法违法生产、经营、建设行为，深入治理违规违章行为，持续开展“安全生产年”活动，不断深化隐患排查治理。2012年，全国查处无证和证照不全从事生产经营、建设等各类非法违法行为144万起，违规违章行为305万起。平均每年培训高危行业主要负责人、安全管理人员和特种作业人员500多万人次，农民工1300万人次，煤矿班组长13万人。发布了1022项重大事故防治关键技术和355项新型安全实用产品，集中推广了100个安全动态监测监控项目。安全生产事故起数和死亡人数持续下降。各类生产安全事故起数、死亡人数2011年比2010年分别下降4.3%、5.1%，2012年比2011年又分别下降3.1%、4.7%；亿元GDP事故死亡率、工矿商贸十万就业人员事故死亡率、煤矿百万吨事故死亡率、交通万车事故死亡率，2011年比2010年分别下降13.9%、11.7%、24.7%和12.5%，2012年比2011年又分别下降18%、13%、34%和11%。
Protection is offered for people’s safety in life and production. In China great importance is attached to the people’s safety in life and production safety in the course of economic development. China’s urban living environment is constantly improving as the state has been working hard to build a well-established service system of urban public works and utilities in recent years. China has won the UN-Habitat Scroll of Honor Award 21 times. Seven Chinese projects have been awarded the Dubai International Award for Best Practices to Improve the Living Environment, 30 cities have been awarded the China Habitat Environment Prize, and 398 projects have been awarded the China Habitat Exemplary Environment prize. In 2011 some 90.6 percent of water supplies in China’s 113 key environmental-protection cities were up to the state-set quality standards. By the end of 2012 China had established more than 30,000 water-quality monitoring sites, extending the monitoring network for drinking water safety to all provinces. From 2010 to 2012 China solved drinking water safety problems for a total of 172 million rural residents and 23 million rural students and teachers. Since 2008 China has completed risk-removing reinforcement for 18,000 large, medium-sized and small key reservoirs. The state has endeavored to solve prominent issues and deep-rooted problems that hamper production safety, and improved the legislation and policies concerning safe production. It has issued production safety standards, stringently cracked down on illegal production, operation and construction, and corrected activities that breached relevant regulations. China has continuously carried out the “Production Safety Year” movement to ferret out and remove hidden dangers. In 2012 China investigated and dealt with 1.44 million cases of illegal production and construction that operate without licenses or lacking some of the licenses, plus 3.05 million cases of regulation violations. Every year China trained on average over five million safety managers, special operation personnel and persons in charge of high-risk industries, as well as 13 million migrant workers and 130,000 team leaders in coal mines. In addition, China has unveiled 1,022 key technologies for the prevention of major accidents and 355 new-type safe and practical products, and promoted 100 safety dynamic monitoring projects. Industrial accidents and their toll of life continued to go down. In 2011 the number of industrial accidents and their toll of life were down by 4.3 percent and 5.1 percent as compared with 2010, and further down by 3.1 percent and 4.7 percent in 2012 from that of 2011. The death rate per 100 million yuan GDP, death rate per 100,000 employees in coal mining, industrial and commercial sectors, death rate per one million tons of coal produced, and death rate of road traffic accidents per 10,000 vehicles in 2011 were down by 13.9 percent, 11.7 percent, 24.7 percent and 12.5 percent, respectively, as compared with 2010, and the figures in 2012 went further down by 18 percent, 13 percent, 34 percent, and 11 percent, respectively, from that in 2011.
二、政治建设中的人权保障
II. Protection of Human Rights in Political Construction
中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，是公民权利和政治权利在中国得到实现的根本保障。近年来，中国坚持积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，扩大社会主义民主，加快建设社会主义法治国家，发展社会主义政治文明。中国努力健全民主制度，丰富民主形式，扩大公民有序政治参与，保证公民依法行使民主权利。不断深化行政体制改革，推进司法体制和工作机制改革，保障人民依法享有广泛权利和自由。
The socialist road of political development with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental guarantee for the realization of civil rights and political rights in China. In recent years, China has actively yet prudently pressed ahead with political restructuring, expanded socialist democracy, accelerated the building of a socialist country under the rule of law, and developed socialist political civilization. China endeavors to improve the system of democracy, diversify the forms of democracy, expand citizens’ orderly participation in political affairs, and ensure that citizens exercise their democratic rights as prescribed by the law. China continues to deepen the reform of the administrative system, push forward the reform of the judicial system and work mechanisms, and ensure that people enjoy a wide range of rights and freedoms in accordance with the law.
保障各项人权的法律制度不断完善。建立中国特色社会主义法律体系，依法保障人权，是中国人权事业发展的重要基础。经过多年不懈努力，到2010年底，一个立足中国国情和实际、适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设需要、集中体现中国共产党和中国人民意志，以宪法为统帅，以宪法相关法、民法商法、行政法、经济法、社会法、刑法、诉讼与非诉讼程序法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，包括行政法规、地方性法规等多个层次的法律法规构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成。截至2012年底，中国已制定现行宪法和有效法律243部、行政法规721部、地方性法规9200部，涵盖社会关系各个方面的法律部门已经齐全，各个法律部门中基本的、主要的法律已经制定，相应的行政法规和地方性法规比较完备，法律体系内部总体做到科学和谐统一。中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成，是中国人权事业发展的一个重要标志，实现了中国人权保障的法制化。近年来，国家十分注重从保障人权的要求出发修改有关法律法规。2012年新修改的刑事诉讼法写入“尊重和保障人权”内容，并在证据制度、辩护制度、强制措施、侦查措施、审查起诉、审判程序、执行程序的修改完善和增加规定特别程序中，贯彻了尊重和保障人权的精神。这是中国人权事业的重大进步，对于惩罚犯罪，保护人民，保障公民的诉讼权利和其他合法权利，具有重大意义。2012年修改的民事诉讼法，进一步保障了当事人的诉讼权利，完善了起诉和受理程序、开庭前准备程序、简易程序、审判监督程序和执行程序，完善了保全制度、证据制度和裁判文书公开制度，增加了公益诉讼制度、对案外被侵害人的救济程序。
China continues to improve its legal system that protects human rights. Establishing a socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics and protecting human rights in accordance with the law are the important foundation for China’s human rights development. Thanks to unremitting efforts over the years, by the end of 2010 a multi-level socialist legal system with specific Chinese characteristics had been established. This system is based on the realities of China, adapts to the needs of reform and opening up and the socialist modernization drive, epitomizes the will of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people, centers around the Constitution, takes as its mainstay the Constitution-related laws, civil and commercial laws, administrative laws, economic laws, social laws, criminal laws, and litigation and non-litigation procedural laws of different categories, and comprises administrative and local regulations. By the end of 2012 China had enacted 243 active laws, including the current Constitution, 721 administrative regulations and 9,200 local regulations, which are complete in range and cover all relations in the society. Basic and major laws of each category have been formulated and supported with corresponding administrative regulations and local regulations, forming a legal system that is internally scientific, well-coordinated and unified. The formation of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics is an important milestone in the development of China’s human rights cause, and it ensures that the country’s human rights protection is done within the framework of the law. In recent years, the state has paid great attention to proceeding from the requirement of protecting human rights to amend relevant laws and regulations. In 2012 “respecting and protecting human rights” was added to the newly amended Criminal Procedure Law and attention was paid to see it that the spirit of this clause was implemented in amendments and revisions made in the clauses regarding evidence, defense, compulsory and investigatory measures, review and prosecution, trial and execution, as well as newly added stipulations. This is a major progress in China’s human rights cause, and of great significance in punishing crimes, protecting the people and safeguarding the citizens’ litigation and other lawful rights. The 2012 amended Civil Procedure Law offers further protection to the litigation rights of parties to a lawsuit, and improves such procedures as prosecution and handling, preparation for trial, summary, trial supervision, execution of sentence, preservation, evidence and open documents of judgment. It also adds the system of public interest litigation and the remedial procedure for the infringed parties indirectly related to a current case.
中国人民通过各级人民代表大会有效行使国家权力。人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度。中国人民通过全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会，参与国家管理，行使国家权力。人民代表大会行使立法、监督、决定、任免等职权。2010年以来，全国人大及其常委会制定和修改了45部法律，包括刑法、刑事诉讼法、全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法、全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会代表法、国家赔偿法、村民委员会组织法、行政强制法等法律，进一步完善了保障各项人权的法律制度。2010年3月，全国人大通过了修改全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法的决定，规定城乡按照相同人口比例选举人大代表，人大代表具有更广泛的代表性，进一步完善了选举制度，更好地体现了人人平等、地区平等和民族平等。中国立法机关通过公布法律草案、听证会、论证会、座谈会等多种形式，保证公众广泛参与立法。2011年修改个人所得税法，向社会公布征求意见后，一个多月共收到意见23万多条。在通过网络发表意见的公众中，83%的人希望在原方案基础上适当上调工薪所得减除费用标准。全国人大常委会对草案作了修改，将工薪所得减除费用标准由每月2000元提高至3500元。2010年以来，全国人大及其常委会依法加大监督力度，监督工作的针对性和实效性切实增强。2010年以来，全国人大常委会共开展了13次执法检查，安排听取和审议了国务院和最高人民法院、最高人民检察院的31个专项工作报告，开展了9次专题询问。
The Chinese people effectively exercise the state power through people’s congresses at all levels. The system of people’s congress is a fundamental political system of China. It is via the National People’s Congress (NPC) and local people’s congresses at different levels that the Chinese people are involved in managing state affairs and exercising the state power. The people’s congresses exercise such functions and powers as legislation, supervision, decision-making, appointment and removal. Since 2010 the NPC and its Standing Committee have enacted and amended 45 laws, including the Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, Electoral Law of the People’s Republic of China on the National People’s Congress and Local People’s Congresses, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Deputies to the National People’s Congress and Deputies to Local People’s Congresses, State Compensation Law, Organic Law of the Villagers’ Committees, and Administrative Compulsion Law, further improving the country’s legal system for protecting human rights. In March 2010 the NPC approved the decision to amend the Electoral Law of the People’s Republic of China on the National People’s Congress and Local People’s Congresses, stipulating that the same percentage of deputies be elected in both urban and rural areas to the people’s congresses to ensure that they are as widely representative as possible. This measure has further improved the electoral system, making it give better expression to equality among the people, between regions and among ethnic groups. China’s legislature ensures the public’s wide participation in legislation through multiple forms, such as releasing the draft of a law and holding hearings, demonstration meetings and symposiums. In 2011 when the Law of Personal Income Tax was being amended, China’s legislature made the draft amendment to the public and sought the people’s opinions. In just a little more than a month, a total of 230,000 opinions were collected. Of the people who expressed their opinions via the Internet, 83 percent said that they hoped to see the tax exemption threshold further raised appropriately on the basis of the initial plan. The NPC Standing Committee revised the draft by increasing the monthly tax exemption threshold from 2,000 yuan to 3,500 yuan. Since 2010 the NPC and its Standing Committee have intensified their supervisory efforts and enhanced the pertinency and effectiveness of such supervision. Since 2010 the NPC Standing Committee has launched 13 rounds of supervision over law enforcement, and reviewed 31 work reports on special topics from the State Council, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, and made nine inquiries over specific topics.
协商民主使公民享有管理国家事务更充分的权利。社会主义协商民主是中国人民民主的重要形式。近年来，中国不断完善协商民主制度和工作机制，推进协商民主广泛、多层、制度化发展。中国共产党和中国政府通过各种渠道就经济社会发展重大问题和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题广泛协商，广集民智。坚持和完善中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，充分发挥人民政协作为协商民主重要渠道作用。把政治协商纳入决策程序，坚持协商于决策之前和决策之中。2008年至2012年，中国人民政治协商会议第十一届全国委员会共开展各类协商活动420多场次。2010年以来，全国政协共收到提案16743件，其中各民主党派中央、全国工商联提案882件，召开6次专题议政性常委会和专题协商会，进行296次调研视察活动。加强同民主党派的政治协商。中共中央在作出重大决策前，一般都邀请民主党派主要领导人和无党派代表人士召开民主协商会、小范围谈心会、座谈会等，通报情况，听取意见，共商国是。全国政协紧紧围绕人民群众最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题开展调查研究，提出的维护农民工、农村留守人员、残疾人、国企改制职工合法权益等建议，促进了民生改善。开展对武陵山区等集中连片特困地区扶贫攻坚跟踪调研，提出加大这些地区农村基础设施投入，建立与完善资金投入机制、生态补偿机制、区域合作机制等建议，受到中共中央高度重视和采纳，对《武陵山片区区域发展与扶贫攻坚规划》的制定和出台发挥了重要作用。
Consultative democracy enables citizens to have more extensive rights in the management of state affairs. Socialist consultative democracy is an important form of democracy for the Chinese people. In recent years, China has continued to improve the consultative democracy and its work mechanisms, promoting its extensive, multi-level and institutionalized development. Through various channels, the CPC and the Chinese government conduct extensive consultation to pool wisdoms of the people over major issues in economic and social development and problems of immediate concern to the people’s interests. Efforts are being made to adhere to and improve the CPC-led multi-party cooperative and political consultative system, and give full play to the people’s political consultative conferences as an important channel of consultative democracy, incorporating political consultation into the decision-making procedure and making consultation an important part of decision-making. From 2008 to 2012, the 11th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) launched more than 420 consultative activities. Since 2010 the CPPCC National Committee has received 16,743 proposals, among which 882 came from the central committees of non-Communist parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce; the CPPCC National Committee has held six standing committee meetings and a number of consultative meetings on special topics, and went on 296 investigation tours. Political consultation with non-Communist parties is being constantly strengthened. Before making any major decisions, the CPC Central Committee invites major leaders of non-Communist parties and representatives of personages without party affiliation to democratic consultative meetings, small heart-to-heart meetings, or symposiums, giving them a briefing, listening to their opinions and discussing state affairs together with them. The CPPCC National Committee conducts investigations and research on the most specific problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people. Its proposals on protecting the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, people left behind in the countryside as caretakers, the disabled, and employees of reorganized state-owned enterprises go a long way to promoting the people’s livelihood. The CPPCC National Committee has made follow-up investigations on the poverty-reduction work in the Wuling mountains and some other regions that suffer from abject poverty, and then proposed increasing financial input in these regions’ rural infrastructure, establishing and improving such mechanisms as capital input, ecological compensation and regional cooperation. These proposals were highly valued and adopted by the CPC Central Committee. Their proposals also played an important role in helping formulate and release the Regional Development and Poverty-reduction Planning for the Wuling Mountainous Area.
充分保障民族自治地方依法行使自治权。民族区域自治制度是中国的一项基本政治制度，也是中国解决国内民族问题的基本政策。中国适合于建立民族自治地方的少数民族聚居区基本上都已建立民族自治地方。近年来，中国政府坚定不移地继续坚持和完善这项基本制度，切实尊重和保障民族自治地方自治机关的自治权利，在制定政策时充分考虑少数民族和民族自治地方的实际情况，并认真研究民族区域自治法在实施过程中出现的新问题。按照民族区域自治法的有关规定，国家抓紧制定配套的法律法规、具体措施和办法，制定或修改自治条例和单行条例，逐步建立比较完备的具有中国特色的民族法律法规体系。通过加强对民族区域自治法贯彻实施情况的检查监督，有针对性地研究和解决实施过程中出现的难点问题和各族干部群众普遍关心、关系各族人民群众切身利益的突出问题，真正体现民族区域自治制度的优越性。目前，55个少数民族都有本民族的全国人大代表和全国政协委员，人口超过100万的少数民族都有本民族的全国人大常委会委员。同时，积极培养使用少数民族干部。中央和地方国家权力机关、行政机关、审判机关和检察机关都有一定比例的少数民族干部。155个民族自治地方的人民代表大会常务委员会中均有实行区域自治的民族的公民担任主任或者副主任，民族自治地方政府的主席、州长、县长或旗长均由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。
Full guarantees are given to ethnic autonomous areas to exercise autonomy. Regional ethnic autonomy is one of the basic political systems of China and also the basic policy for settlement of domestic ethnic issues. Ethnic autonomous regions have been basically established in areas where people of ethnic minority groups live in compact communities. In recent years, the Chinese government has made unswerving efforts to continuously adhere to and improve this basic system, adopt effective measures to respect and protect the right of the organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas to exercise autonomy, and take into full consideration the realities of the ethnic minority groups and ethnic autonomous areas when formulating policies. Earnest studies have been made on new problems arising in the implementation of the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy. In accordance with provisions of this law, the state loses no time in formulating supporting laws, regulations, measures and methods and formulating or revising autonomy-related regulations and other special regulations, thus gradually bringing into place a complete system of laws and regulations concerning ethnic affairs with Chinese characteristics. By intensifying inspection and supervision over the implementation of the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and targeted studies on and settlement of difficult issues and other outstanding problems of common concern to officials and people of various ethnic minority groups, the real virtues of the system of regional ethnic autonomy have been brought into full play. At present, all the 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies to the National People’s Congress and members to the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. An ethnic group having a population over one million has members on the NPC Standing Committee. Meanwhile, proactive efforts are made to train officials of ethnic minority origin and appoint them to the right posts. The central and local organs of state power as well as administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs have certain percentages of officials of ethnic minority origins. The chairpersons or vice-chairpersons of the standing committees of the people’s congresses of all 155 areas where regional ethnic autonomy is exercised, as well as the heads of government of autonomous regions, prefectures, counties or banners are citizens of the ethnic group or groups exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned.
基层民主建设使公民参与权进一步扩大。基层民主是人民当家作主的一种有效形式，它通过以村民自治为核心的农村基层民主、以社区居民自治为核心的城市基层民主和以职工代表大会为核心的企事业单位的基层民主等形式，保障全体公民广泛和直接参与社会生活各项事务。农村村民委员会和城市社区居民委员会的换届选举工作实现制度化、规范化和程序化。2010年10月，全国人大常委会修改了村民委员会组织法，进一步完善和规范了村委会成员的选举和罢免程序。截至2012年底，全国绝大多数省份已开展了8至9轮的村委会换届选举工作。全国98%以上的村委会实行了直接选举，村民平均参选率达到95%。村委会女性成员比例有所提高。全国95%的村实现村务公开，90%以上的县制订村务公开目录，91%的村建立村务公开栏。全国每年约有170万名村干部进行述职述廉，对23万多名村干部进行经济责任审计，村民评议村干部近209万人次。2010年至2012年，全国绝大多数城市社区开展了新一轮换届选举，直接选举率在30%以上。城市社区居民委员会女性成员达到49.42%。通过居民会议议事协商和民主听证等形式，社区各类主体都可以平等参与社区公共事务和民主决策。
Democracy building at the grassroots level further expands citizens’ right to participate. Democracy at the grassroots level is an effective form for people to be masters of the country. It ensures the extensive and direct participation of all citizens in various social affairs via grassroots democracy mainly in the forms of villagers’ self-government in rural areas, community residents’ self-government in urban areas and congresses of workers and staff in enterprises and public institutions. Elections of rural villagers’ committees and urban community residents’ committees have been institutionalized and standardized and conducted in line with established procedures. In October 2010 the NPC Standing Committee amended the Organic Law of the Villagers’ Committees, further improving and standardizing the election and removal procedures for their members. By the end of 2012, eight or nine rounds of elections for new rural villagers’ committees had been held in most of the country’ s provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Direct elections had been held for over 98 percent of the villagers’ committees across the country, with villagers’ participation reaching 95 percent. The proportion of female members in the villagers’ committees increased slightly. Over 95 percent of villages had made their village affairs transparent; more than 90 percent of the counties had drawn up a list of village affairs that must be made known to all the villagers; and 91 percent of villages had set up bulletins where village affairs were made known to the public. Each year across the country about 1.7 million village officials report their performance to their fellow-villagers; more than 230,000 village officials have been subjected to audit of economic accountability; and nearly 2.09 million village officials have their performance commented by their fellow-villagers. Between 2010 and 2012, another round of elections for community residents’ committees were carried out in most communities of Chinese cities, with the rate of direct elections topping 30 percent. The proportion of female members on urban community residents’ committees reached 49.62 percent. Through such forms as consultation and democratic hearing at the residents’ meetings, every member of a community is ensured to participate in public affairs and democratic decision-making on an equal footing.
切实保障公民的知情权和表达权。随着改革的深化以及信息技术的迅猛发展，中国公众的知情范围日益扩大，表达空间不断拓展。国家制定了《政府信息公开条例》，政务公开制度体系基本形成。2003年开始实行审计结果公告制度。从2010年开始，各级政府推进财政预算公开。2012年有97个中央部门公开了部门预算，98个中央部门公开了部门决算，有98个中央部门公开了“三公”经费。2011年,中央国家机关各部门各单位主动公开政府信息149万多条, 31个省（区、市）主动公开政府信息2885万多条。2011年，中央国家机关各部门各单位办理依申请公开信息3000多条，70%以上的申请按规定得到办理并予以公开；31个省（区、市）办理依申请公开信息130多万条，85%以上的申请按规定得到办理并予以公开。中国共产党持续推进党务公开，建立党委新闻发言人制度。2012年，全国省级以上党和政府机构举办新闻发布会2200多场。互联网已成为公民实现知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权的重要渠道，成为政府了解社情民意的重要途径。为了保护网络信息安全，保障公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，2012年12月全国人大常委会通过《关于加强网络信息保护的决定》。截至2012年底，中国网络微博用户规模为3.09亿。据对中国最有影响的10家网站统计，网民每天发表的论坛帖文和新闻评论达300多万条，微博客每天发布和转发的信息超过2亿条。各级人民政府切实推进《信访条例》贯彻落实，不断畅通和规范信访渠道，认真受理群众的来信来访，推广和规范绿色邮政、网上信访、专线电话、视频接访、信访代理等做法，切实维护和保障群众的表达权。加强全国信访信息系统的建设和推广应用，加快国家投诉受理中心建设，构建快速高效受理群众诉求的综合平台。
Practical measures are taken to ensure citizens’ right to know and right to be heard. With the deepening of reform and the rapid development of information technology, the Chinese people’s scope of the right to know has been expanded, and so has the room for them to express their will. With the Regulations on Government Information Disclosure, the country’s system for government information disclosure has basically taken shape. In 2003 China began to implement a system of announcement for audit results, and since 2010 governments at all levels have promoted the work of fiscal budget disclosure. In 2012 a total of 97 departments of central government publicly disclosed their budgets, 98 made public their final accounts, and 98 disclosed their expenses on official receptions, vehicles and overseas trips. In 2011 the various central government organs and departments took the initiative to disclose more than 1.49 million pieces of government information; the government organs of the 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) made public over 28.85 million pieces of government information. In 2011 the various central government organs and departments handled more than 3,000 applications requesting disclosure of relevant government information, and over 70 percent of these applications were granted in accordance with relevant regulations. And the government organs of the 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) handled in total more than 1.3 million applications from the public requesting the disclosure of related government information, and of these applications over 85 percent were granted in accordance with relevant regulations. The CPC continues to press ahead with making Party affairs public, and has established a spokesperson system for Party committees. In 2012 the Party and government agencies above the provincial level held in total more than 2,200 press conferences. Meanwhile, the Internet has become an important channel for citizens to exercise their rights to know, participate, be heard and supervise, as well as an important means for the government to get to know the public’s opinions. To safeguard online information security and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens, legal persons and other organizations, the NPC Standing Committee approved the Decision on Strengthening Online Information Protection in December 2012. By the end of 2012, microblog users in China reached 309 million. According to a survey of China’s top ten websites, each day more than three million forum messages and news comments are posted online, while over 200 million messages are posted and forwarded by microbloggers. The people’s governments at all levels take concrete measures to implement the Regulations on Petition Through Letters and Visits, continuing to keep unblocked the channels of complaint through letters and visits and standardize such channels, handling such letters and visits conscientiously, and promoting and standardizing the use of green post, online complaint letters and visits, telephone hotlines, the handling of complaint visits via video, and complaint letters and visits handled by proxy, in order to guarantee and protect the people’s right of expression. The construction and promotion of a national information system for complaint letters and visits are to be strengthened; the building of a national complaint-handling center is to be accelerated; and a comprehensive platform for rapidly and effectively handling people’s complaints is to be built.
司法领域人权保障取得新进展。为了有效实施修改后的刑事诉讼法，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院等联合发布《关于实施刑事诉讼法若干问题的规定》，最高人民法院制定《关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》，最高人民检察院公布修改后的《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则（试行）》，公安部全面修改了《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》。人民检察院不断强化对诉讼活动的法律监督。2012年，检察机关对侦查活动中的违法情况提出纠正意见55582件次，对认为确有错误的刑事裁判提出抗诉6196件，对刑事审判活动中的违法情况提出纠正意见11799件次。国家严格控制并慎用死刑。2011年2月，全国人大常委会审议通过刑法修正案（八），取消13个经济性非暴力犯罪的死刑，死刑罪名削减幅度近五分之一。修正案还对审判时已满75周岁的人犯罪适用死刑作了限制性规定。2010年6月，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院等联合发布了《关于办理死刑案件审查判断证据若干问题的规定》，对死刑案件的证据审查判断采用更为严格的标准。修改后的刑事诉讼法要求判处死刑的第二审案件全部开庭审理，并加强死刑复核监督。扩大司法公开并强化法律监督。2010年10月，最高人民法院发布《关于确定司法公开示范法院的决定》，分两批确定全国200所法院为“司法公开示范法院”并发布了示范法院标准。2012年10月，公安部出台《公安机关执法公开规定》，全面规范公安机关执法公开工作，拓展了执法公开的渠道，丰富了执法公开方式。
New progress is made in human rights protection in the judicial field. To effectively enforce the amended Criminal Procedure Law, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate have jointly issued the Rules on Several Issues Concerning the Enforcement of the Criminal Procedure Law; the Supreme People’s Court has worked out the Interpretation Concerning the Application of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China; the Supreme People’s Procuratorate has promulgated the revised Rules of Criminal Procedure for the People’s Procuratorates (Trial); the Ministry of Public Security has fully amended the Rules of Procedure for Public Security Organs to Handle Criminal Cases. The people’s procuratorates have continuously strengthened legal supervision over litigation activities. In 2012 the people’s procuratorates gave suggestions for correction on law violations in the investigation of 55,582 cases, lodged 6,196 protests against criminal verdicts that they deemed to be wrong, and put forward suggestions for correction on law violations in criminal proceedings in 11,799 cases. China enforces strict controls over and prudently applies the death penalty. In February 2011 the NPC Standing Committee examined and approved Amendment VIII of the Criminal Law, which removed death penalty from 13 economic and nonviolent crimes, thus reducing the death penalty charges by nearly one fifth. The Amendment also adopted a restrictive regulation for the application of death penalty to offenders aged 75 or above at the time of the trial. In June 2010 the Supreme People’s Court and Supreme People’s Procuratorate jointly issued the Rules for Reviewing and Judging the Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases, adopting more rigorous standards for reviewing and judging the evidence in death penalty cases. The amended Criminal Procedure Law requires that all trials of second instance for death penalty cases be held in public and the supervision over the review of death sentences be tightened. Efforts are made to enlarge the scope of judicial openness and intensify legal supervision. In October 2010 the Supreme People’s Court issued the Decision on Designating Model Courts of Open Judicial Practice, which designated 200 courts throughout the country in two batches as “model courts of open judicial practice” and released the criteria for such model courts. In October 2012 the Ministry of Public Security promulgated the Rules for Open Law Enforcement by Public Security Organs, which regularizes in a comprehensive way the open law enforcement by the public security organs, opens up the channels and enriches the ways for open law enforcement.
国家保护被羁押人权利。2011年，公安部与卫生部联合下发《看守所医疗机构设置基本标准》，改善被羁押人的居住、生活和医疗条件。到2012年底，全国已有2391个看守所建立了被羁押人安全风险等级评估机制，占看守所总数的89.1%；有1774个看守所建立了被羁押人心理咨询室，占看守所总数的66.1%；有1893个看守所实现留所服刑罪犯互联网双向视频会见，占看守所总数的70.5%；有2532个看守所建立了在押人员投诉处理机制，占看守所总数的94.3%，累计处理在押人员投诉2633件；有2664个看守所聘请了特邀监督员，占看守所总数的99.2%。2012年，检察机关对刑罚执行和监管活动中的违法情况提出纠正意见32165件次。律师制度和法律援助制度不断完善。修改后的刑事诉讼法明确了律师在整个诉讼过程中的辩护人地位，明确要求在侦查、起诉、审判阶段，有律师的，都要听取律师意见并附卷，扩大了法律援助在刑事诉讼中的适用范围，将审判阶段提供法律援助修改为在侦查、起诉、审判阶段均提供法律援助，并扩大了法律援助的对象范围。2012年，律师代理诉讼案件230多万件，法律援助案件28万件。2012年，全国办理法律援助案件100万余件，提供法律咨询568万人次，分别比2009年增长了56.4%和17.1%。
China protects the rights of detainees. In 2011 the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Health jointly issued the Basic Standards for Establishment of Clinics in Detention Centers to improve the accommodation, living and medical conditions of detainees. By the end of 2012, a detainee security risk assessment and ranking mechanism had been established in 2,391 detention centers, or 89.1 percent of the national total; psychological counseling rooms for detainees had been established in 1,774 detention centers, or 66.1 percent of the national total; two-way online video meetings for inmates had been established in 1,893 detention centers, or 70.5 percent of the national total; and a complaints handling mechanism had been set up in 2,532 detention centers, or 94.3 percent of the national total. This mechanism had been employed in handling 2,633 complaints from the detainees. In addition, guest supervisors had been hired in 2,664 detention centers, or 99.2 percent of the total. In 2012 the procuratorates raised 32,165 suggestions for correction on law-breaking activities in penalty execution and in custody. The systems of lawyers and legal assistance keep improving. The amendedCriminal Procedure Law clearly defines the role of lawyer as defender in litigation and requires that in the course of the investigation, prosecution and trial, if there is a lawyer, his or her advice should be sought and attached to the case files. This requirement has enlarged the scope of application of legal assistance to criminal proceedings. After the revision, legal assistance is offered not only at the trial stage but is extended to all the processes of investigation, prosecution and trial, and to more recipients. In 2012 more than 2.3 million lawsuits and 280,000 legal assistance cases were handled by lawyers acting on behalf of the parties concerned. In 2012 more than one million legal assistance cases were handled in China, and 5.68 million people received legal counseling, up 56.4 percent and 17.1 percent, respectively as compared to 2009.
三、文化建设中的人权保障
III. Protection of Human Rights in Cultural Services
保障公民文化权益的充分实现，是中国人权建设的重要内容。近年来，中国继续深化文化体制改革，解放和发展文化生产力，激发全民族文化创造活力，人民的社会文化生活更加丰富多彩，公民基本文化权益保障不断取得新进展。中国人民享受文化成果的权利、参与文化活动和文化事务管理的权利、开展文化创造的权利以及文化成果受法律保护的权利，均得到前所未有的提高。
To fully ensure its citizens’ right to cultural services is an important component of China’s human rights development. In recent years, China has continued to deepen reform of the cultural system, liberating and developing cultural productivity to inspire cultural creativity in the whole nation. People are enjoying richer cultural entertainments and new development has been made to ensure the citizens’ basic access to cultural services. Unprecedented progress has been made in protecting the Chinese people’s right to enjoy cultural achievements, to participate in cultural activities and the management of cultural affairs, to cultural creation and to legal protection of their cultural property.
保障公民文化权利的服务体系初步形成。国家逐步完善了公共文化设施网络，基本实现了“县有图书馆、文化馆，乡有综合文化站”的目标。截至2012年底，全国文化系统共有艺术表演团体2089个，博物馆2838个，公共图书馆2975个，文化馆3286个，乡镇综合文化站34139个。文化信息资源共享工程覆盖城乡的服务网络基本建成。截至2012年5月，已建成1个国家中心，33个省级分中心，2840个县级支中心，28595个乡镇基层服务点，60.2万个行政村基层服务点，数字资源建设总量已达到136.4万亿字节，累计服务人次超过12亿。数字图书馆推广工程在33个省级馆、185个地市级馆实施，数字资源总量达560万亿字节。到2012年底，全国共有各类广播电视播出机构2579座。中国有线电视干线网络超过330万公里，有线电视用户2.14亿户，有线数字电视用户1.43亿户；广播节目综合人口覆盖率为97.5%，电视节目综合人口覆盖率为98.2%。2012年全国公共财政文化体育与传媒经费2251.45亿元，比2009年增加了858.38亿元；每万人拥有群众文化设施面积221.2平米。国家通过广播电视“村村通”工程和农家书屋工程，不断满足生活在农村和偏远地区人们的文化需求。目前，中国100%的行政村和95%的20户以上自然村通上电话，100%的乡镇基本具备互联网接入能力，100%的乡镇和88%的行政村通宽带。截至2012年8月，国家投入资金180多亿元，建成达到统一规定标准的农家书屋60多万家，配备图书9.4亿册、报刊5.4亿份、音像制品和电子出版物1.2亿张、影视放映设备和阅读设施60多万套。全民健身事业取得新成绩。国务院颁布了《全民健身计划（2011-2015年）》。截至2012年底,全国各类体育场地已超过100万个，建成“农民体育健身工程”34.8万个、“全民健身路径”26.1万条。
A service system to ensure Chinese citizens’ cultural rights has been basically established. The state has improved the network of public cultural facilities step by step, and has basically attained the goal of having “libraries and cultural centers in counties and cultural stations in townships.” By the end of 2012, there were 2,089 art performance troupes, 2,838 museums, 2,975 public libraries, 3,286 cultural centers and 34,139 township cultural stations throughout China. A service network covering both urban and rural areas powered by a culture and information resource-sharing program has been developed. By May 2012 China had built one service center at the national level, 33 sub-centers at the provincial level, 2,840 branches at the county-level, 28,595 service stations at the township level, and 602,000 service outlets at the village level. The total volume of digital resources had reached 136.4 trillion bytes, providing services to more than 1.2 billion persons accumulatively. The digital library program has been carried out in 33 libraries at the provincial level and 185 libraries at the prefectural (city) level, and the total volume of digital resources has reached 560 trillion bytes. By the end of 2012, China had 2,579 radio and television broadcasting stations of various sizes. The total length of the cable TV network measured more than 3.3 million km, providing services to 214 million cable TV users (households) and 143 million cable digital TV users. About 97.5 percent of China’s population had access to radio service, and the figure was 98.2 percent for access to television programs. In 2012 the country’s total funds for culture, sports and media services provided by the public finances reached 225.145 billion yuan, an increase of 85.838 billion yuan as compared to 2009; and the floorage of cultural facilities per 10,000 people reached 221.2 square meters. By providing radio and television services to every village with more than 20 households and setting up libraries for farmers, the state has been working hard to meet the cultural needs of people in rural and remote areas. Currently, all China’s administrative villages and 95 percent of villages with more than 20 households have access to telephone service. All townships have adequate infrastructure for Internet connection, and all townships and 88 percent of administrative villages have broadband Internet connection. By August 2012, the state had spent more than 18 billion yuan on the building of over 600,000 farmers’ libraries under unified standards, equipping these libraries with 940 million copies of books, 540 million copies of newspapers and periodicals, 120 million audio-visual products and electronic publications, and over 600,000 sets of film and television projection equipment and reading apparatus. New achievements have been made in the fitness-for-all endeavor. The State Council issued the National Fitness Program (2011-2015). By the end of 2012, China had more than one million sports venues of various types, and the state had completed the building of 348,000 fitness stations for farmers and 261,000 outdoor fitness tracks.
不断创造新的文化产品满足公民文化需求。为加快文化产业发展，创造出更多为人民喜欢的文化产品，中共中央制定《关于深化文化体制改革推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣若干重大问题的决定》，中国政府提出《国家“十二五”时期文化改革发展规划纲要》、《文化产业振兴规划》以及其他与文化发展相关的政策措施，大力推进文化发展和文化创新。目前，包括演艺、动漫、游戏和数字文化服务等11大文化产业体系框架初步形成。2011年，中国文化及相关产业增加值13479亿元，比上年增长21.96%, 占同期国内生产总值的2.85%。2012年出版各类报纸476亿份，各类期刊34亿册，图书81亿册（张）。电子出版物总量和印刷业总产值分别居世界第二和第三。2012年生产故事影片745部，科教、纪录、动画和特种影片148部。截至2011年，全国各类艺术表演团体演出154.04万场，全国娱乐市场规模达566.18亿元，艺术品市场交易总额为1959亿元。全国有网吧14.6万家；网络音乐相关企业452家，网络游戏市场规模为468.5亿元。自2002年国家实施舞台艺术精品工程以来，共推出100台精品剧目，200多台优秀剧目。国家重大历史题材美术创作工程推出了104件优秀美术作品。国家昆曲艺术抢救、保护和扶持工程、国家重点京剧院团保护和扶持规划、中国民族音乐发展和扶持工程等相继实施，民族优秀文化艺术得到保护和弘扬。成功举办中国艺术节、优秀保留剧目大奖评选、全国民营艺术院团优秀剧目展演、全国现代戏优秀剧目展演等艺术活动。文化下乡活动、“高雅艺术进校园”活动持续深入开展。
New cultural products have been created to meet the citizens’ cultural needs. To quicken the development of the culture industry and create more popular cultural products the people like, the CPC Central Committee adopted theDecision on Major Issues Pertaining to Deepening the Reform of the Cultural System and Pressing Ahead for the Great Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture. The Chinese government also released the Outline of the National Cultural Reform and Development Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, Plan to Reinvigorate the Culture Industry, and other policies and measures related to cultural development, as part of the efforts to vigorously promote cultural progress and innovation. Currently, a framework of the culture industry has been basically developed, covering 11 culture industries such as entertainment, animation, games and digital culture. In 2011 the added value of China’s culture and related industries grew 21.96 percent over the previous year to reach 1.3479 trillion yuan, accounting for 2.85 percent of the country’s GDP during the same period. In 2012 China produced a total of 47.6 billion copies of newspapers, 3.4 billion copies of periodicals and 8.1 billion copies of books, and the total volume of electronic publications and the total output value of the printing industry ranked second and third in the world, respectively. In 2012 the country made 745 feature films and 148 other films, including popular science films, documentaries, animated cartoons and special-purpose films. By 2011 a total of 1,540,400 arts performances had been presented by various performance troupes. The value of China’s entertainment market reached 56.618 billion yuan, and the total transactions on the art market were worth 195.9 billion yuan. There were 146,000 Internet cafes across the country and 452 companies doing Internet music business, and the market for online games had generated 46.85 billion yuan in revenue. Since the state launched the project to promote quality stage art works in 2002, the country has seen the staging of 100 leading plays and operas and over 200 other quality plays and operas in the theater. The national project for the creation of fine art works on major historical themes has brought about 104 pieces of top-notch artwork. Fine national art traditions have been preserved and promoted with the state making efforts to preserve, protect and support the art of Kunqu Opera, key national troupes of Peking Opera and Chinese music. The government has held the China Art Festival and Excellent Repertoire Awards, as well as staged prize-winning performances by private art troupes and quality modern drama plays. The state continues with the activities of “taking cultural services to the countryside” and “introducing classic art to campuses.”
推进公共文化服务均等化。广泛开展针对特殊群体的公共文化服务，加强对进城务工人员、老年人、未成年人、低收入人群、残障人群文化权益的保障。实施中国少儿歌曲推广计划，举办中国少年儿童合唱节、中国老年合唱节等活动。2010年5月，国家图书馆少年儿童馆暨少儿数字图书馆正式开放。2012年，“中国盲人数字图书馆”和“中国残疾人数字图书馆”为超过百万的残疾人提供无障碍图书、讲座、音乐等文化服务。实施公共电子阅览室建设计划，已建设乡镇、街道、社区等各级站点28612个，重点向未成年人、老年人、农村进城务工人员等群体提供服务。2011年，国家有关部门联合下发《关于进一步加强农民工文化工作的意见》，提出了以公共文化服务体系为支撑，逐步形成“政府主导、企业共建、社会参与”的农民工文化工作机制的总体思路。从2010年开始，文化部积极开展全国文化志愿者边疆行活动，3年来共有20多个内地省（市）和单位组成50多支志愿团，招募2000多名文化志愿者，先后为12个边疆民族省、区和新疆生产建设兵团组织文艺演出450多场，业务培训2000多学时，文化展览600多天，惠及数十万人次。推动电视节目加配字幕和手语，利用互联网对重大活动开展文字视频无障碍网上直播服务，惠及听障人群达7万多人次。2012年，文化部联合中央文明办印发了《关于广泛开展基层文化志愿服务活动的意见》，提出重点依托公共文化设施，文化惠民工程，重要节日纪念日和内地对口支援工作，广泛开展文化志愿服务活动。
Public cultural services have been made more equitable. The state has provided extensive public cultural services to special groups, and made greater efforts to guarantee the cultural rights of migrant workers, senior citizens, minors, low-income groups, and disabled persons. The state has implemented the Promotion Program for Children’s Songs, and held China Children’s Choir Festival and China Choir Festival for the Elderly, among other activities. In May 2010 the National Library of China formally opened its National Children’s Library (National Children’s Digital Library) to the public. In 2012 China Digital Library for Visually Impaired and China Digital Library for People with Disabilities provided barrier-free books, lectures, music and other cultural services to over a million disabled persons. The state has implemented the program to build public electronic reading rooms, and has completed the building of 28,612 such reading rooms in rural townships and urban communities to provide services to minors, senior citizens, migrant workers and other groups. In 2011 state departments concerned jointly issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening Cultural Services for Migrant Workers, which set the guidelines for migrant workers’ cultural services relying mainly on the public cultural service system, and boosted the forming of a mechanism where the government assumes the leading role, enterprises contribute by joint development, and the whole society takes part. From 2010 the Ministry of Culture has been actively promoting trips by volunteers to bring cultural services to border areas. Over the past three years, more than 20 provinces (municipalities) and public institutions in China’s more developed areas have organized 50 volunteers’ groups comprising over 2,000 cultural volunteers to stage 450 art performances in 12 border provinces and autonomous regions inhabited by ethnic minorities in compact communities and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, provide more than 2,000 hours of professional training and hold a total of 600 days of cultural exhibitions, benefiting several hundred thousand people. Efforts have also been made to promote the adding of subtitles and sign language to TV programs and provide barrier-free live broadcasting service online with words and videos of major events, benefiting 70,000 people with hearing impairment. In 2012 the Ministry of Culture and the Office of Cultural and Ethical Promotion of the CPC Central Committee jointly released the Opinions on Carrying out Extensive Community-based Voluntary Cultural Services, which proposed to extensively carry out voluntary cultural services on the basis of public cultural facilities, cultural projects benefiting the people, major festivals and memorial days, and pair-up assistance between more developed areas and border areas.
公民宗教信仰自由权利得到切实保障。中国坚持宗教信仰自由政策，从保障人权的高度保障公民宗教信仰自由权利，依法管理宗教事务，维护宗教界合法权益，促进宗教关系和谐，发挥宗教界人士和信教群众在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用。在《宗教事务条例》的基础上，国家宗教事务局已先后制定实施9个配套部门规章。政府积极推进宗教领域依法行政，规范行政权力。2012年，取消宗教事务方面的行政审批项目3项，调整3项，修改《宗教事务方面部分行政许可项目实施细则》。继续帮助全国性宗教团体和宗教院校改善办公办学条件。妥善解决宗教教职人员社会保障问题，基本实现应保尽保。依法处理伤害信教群众宗教感情的事件，妥善处理城市建设中涉及拆迁宗教团体、宗教活动场所房产的问题。重视保护宗教文物和优秀宗教文化的传承。目前，中国有宗教教职人员约36万人，依法登记并开放的宗教活动场所达到14万处，基本满足了信教群众的需求；宗教团体已达5500个，各宗教的教务活动有序开展；经批准恢复和建立的各类宗教院校已达97所，基本形成了较为完善的宗教院校教育体系。支持宗教经典、宗教类期刊等宗教出版物依法印制流通。截至2012年，中国《圣经》印刷数量达1亿多册，成为世界上印刷《圣经》最多的国家之一。支持宗教界开展宗教交流。2011年10月在湖南举办国际道教论坛，2012年4月在香港举办第3届世界佛教论坛。
The citizens’ rights to the freedom of religious belief are protected. China upholds the policy of freedom of religious belief, and ensures its citizens’ freedom of religious belief as an important part of their human rights. The Chinese government exercises administration over religious affairs by law, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of religious groups. It strives to promote religious harmony, and gives play to the active roles of religious personages and common believers in promoting economic and social development. Based on the Regulations on Religious Affairs, the State Administration of Religious Affairs has enacted nine supporting regulations. The Chinese government proactively promotes the administration by law in the religious sector and strives to regulate its administrative power in this regard. In 2012 China canceled administrative approval on three items related to religious affairs and made adjustment to three other issues, and amended the Enforcement Regulations on Certain Issues Requiring Administrative Approval Regarding Religious Affairs. The state continues to help national religious organizations and religious institutions improve their working and teaching conditions. It properly handles social security insurance for religious staff and ensures that those entitled to social security get covered. The state handles, in accordance with the law, cases which hurt the feelings of religious believers, properly deals with the demolition of housing belonging to religious organizations and houses for holding religious activities in urban construction, and attaches importance to the protection of religious relics and distinctive religious cultural heritage. Currently, China has approximately 360,000 religious staff and 140,000 registered venues for religious activities that are open to the public, basically satisfying the needs of religious believers. There are in total 5,500 religious organizations carrying out their respective activities in an orderly manner. The state has approved the restoration and building of 97 religious institutions, and a relatively complete institution-based religious education system has been put in place. China supports the production and circulation of religious classics, periodicals and other publications according to law. By 2012 more than 100 million copies of the Bible had been printed in China, making it among the few countries in the world with the largest print-run of the Bible. The Chinese government supports exchanges in the field of religion: China hosted the International Daoism Forum in Hunan in October 2011 and the Third World Buddhism Forum in Hong Kong in April 2012.
切实保障少数民族文化权益。国家编制实施《少数民族事业“十二五”规划》。中国55个少数民族有515个代表性项目列入国家级非物质文化遗产保护名录，少数民族524人成为国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人，5个少数民族文化生态保护实验区先后建立。18个少数民族项目入选联合国“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”和“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”。到2012年5月，民族自治地方有广播电台73座，节目441套，民族语节目105个；电视台90座，节目489套，民族语节目100个。截至2011年底，出版23个文种的少数民族文字图书。有84种民族文字报纸，223种民族文字期刊。全国民族自治地方有各类文化机构50834个，其中包括图书馆653个，文化馆784个，文化站8153个，博物馆385个。国家举办全国少数民族文艺汇演和全国少数民族传统体育运动会。2009年以来，中央财政累计投入5.1亿元实施少数民族特色村寨保护与发展项目，在全国28个省区市600个村寨开展试点。少数民族语言受到特殊保护。中央人民广播电台和地方广播电台每天用21种少数民族语言进行播音。全国共有1万多所学校使用21个民族的29种文字开展双语教学，在校生达600多万人。2011年编译出版的民族语言教材达3665种，总印数达4703万多册。
The cultural rights of ethnic minority groups are protected. The state formulated and implemented the 12th Five-year Plan for Development of Undertakings Related to Ethnic Minority Groups. China’s 55 ethnic minority groups have 515 of their representative cultural items included in the national intangible cultural heritage list, and have 524 individuals ranked as successors of their intangible cultural heritages. Five experimental zones on the protection of ethnic minority cultural ecology have been established, and 18 ethnic minority cultural items have been included in the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding of the UNESCO. By May 2012 there were 73 radio broadcasting stations in ethnic autonomous areas, airing 441 programs including 105 programs broadcast in local ethnic languages; and there were 90 television stations broadcasting 489 programs, including 100 in local ethnic languages. By the end of 2011 books were published in 23 ethnic minority languages nationwide. There were also 84 newspapers and 223 periodicals published in ethnic languages. A total of 50,834 cultural institutes of various types were operating in ethnic autonomous areas, including 653 libraries, 784 cultural centers, 8,153 cultural stations and 385 museums. The state holds national art shows and national sports events of the ethnic minority groups. Since 2009 China’s central finance has invested a total of 510 million yuan in implementing the program for protecting and developing ethnic minority villages with unique characteristics, and pilot runs of the program have been initiated in 600 villages in 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. The state pays special attention to the protection of ethnic minority languages. China National Radio and local radio stations broadcast in 21 ethnic languages on a daily basis. Bilingual teaching is done in the classroom in more than 10,000 schools around the country, using 29 languages of 21 ethnic groups together with mandarin, offering bilingual instruction to over six million students. In 2011, 3,665 titles of ethnic language textbooks were published, with a total print-run of over 47,030,000 copies.
文化遗产保护和传承取得重要进展。2011年，全国人大常委会制定了非物质文化遗产法，将非物质文化遗产的保护、保存、传承与传播工作纳入了法制化轨道，为继承和弘扬中华民族优秀传统文化提供了法律保障。2011年，国家完成了第三次全国文物普查，调查登记不可移动文物近77万处。国务院公布6批全国重点文物保护单位，共计2352处，历史名城119座，历史文化名镇、名村350个；公布三批1219项国家级非物质文化遗产名录项目。文化部命名四批1986个国家级项目代表性传承人，设立15个国家级文化生态保护实验区。到2012年底，中国有世界遗产41处，总数居世界第三。有29项非物质文化遗产项目入选联合国教科文组织“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”，7项入选“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”，1项入选“优秀实践名册”。
Important progress has been witnessed in the protection and inheritance of cultural heritages. In 2011 the NPC Standing Committee enacted the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law, which provides a legal basis for the inheritance and promotion of China’s fine traditional culture by legalizing the protection, preservation, inheritance and transmission of the country’s intangible cultural heritages. In 2011 the state completed the third national survey of cultural relics, and verified and registered about 770,000 immovable cultural relics. The State Council announced 2,352 key national cultural relic protection units in six batches, including 119 historical cities and 350 towns and villages of historical and cultural value. It also announced 1,219 items of the state-class intangible cultural heritage list in three batches. The Ministry of Culture named 1,986 representative inheritors of national cultural heritages in four batches, and set up 15 national experimental zones for the protection of cultural ecology. By the end of 2012 China had altogether 41 world heritage sites, ranking third in the world. Twenty-nine of the country’s intangible cultural heritages were included in the UNESCO’s Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, seven were included in the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, and one was included in the Register of Best Safeguarding Practices.
四、社会建设中的人权保障
IV. Protection of Human Rights in Social Development
近年来，中国不断加强社会建设，切实解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，维护最广大人民根本利益，公民的社会保障权利、健康权利和受教育权利等获得了更好保障。在社会建设中，以保障和改善民生为重点，进一步健全基本公共服务体系，基本公共服务水平和均等化程度明显提高，教育事业迅速发展，社会保障体系建设成效显著，全面医保基本实现，保障性住房建设加快推进，社会保持和谐稳定。
In recent years, China has kept strengthening its social development, effectively solving the most practical problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people, and safeguarding their fundamental interests. People’s rights to social security, health and education are thus better protected. In social development, the focus of attention has been placed on protecting and improving the people’s livelihood, while further efforts have been made to improve the basic public services system, which has resulted in marked improvement in the basic public services level and equal access to such services, rapid progress of education, significant advance in social security, basic realization of universal coverage of medical care, accelerated construction of affordable housing, and a more harmonious and stable society.
社会保险覆盖面不断扩大。国家制定了社会保险法，修改了工伤保险条例。中国从制度上实现了基本养老和基本医疗保障对城乡居民的全覆盖。目前，各项养老保险参保达到7.9亿人，13075万城乡老年居民按月领取养老金，企业退休人员基本养老金从2004年人均每月700元提高到现在的1721元。各项医疗保险参保超过13亿人，其中，参加新型农村合作医疗保险人数超过8亿人。参加全国工伤保险的人数达18993万人，比2011年增加了1297万人，其中农民工参保人数达7173万人。参加失业保险的人数15225万人，比2011年增加908万人。参加生育保险的人数15445万人，比2011年增加1553万人。中国全面建立了养老保险省级统筹制度，实施基本养老保险关系跨省转移接续办法，总体实现了包括农民工在内的参保职工养老保险关系的有序转移。失业保险金标准和物价上涨挂钩联动机制也已建立。新型农村合作医疗和城镇居民基本医疗保险政府补助标准分别从最初的年人均20元人民币、40元人民币提高到2012年的240元人民币。城镇职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗政策范围内住院费用报销比例分别提高到75%以上、70%以上和75%左右，最高支付限额分别提高到当地职工年平均工资的6倍以上、当地居民年人均可支配收入的6倍以上、全国农民人均纯收入的8倍以上，且均不低于6万元，保障范围由住院延伸到门诊。2012年，在全面推开尿毒症、儿童白血病等8类大病保障试点的基础上，将肺癌、食道癌、胃癌等12种大病纳入重大疾病保障试点范围，费用报销比例最高可达90%。
The coverage of social insurance has been widened. The state has enacted the Social Insurance Law, and revised the Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance. China has realized full coverage of basic old-age insurance and basic medical care for both urban and rural residents. Old-age insurance of various types now covers 790 million people, with 130.75 million senior urban and rural residents receiving pensions on a monthly basis. On the average, basic old-age pension for each enterprise retiree has been raised from 700 yuan in 2004 to 1,721 yuan per month now. Medical insurance of various types covers over 1.3 billion persons, among whom over 800 million have access to the new rural cooperative medical insurance. Now 189.93 million people have access to national work-related injury insurance, an increase of 12.97 million people as compared with 2011, among whom 71.73 million people are migrant workers. In addition, 152.25 million people are covered by unemployment insurance, an increase of 9.08 million people over 2011, and 154.45 million people are covered by maternity insurance, an increase of 15.53 million people over 2011. China has established a comprehensive system of pooling funds for old-age insurance at the provincial level, implemented the transfer of basic pension accounts across provinces, basically realizing the orderly transfer of pension accounts for all that have participated in basic old-age insurance, including migrant workers. A linkage mechanism has also been established between the standard of unemployment insurance allowances and the inflation level. The government subsidies for the new rural cooperative medical system and basic medical insurance for urban residents have been raised from 20 yuan and 40 yuan a year per person at the beginning to 240 yuan in 2012. The medical treatment cost of inpatients covered by urban employees’ medical insurance, urban residents’ medical insurance and the new rural cooperative medical insurance has been raised to over 75 percent, over 70 percent and around 75 percent, respectively, with the payment cap raised to over six times of a local employee’s average annual wage, over six times of a local resident’s per-capita disposable income and over eight times of the average annual per-capita net income of farmers, and no less than 60,000 yuan, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. In 2012 while introducing pilot medical care programs for eight serious diseases such as uremia and childhood leukemia, the state also listed 12 other serious diseases such as lung cancer, esophagus cancer and gastric cancer into the pilot medical care programs, with the maximum reimbursement rate reaching 90 percent.
公民获取社会救助的权利进一步得到保障。在低保救助方面，国家先后出台了《国务院关于进一步加强和改进最低生活保障工作的意见》、《最低生活保障审核审批办法（试行）》等一系列规范性文件。2012年，中央财政共安排城乡低保补助资金875亿元，比2011年增长16.8%。截至2012年底，全国共有城市低保对象2142.5万人，农村低保对象5341万人；城市、农村平均低保标准分别为每人每月330元、每人每年2068元，较2010年分别增长31.5%和47.3%。全国共有农村五保供养对象545.9万人，平均供养标准为集中供养年人均4061元，分散供养年人均3008元，较2010年分别增长37.6%和43.1%。在自然灾害救助方面，全面落实国家《自然灾害救助条例》和《国家自然灾害救助应急预案》，颁布了《关于加强自然灾害社会心理援助工作的指导意见》。2012年，安排下拨中央自然灾害生活救助补助资金116亿元，比2011年增长34.3%，救助受灾群众7800万人次，有效保证了受灾群众基本生活。在医疗救助方面，国家制定了《关于开展重特大疾病医疗救助试点工作的意见》，并在全国273个试点地区开展试点工作。2012年，全国医疗救助人次9134万，支出资金221亿元。在流浪乞讨人员救助方面，国家发布了《关于加强和改进流浪未成年人救助保护工作的意见》，开展了“接送流浪孩子回家”专项行动。截至2012年，全国共有救助机构（救助管理站、流浪未成年人救助保护中心）1788个。2010-2011年，全国共救助流浪乞讨人员4128709人次。
Citizens’ right to social assistance is better protected. In terms of providing subsistence allowances, the state has issued a number of regulatory documents such as the Opinions of the State Council on Further Strengthening and Improving Work in Relation to Subsistence Allowances, and Measures for Examination and Approval of Subsistence Allowances (Trial). In 2012 the central finance appropriated 87.5 billion yuan as funds for the urban and rural subsistence allowances, an increase of 16.8 percent over 2011. By the end of 2012, there were altogether 21.425 million urban recipients and 53.41 million rural recipients of subsistence allowances. The average payment for urban and rural recipients is 330 yuan per person per month and 2,068 yuan per person per year, up 31.5 percent and 47.3 percent, respectively, over 2010. There were altogether 5.459 million rural people enjoying the five guarantees (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses) across the country, with those living in nursing homes receiving an average of 4,061 yuan per person per year, and those living on their own an average of 3,008 yuan per person per year, up 37.6 percent and 43.1 percent, respectively, over 2010. In terms of natural disaster relief, the state has implemented the Regulations on Natural Disaster Relief and National Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief, and promulgated the Opinions on Strengthening Social and Psychological Assistance in the Wake of Natural Disasters. In 2012 the state allocated from the central budget 11.6 billion yuan for natural disaster relief and aid, up 34.3 percent over 2011, benefiting 78 million victims and effectively ensuring their necessities of life. In terms of medical aid, the state formulated the Opinions on Pilot Programs of Medical Aid for Major and Serious Diseases, and carried out the program in 273 pilot areas across the country. In 2012 the state earmarked 22.1 billion yuan for providing medical aid to 91.34 million people nationwide. In terms of aid to vagrants and beggars, the state promulgated the Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Assistance and Protection for Vagrant Minors, and embarked on a program of “sending vagrant children back home.” By 2012 there were altogether 1,788 aid agencies (aid and relief centers, and aid and protection centers for vagrant minors) all over the country. From 2010 to 2011, these agencies offered aid to 4,128,709 vagrants and beggars.
公民的健康权利进一步得到保障。中国已建立起覆盖城乡的医疗卫生体系，包括公共卫生服务体系、医疗服务体系、医疗保障体系和药品供应保障体系。截至2012年底，全国医疗卫生机构达95万个（所），卫生技术人员668.6万人。执业（助理）医师261.9万人，每千人口执业（助理）医师数1.92人。注册护士250.0万人，每千人口注册护士数1.83人。医疗卫生机构床位数573万张，每千人口医疗卫生机构床位数4.19张。2010年人均预期寿命达到74.8岁。个人现金卫生支出由2002年的57.7%下降到2011年的34.8%。基本公共卫生服务均等化水平明显提高。中国人均基本公共卫生服务经费标准从2009年的15元提高到2012年的25元。国家免费向全体居民提供10类41项国家基本公共卫生服务。2011年，国家免疫规划疫苗接种率总体达到90%以上，全国住院分娩率达到98.7%。2012年，全国人大常委会制定了精神卫生法，依法维护精神障碍患者的合法权益，发展精神卫生事业，保障患者病有所医，促进公民心理健康。制定了《中国慢性病防治工作规划（2012-2015年）》等一系列慢性病防控政策性文件和慢性病防治指南。艾滋病、结核病、血吸虫病、包虫病、麻风病、疟疾等重大及重点传染病患者获得免费药物治疗。率先在全球83个丝虫病流行国家和地区中消除了丝虫病。2010年以来，国家安排中央投资530.4亿元，加强基层医疗卫生服务体系建设。2012年，全国基层医疗卫生机构达91.2万个，包括社区卫生服务中心8176个，社区卫生服务站2.5万个，乡镇卫生院3.7万所，村卫生室65.3万个，共有123.4万张床位。国家实施万名医师支援农村卫生工程，2009-2011年，1100余家城市三级医院支援了955个县级医院，中西部地区城市二级以上医疗卫生机构每年支援3600多所乡镇卫生院。截至2012年底，基本药物制度实现基层全覆盖，所有政府办基层医疗卫生机构全部配备使用基本药物，实行零差率销售，并向村卫生室和非政府办基层医疗卫生机构延伸。
Citizens’ right to health is better protected. China has established a medical care system that covers both urban and rural areas, which comprises the public health service system, the medical service system, the medical security system and the drug supply system. By the end of 2012 there were 950,000 medical institutions, 6.686 million medical workers and 2.619 million certificated (assistant) doctors, an average of 1.92 doctors for every 1,000 people. There were 2.5 million registered nurses - or 1.83 for every 1,000 people. There were 5.73 million beds in medical institutions - or 4.19 beds for every 1,000 people. In 2010 the average life expectancy of the Chinese people reached 74.8 years. The proportion of personal medical expenses paid in cash declined from 57.7 percent in 2002 to 34.8 percent in 2011. Marked improvement has been witnessed in equal access to basic public health services. The per-capita allowance for basic public health services was raised from 15 yuan in 2009 to 25 yuan in 2012. The state provides 41 types of basic public health services in ten categories gratis to all residents. In 2011 the national vaccination rate under the state immunization program reached 90 percent and higher, and the hospitalized delivery rate stood at 98.7 percent. In 2012 the NPC Standing Committee enacted the Law on Mental Health, aiming to protect the legal rights and interests of people with mental disorders, develop mental health services, ensure the mentally-ill to have access to medical treatment and promote citizens’ mental health. China has formulated the Working Plan for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases (2012-2015) and a series of other policy documents and guidelines on the prevention and treatment of such diseases. Patients infected with major infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, leprosy and malaria can get free medication. China has taken the lead in eliminating filariasis among 83 countries and regions where it is endemic. Since 2010 the state has poured 53.04 billion yuan into strengthening the building of a grass-roots medical health service system. By 2012 there were 912,000 grassroots medical and health care institutions, which included 8,176 community health service centers, 25,000 community health service stations, 37,000 town and township hospitals and 653,000 village clinics, with a total of 1.234 million beds. The state has also carried out a project to send 10,000 doctors to support rural medical work. From 2009 to 2011 over 1,100 Grade-A hospitals in cities gave assistance to 955 county hospitals, and medical institutions above Grade B in cities in central and western China gave assistance to over 3,600 town and township hospitals every year. By the end of 2012 the basic drug system had gained a full coverage, with all grassroots government-run medical and health institutions supplying essential medicines without adding a surcharge for the resale of the drugs. This system is now being extended to the village clinics and non-government medical and health institutions.
公民受教育权利进一步得到保障。出台《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020年）》。2010年以来，政府教育投入快速增长。全国公共财政教育支出从2010年的12550亿元增加到2012年的21165亿元。新增教育经费主要用于农村，中央财政共安排农村义务教育经费保障资金达2465亿元。国家相继实施了全国中小学校舍安全工程、农村义务教育薄弱学校改造计划等项目。国家建立了家庭经济困难学生资助体系，实现从学前教育到研究生阶段各个阶段全覆盖，每年资助资金近1000亿元，资助学生近8000万人次。到2012年，约有1.2亿农村义务教育学生享受免除学杂费和免费教科书政策，1300多万农村家庭经济困难寄宿生享受生活补助。国家启动实施农村义务教育学生营养改善计划，到2012年底中央财政安排专项资金191亿元，惠及近3000万学生。2010年以来，中央财政累计投入297亿元支持上万所学校新建或改造学生宿舍、食堂等生活设施。全国所有的县均实现了普及九年义务教育，人口覆盖率达到100%，惠及1.6亿学生。2012年，九年义务教育巩固率达91.8%，15岁以上人口平均受教育年限达到9年以上，超过世界平均水平；高中阶段教育毛入学率达到85%，与发达国家平均水平持平；高等教育毛入学率达30%，在学总规模达到3325.21万人，位居世界第一。普通高校招生报名人数达到922万，录取人数达到691万，全国平均录取率达到75%；全国共有各级各类民办学校（教育机构）13.99万所，在校生达3911.01万人。全国现有1393.87万进城务工人员随迁子女在城市接受义务教育，占义务教育阶段学生总数的9.7%，其中80.2%在公办学校就读。民族地方已形成从幼儿教育到高等教育的完整教育体系，少数民族人口的受教育年限显著提高。到2012年底，全国各级各类学校中少数民族在校学生总数为2384.48万人，占学生总数的9.27%。义务教育学校少数民族在校生数达到1515.46万人，普通中学少数民族在校生占全国普通中学在校生总数的9.39%，普通小学少数民族在校生占全国普通小学在校生总数的10.7%。
Citizens’ right to education is further protected. The state has promulgated the Outline of the State Medium- and Long-term Program on Education Reform and Development (2010-2020). Since 2010 the government spending on education has been increasing rapidly. The expenditure from public finance on education increased from 1.255 trillion yuan in 2010 to 2.1165 trillion yuan in 2012. The newly added educational expenditure goes mainly to the rural areas, with 246.5 billion yuan for rural compulsory education from the central budget. The state has successively put into force a program to ensure safety of all primary and secondary school buildings across the country and a program to upgrade rural schools with poor compulsory education conditions. The state has put in place a system of assistance to students with financial difficulties, covering every schooling stage from preschool to postgraduate education, with subsidies close to 100 billion yuan every year, benefiting about 80 million students. By 2012 about 120 million rural students receiving compulsory education benefited from exemption of all tuition and miscellaneous fees as well as free textbooks, and over 13 million rural boarders from poor families received subsidies. The state has also launched a nutrition-improvement plan for rural students receiving compulsory education. By the end of 2012 the central finance allocated a special fund of 19.1 billion yuan for the plan, benefiting about 30 million students. Since 2010 the central government has invested a total of 29.7 billion yuan to support more than 10,000 schools in building or renovating facilities such as student dormitories and dining halls. The nine-year compulsory education has been implemented in all counties in China, covering all the population and benefiting 160 million students. In 2012 the number of students graduating from primary and middle schools reached 91.8 percent of the total enrollment, and the average years of schooling for people above 15 reached over nine years, surpassing the world average level; the gross enrollment ratio of senior high schools was 85 percent, equivalent to the average level of developed countries; and the higher education gross enrollment ratio was 30 percent, with the on-campus student population reaching 33.2521 million, ranking first in the world. The number of students applying for admission into universities and colleges was 9.22 million and 6.91 million were admitted, with the national average admission rate standing at 75 percent. There are altogether 139,900 non-state-run schools (educational institutions) at different levels, with an on-campus student population of 39.1101 million. There are 13.9387 million children of rural migrant workers receiving compulsory education in cities, accounting for 9.7 percent of all the students who are receiving compulsory education, and 80.2 percent of them attend government-run schools. Different kinds of complete educational systems from preschool education to higher education have been established in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in compact communities, and the schooling years of ethnic minorities have been markedly increased. By the end of 2012, the total number of on-campus ethnic-minority students at all levels had reached 23.8448 million, 9.27 percent of the national student population. There are 15.1546 million ethnic-minority students receiving compulsory education, with those receiving secondary education accounting for 9.39 percent of the national total and those receiving elementary education accounting for 10.7 percent of the national total.
妇女儿童权利得到更好保障。2010年以来，国家不断完善保障妇女儿童权利的法律政策。新修改的全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法、村民委员会组织法、女职工劳动保护特别规定以及新制定的社会保险法，重视提高妇女参政比例、推进生育保险以及为女职工创造健康安全的工作环境。国家“十二五”规划纲要专门增加了“促进妇女全面发展”和“保障儿童优先发展”两个专节。2011年，中国政府颁布了《中国妇女发展纲要（2011-2020年）》和《中国儿童发展纲要（2011-2020年）》，进一步落实男女平等基本国策和儿童优先原则。《中国反对拐卖妇女儿童行动计划（2008-2012年）》和《关于依法惩治拐卖妇女儿童犯罪的意见》的实施，进一步加大了对妇女儿童人身权利的司法保护力度。妇女健康水平进一步提高，妇女人均预期寿命进一步延长。2010年妇女平均预期寿命达到77.37岁，比男性高4.99岁，比2000年提高4.04岁。就业规模进一步扩大。2011年全国城乡妇女就业人数达到35153万人，全社会就业人员中女性比重始终保持在46%左右。妇女享有社会保障的程度普遍提高，城镇职工生育保险覆盖率达到95%。妇女参政水平不断提高，社会参与意识进一步增强。截至2011年底，全国省、市、县政府领导班子配有女干部的比例分别达到83.9%、86.5%和89.8%。儿童健康状况持续改善。婴儿死亡率及5岁以下儿童死亡率持续下降，2012年，婴儿死亡率为10.3‰，5岁以下儿童死亡率为13.2‰，提前实现联合国千年发展目标。实施国家免疫规划，免费接种疫苗的种类已从5苗预防7种疾病扩大到14苗预防15种疾病。儿童受教育权利得到了充分保障。2011年，学前三年毛入学率、小学学龄儿童净入学率、初中阶段毛入学率分别达到62.3%、99.8%和100.1%，流动儿童、残疾儿童的受教育权利得到基本保障。孤儿、贫困家庭儿童、流浪儿童、受艾滋病影响儿童等弱势儿童群体各项权利基本得到保障，并得到更多的关怀和救助。
Children and women’s rights are better protected. Since 2010 the state has constantly improved laws and policies on the protection of children and women’s rights. The newly amended Electoral Law of the People’s Republic of China on the National People’s Congress and Local People’s Congresses, Organizational Law of Villagers’ Committees,Regulations Concerning the Labor Protection of Female Staff and Workers and the newly formulated Social Insurance Law all pay high attention to the increase of female representativeness in politics, the promotion of maternity insurance and the creation of a safe and healthy working environment for female employees. The outline of the 12th Five-year Planspecially added two sections, i.e., “promoting women’s development in an all-round way” and “giving priority to children’s development.” In 2011 the Chinese government issued the Outline Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) and Outline Program for the Development of Children (2011-2020), to further implement the basic national policy of equality between men and women, and the principle of giving priority to children. The implementation of theNational Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking of Women and Children (2008-2012) and the Opinions on Punishing the Crimes of Abducting and Trafficking in Women and Children further strengthened the legal protection of women and children’s rights. Women’s health keeps improving and their average life expectancy has been further extended. In 2010 the average life expectancy of women was 77.37 years, 4.99 years longer than men, and an increase of 4.04 years over that of 2000. Women have more job opportunities. In 2011 the number of women who were employed reached 351.53 million across the country, and over the years women account for about 46 percent of all employees. Generally, women are having wider access to social security, and the coverage of maternity insurance for urban female workers is 95 percent. Women’s representativeness in politics is increasing, and their awareness of social participation is growing. At the end of 2011, there were females in 83.9 percent, 86.5 percent and 89.8 percent of the leading bodies at the provincial, city (prefectural) and county levels, respectively. Children’s health is also improving. The infant mortality and mortality of children under five years old both keep declining. In 2012 the infant mortality was 1.03%, and the mortality of children under five years old was 1.32%, respectively, realizing one of the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule. The state is implementing an immunization program, and the free vaccination has been expanded from seven diseases prevented by five vaccines to 15 diseases prevented by 14 vaccines. Children’s right to education is fully guaranteed. In 2011 the gross enrollment rate of kindergartens, net enrollment rate of elementary schools and gross enrollment rate of middle schools were 62.3 percent, 99.8 percent and 100.1 percent, respectively. The right of children with migrant families and disabled children to education is basically protected. The rights of vulnerable groups of children such as orphans, impoverished children, waifs and HIV-infected children are basically protected, and they are getting more care and assistance.
残疾人社会保障体系和服务体系不断完善。2010年3月，国务院办公厅转发了《关于加快推进残疾人社会保障体系和服务体系建设的指导意见》。中央财政安排的“十二五”残疾人事业发展资金总量比“十一五”增长近4倍。2012年，在全国2794个区县开展社区康复，通过实施一批重点康复工程，760.2万残疾人得到不同程度的康复；1.5万名残疾儿童得到国家和地方各级学前教育资助；为29.9万人次城镇残疾人提供职业培训；资助14.1万户贫困残疾人家庭进行无障碍改造；各级法律援助和救助机构为残疾人提供法律服务近10万人次；239.1万和36.3万符合条件的城乡残疾人分别享受到稳定的生活补贴和护理补贴；为55.4万残疾人发放了残疾人机动轮椅车燃油补贴。截至2012年底，城乡1070.5万残疾人纳入最低生活保障范围，残疾人低保家庭救助水平得到提高；280.9万城镇残疾职工参加了各类社会保险。全国已建立残疾人寄宿制托养服务机构和日间照料机构7275个，以机构和居家托养等多种形式为74.7万名残疾人提供托养服务。开展残疾人文化周、健身周、“残疾人文化进社区”等各项活动，残疾人文化体育生活更加丰富活跃。汇集社会资源制定信息无障碍标准。开通“中国残疾人服务网”，在资讯、就业、康复、救助等领域提供无障碍网上服务。
Social security and service system for the disabled keeps improving. In March 2010 the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Building of a Social Security and Service System for the Disabled. The development fund for the disabled earmarked by the central budget during the 12th Five-year Plan period is about four times that in the 11th Five-year Plan period. In 2012 the state carried out community-based rehabilitation services in 2,794 counties and districts nationwide, and helped 7.602 million disabled people become rehabilitated to various degrees through the implementation of key rehabilitation programs; 15,000 disabled children received preschool education funds from central and local governments; the state offered vocational training for 299,000 disabled people in cities and towns, and subsidized 141,000 impoverished households with at least one disabled member each to build barrier-free facilities. Legal aid and relief agencies at different levels provided legal services for 100,000 disabled people, and 2.391 million disabled people from urban areas and 363,000 disabled people from rural areas had been granted life allowances and home-care subsidies steadily. The state had granted fuel subsidies for the motor wheelchairs of 554,000 disabled people. By the end of 2012, some 10.705 million disabled people had been deemed eligible for subsistence allowances, with the assistance level for their families improving. Some 2.809 million disabled workers in towns and cities had been covered by various social insurance policies. Nationwide, 7,275 boarding homes and day-care centers for the disabled have been set up, providing services for 747,000 disabled people. Various activities such as culture weeks, fitness weeks and community culture shows have been organized for the disabled to enrich their cultural and sports lives. Social resources are pooled to create barrier-free standards for information accessibility. A website to serve the disabled (www.cdpsn.org.cn) provides barrier-free online services for them to search for information on news, employment, rehabilitation, assistance, etc.
社会组织在促进人权事业发展中发挥积极作用。近年来，中国各类社会组织健康有序发展，维护和促进人权事业发展的积极作用进一步显现。截至2012年底，全国依法登记的社会组织有49.2万个，其中社会团体26.8万个，民办非企业单位22.1万个，基金会2961个。全国社会组织数量较2009年底的43.1万个增长14.2%；其中基金会较2009年底的1843个增长60.7%。每万人拥有社会组织数量由2009年底的3.2个提高到3.7个。全国性社团已经在152个国际组织中担任领导职务，在25个国际组织中担任专门委员会领导职务，在92个国际组织中担任理事。广大社会组织发挥其优势，在教育科技、文化卫生、社会管理、社会福利、慈善公益等方面发挥了重要作用。据不完全统计，全国6万多个行业协会联系会员2000多万家（含个体工商户），447364个基层老年协会覆盖了广大城市社区和农村，有1.1亿老年人参与。4万多个学术社团联系专家学者500多万人，4万多个农村专业经济协会联系农户1000多万个，各类职业性社会组织的会员超过1亿人。2012年社会组织吸引、凝聚了2500多万名志愿者活跃在公益慈善领域。
Social organizations are playing a positive role in promoting the cause of human rights in China. In recent years social organizations are developing in a healthy and orderly way, demonstrating their further positive role in safeguarding and promoting the cause of human rights. By the end of 2012, there were 492,000 social organizations registered in accordance with the law, among which 268,000 were social groups, 221,000 were NGOs and 2,961 were foundations. The number of social organizations across the country had increased by 14.2 percent from 431,000 at the end of 2009; and the number of foundations had increased by 60.7 percent from 1,843 in 2009. The number of social organizations for every 10,000 people has increased from 3.2 in 2009 to 3.7 now. Representatives of national associations in China have taken leading posts in 152 international organizations, and became heads of special committees of 25 international organizations and directors of 92 international organizations. Making full use of their advantages, these social organizations are playing an important role in education, science and technology, culture, public health, social management, social welfare and charity work. According to incomplete statistics, over 60,000 industry associations nationwide have more than 20 million members (including individual business owners), 447,364 grassroots senior citizens associations cover the vast urban and rural communities, with 110 million members. Over 40,000 academic societies have kept regular touch with over 5 million experts and scholars, and over 40,000 rural special economic associations are responsible for contacting over 10 million households. There are over 100 million members of various professional associations. In 2012 China’s social organizations attracted over 25 million volunteers to participate in charity work.
五、生态文明建设中的人权保障
V. Protection of Human Rights in Ecological Progress
人类只有一个地球。建设生态文明，是关系人类未来的大事。面对资源约束趋紧、环境污染严重、生态系统退化的严峻形势，中国坚持树立尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的生态文明理念，将生态文明建设放在突出地位，作为全面建成小康社会总体布局的五大目标之一，努力建设美丽中国，切实保障公民的环境权益。
There is only one earth for human beings. Promoting ecological progress is of vital importance for humanity’s future. Facing increasing resource constraints, severe environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation, China is working to raise the ecological awareness of the need to respect, accommodate and protect nature, give high priority to making ecological progress and incorporate it as one of the five main goals for completing the building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. China is working hard to build a beautiful country and earnestly guaranteeing the citizens’ environmental rights and interests.
基本建立起保障公民环境权益的法律和政策体系。中国坚持将环境保护作为基本国策，经过多年努力，中国已形成了包括污染防治领域、资源保护领域、自然区域和生物多样性保护领域的覆盖面较为完整的法律法规体系。2010年以来，又制定了《国家环境保护“十二五”规划》、《“十二五”全国环境保护法规和环境经济政策建设规划》、《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》、《全国土壤环境保护“十二五”规划》、《中国海洋环境免受陆源污染国家行动计划》、《林业发展“十二五”规划》、《全国林地保护利用规划纲要（2010-2020年）》、《全国造林绿化规划纲要（2011-2020年）》、《七大流域综合规划》、《全国湿地保护工程“十二五”实施规划》、《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2011-2030年）》、《节能减排“十二五”规划》、《全国重要江河湖泊水功能区划》等政策文件，修订了水土保持法和《环境空气质量标准》，颁布了《消耗臭氧层物质管理条例》、《太湖流域管理条例》等行政法规，进一步提高保障公民环境权益、建设生态文明国家的法制水平。环境保护投入不断加大。“十一五”期间，全国财政环保投入是“十五”期间的3.71倍。2012年全国财政环保投入2932亿元，比2009年增加998亿元，增长51.6%。2008年至2012年，中央财政安排设立农村环保专项资金135亿元，支持2.6万个村镇开展环境综合整治和生态示范建设，5700多万农村人口直接受益。2010年至2012年，安排重金属污染防治专项资金75亿元，支持重点防控区重金属污染综合防治。妥善处置了一批严重影响人民群众健康的突发环境事件。积极有效应对青海玉树地震、甘肃舟曲特大山洪泥石流等重大灾害的次生环境问题。
The legal and policy framework has been established to protect citizens’ environmental rights. China has adopted environmental protection as a basic national policy. Thanks to efforts made over the years, China has put in place a rather complete legal framework covering pollution control, resources conservation, and preservation of nature reserves and biodiversity. Since 2010 China has formulated a series of policy documents, including the National Plan on Environmental Protection during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, National Plan for Legislation on Environmental Protection andFormulation of Environmental Economic Policies during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Plan on Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Key Areas during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Plan on National Soil Environment Protection during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, National Action Plan for Protecting China’s Marine Environment from Land-based Pollution, Forestry Development Plan during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Outline of the National Program on Forest Conservation and Utilization (2010-2020), Outline of the National Afforestation Plan (2011-2020),Comprehensive Plan for the Seven Major River Basins, Implementation Plan of the National Wetland Conservation Project during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Preservation in China (2011-2030), Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, and Water Function Zoning of the Major Rivers and Lakes of China. Moreover, China has also amended the Law on Water and Soil Conservation and Ambient Air Quality Standard (AAQS), and promulgated administrative regulations such as theRegulations on the Management of Ozone-depleting Substances and Regulations on the Administration of the Taihu Lake Basin. All of the above have improved China’s legal system that safeguards Chinese citizens’ environmental rights and interests, and helped build an eco-friendly country. The state keeps increasing its investment in environmental protection. During the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010), China’s fiscal investment in this sphere was 3.71 times that during theTenth Five-year Plan period (2001-2005). In 2012 funds from the central and local coffers for environmental protection amounted to 293.2 billion yuan, an increase of 99.8 billion yuan or 51.6 percent over 2009. From 2008 to 2012 the central government earmarked a special fund of 13.5 billion yuan for rural environmental protection, supporting 26,000 villages or towns to carry out comprehensive environmental improvement and eco-friendly demonstration projects, directly benefiting 57 million rural residents. Another special fund, totaling 7.5 billion yuan, was allocated between 2010 and 2012 to support the integrated prevention and control of heavy metal contamination in some key areas. The government appropriately handled a number of emergent environmental hazards that had serious impacts on people’s health, and coped with in a positive and effective manner the secondary environmental issues in the aftermath of serious natural disasters, such as the Yushu Earthquake in Qinghai Province and the Zhouqu Mudslides in Gansu Province.
公民享有清洁生活环境权益进一步得到保障。环境评估与监测进一步加强。实施地表水、空气、酸沉降、沙尘天气影响、饮用水水源地、近海海域、城市噪声、生态等各环境要素常规监测以及污染源监督性监测和应急预警监测，初步建成了覆盖各环境要素的国家环境监测网和地方环境监测网。环境监察体制进一步完善。七大流域建立了流域水资源保护机构。建立健全区域环保督查派出机构和核辐射安全监管派出机构。建设环境监测预警体系、环境应急和执法监督体系、核与辐射安全监管体系等。到2011年底，全国已成立国家级环境评估中心1家，省级评估机构28家，地市级评估机构115家，三级评估机构从业人员已达2000余人。2012年，成功发射了环境一号C星，细颗粒物（PM2.5）被纳入空气质量常规监测指标。在监测的316个城市中，城市区域声环境质量好的城市占3.5%，较好的占75.9%，轻度污染的占20.3%，中度污染的占0.3%。城市治污工作成效明显。2008年至2012年，累计新增城市污水日处理能力4600万吨。到2012年底，全国累计建成城镇污水处理厂3340座，日处理能力达到1.42亿立方米，比上年末增长3.7%；城市污水处理率由2005年的52.0%提高到2012年的84.9%。截至2011年底，全国建成并投入运行的城市生活垃圾无害化处理设施共677座，城市生活垃圾无害化处理能力达40.9万吨∕日，无害化处理率达79.84%。661个城市全部纳入全国城市环境综合整治定量考核范围。节能减排取得良好成效。2010年以来，“十城千辆”电动汽车示范行动计划在十余个城市的公共交通领域规模化地推广应用混合动力、纯电动和燃料电池汽车，目前示范试点已达25个。“十城万盏工程”计划在多个试点城市的公共照明领域推广应用半导体照明技术，目前已有160万盏以上LED灯具得到示范应用，累计节电超过1.64亿千瓦时。2008年至2012年，累计淘汰落后炼铁产能1.17亿吨、炼钢产能7800万吨、水泥产能7.75亿吨，单位国内生产总值能耗下降17.2%，化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放总量分别下降15.7%和17.5%，钢铁、水泥、焦化等高耗能高排放行业淘汰落后产能的任务超额完成。“十一五”期间，火电供电煤耗下降9.5%，造纸行业单位产品COD（1升废水所消耗的化学需氧量）排污负荷下降45%；全国二氧化硫排放总量减少14.29%，化学需氧量排放总量减少12.45%。
Citizens’ rights to live in clean and hygienic environment have been further protected. Environmental assessment and monitoring have been further strengthened, which cover routine monitoring of environmental elements, such as surface water, air, acid deposition, impact of sand and dust storms, drinking-water source areas, offshore seas, urban noise and ecosystems, supervisory monitoring of pollution sources and early-warning monitoring of emergencies. National and local environment monitoring networks that cover all environmental elements have basically been established in China, and an environmental supervision system has been further enhanced. China has set up water resources protection bodies in its seven major river basins, established and improved the supervisory agencies of regional environmental protection and radiation safety. It has also built an early-warning system of environmental monitoring, a supervision system of environmental emergency response and law enforcement, and a nuclear and radiation safety supervision system. By the end of 2011, China had 144 environmental-assessment agencies, with one at national level, 28 at provincial level and 115 at prefectural level, employing some 2,000 professionals. Since China sent its HJ-1C satellite into space in 2012, fine particles (PM2.5 particles) have been included in the air quality index. China also monitors the acoustic environment in 316 cities, of which 3.5 percent are at the satisfactory level, 75.9 percent at the moderate level, 20.3 percent lightly polluted and the other 0.3 percent moderately polluted. Substantial progress has been made in urban pollution control. China’s daily sewage treatment capacity increased by 46 million tons from 2008 to 2012. By the end of 2012, China had 3,340 urban sewage treatment plants, which could treat 142 million cubic meters of wastewater per day, an increase of 3.7 percent as compared with the end of the previous year. The treatment rate of domestic sewage had risen from 52 percent in 2005 to 84.9 percent in 2012. There were altogether 677 urban facilities for harmless treatment of domestic garbage in operation in China by the end of 2011, which could deal with 409,000 tons of garbage every day, and 79.84 percent of the garbage was made harmless after the treatment. Quantitative assessment has been enforced for all 661 cities in the country for comprehensive environmental improvement, gaining satisfactory results in energy conservation and emission reduction. Since 2010 China has chosen 25 cities as pioneers for the “Electric Vehicles in Cities” project, to promote the large-scale application of hybrid, electric or fuel-cell vehicles in public transportation. Another project - “Urban LED” - advocates the use of semiconductor lighting technology in the public lighting systems of many pilot cities. Over 1.6 million LED lights have been used for the experiment so far, accumulatively saving 164 million kwh of electricity. From 2008 to 2012 China closed down many of its outdated production facilities, including iron works with a total capacity of 117 million tons, steel mills with a total capacity of 78 million tons and cement plants with a total capacity of 775 million tons. The energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 17.2 percent in the same period, and the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulfur dioxide emission decreased by 15.7 percent and 17.5 percent, respectively. China over-fulfilled its goal of closing down outdated production facilities in high-energy consumption and emission industries like iron and steel, cement and coking. During the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010), the net coal consumption for thermal power generation fell by 9.5 percent, and the COD load per unit of product in the papermaking industry declined by 45 percent. The sulfur dioxide emission nationwide was reduced by 14.29 percent, and the total COD discharge went down by 12.45 percent.
公民享有良好生态环境权利的保障水平不断提高。2008年至2012年，累计治理重点中小河流2.45万公里，新增节水灌溉面积770万公顷。2011年至2012年，中央安排专项资金24亿元，启动支持良好湖泊生态环境湖泊试点，试点范围已由8个扩大至27个湖泊。其中，2011年启动支持的8个试点湖泊已建设湿地8万亩，新增森林覆盖面积16万亩，湖泊水质和自然修复能力进一步改善和提升。全面实施草原生态保护补助奖励机制，2011年至2012年，中央财政共安排资金286亿元，对12.3亿亩草原实行禁牧补助，对26.05亿亩草原实行草畜平衡奖励。2012年，全国草原综合植被盖度达到53.8%，比2011年提高2.8个百分点；天然草原鲜草产量达到10.5亿吨，比上年增长4.7%。水土资源综合治理进一步加强。2008年至2012年，累计完成造林2953万公顷，治理沙漠化、石漠化土地1196万公顷，综合治理水土流失面积24.6万平方公里，整治国土面积18万平方公里。其中，石漠化综合治理重点县增加到300个，京津风沙源治理工程建设范围扩大到6个省份138个县。塔里木河、黑河、石羊河等流域综合治理规划和首都水资源可持续利用规划等重点区域生态建设项目加快实施，敦煌水资源合理利用与生态保护综合规划项目建设全面启动。全国城市园林绿地面积达到2242861公顷，绿化覆盖率达39.22%，人均公园绿地面积达11.80平方米。目前全国有公园10780个，其中国家重点公园63个，国家城市湿地公园45个。区域生态治理和保护不断强化。国家成立了中国生物多样性保护国家委员会。截至2012年底，全国（不含港、澳、台地区）共建立各类各级自然保护区2640个，其中国家级自然保护区363个，面积9415万公顷，占国土面积的9.7%。共建立风景名胜区962个，其中国家级风景名胜区225个，总面积约19.37万平方公里，占国土面积的2.02%。针对青海湖流域生态治理，国家建立了6200亩湿地保护与恢复试验示范区、10100亩治沙示范区以及14650亩退化草地恢复示范区，形成了区域生态治理技术模式，有效改善了流域生态环境。湿地保护有效推进，确认国家重要湿地11处，累计39处，新增湿地保护面积33万公顷，恢复湿地2.3万公顷。开展了近20种野生动物的栖息地恢复试点项目，实施了近30种珍稀濒危野生动物的繁育项目。海洋环境生态保护工作得到加强。2012年，国家海洋局查处海上环境违法案件176起。新建15个国家级海洋保护区，增加保护区面积751平方公里。在渤海率先建立实施海洋生态红线制度。确定了21个海洋生态修复项目，70个海岛整治修复与保护项目。近岸海域301个海水水质监测点中，达到国家一、二类海水水质标准的监测点占69.4%。
Citizens’ right to good eco-environment is further secured. From 2008 to 2012 China dredged 24,500 km of key medium and small rivers, and increased the water-saving irrigation area by 7.7 million hectares (ha). In 2011 and 2012, the central government earmarked a special fund of 2.4 billion yuan for supporting a pilot program for a balanced lake eco-system, increasing the initial eight lakes to 27 now. So far, 80,000 mu (about 5,333 ha.-tr.) of wetlands have been restored and 160,000 mu (about 10,667 ha.-tr.) of forest-covered area has been created in the first eight lakes of the pilot program, effectively improving the water quality and self-recovery capability of these lakes. China implements in full a mechanism for subsidization for grassland eco-system protection. In 2011 and 2012 the central coffer allocated 28.6 billion yuan to subsidize a grazing ban on 1.23 billion mu (about 82 million ha.-tr.) of pastureland and to reward efforts to achieve a balance between the forage yield and number of animals on 2.605 billion mu (about 174 million ha.-tr.) of pastureland. By 2012 the vegetation coverage of grasslands across China had reached 53.8 percent, an increase of 2.8 percentage points over 2011, and the fresh grass yield of natural pastures amounted to 1.05 billion tons, an increase of 4.7 percent over 2011. The comprehensive conservation of water and soil has been further improved. From 2008 to 2012 an additional 29.53 million ha. of land was planted with trees, desertification was halted on 11.96 million ha. of land, soil erosion on 246,000 sq km of land was brought under control, and a total of 180,000 sq km of land was improved. The number of key counties halting stony desertification was increased to 300, and the project to control the sources of the sandstorms that hit Beijing and Tianjin was extended to include 138 counties in six provincial-level regions. The pace is accelerated in key regional eco-system development projects, such as the comprehensive treatment plan of the Tarim, Heihe and Shiyang river basins and the plan of water resources sustainable utilization for Beijing. The integrated project for rational utilization of water resources and ecological protection in Dunhuang has been going into full swing. China’s urban green areas now total 2,242,861 ha., covering 39.22 percent of the total urban land, with the per-capita green area in public parks being 11.8 sq m. China now has 10,780 public parks, among which 63 are key national ones and 45 national urban wetland parks. Regional ecological treatment and protection has been constantly intensified. The state has set up the National Committee for Biodiversity Protection. By the end of 2012, there were 2,640 nature reserves of various kinds and at various levels in China (excluding those in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions), among which 363 were at national level, covering an area of 94.15 million ha., or 9.7 percent of China’s total land area. Besides, China boasted 962 scenic areas, among which 225 were national ones, covering an area of 193,700 sq km, or 2.02 percent of China’s total area. In order to improve the eco-system of the Qinghai Lake area, the state set up a 6,200-mu (about 413 ha.-tr.) experimental and demonstration zone for wetland protection and recovery, a 10,100-mu (about 673 ha.-tr.) demonstration zone for desertification control and a 14,650-mu (about 977 ha.-tr.) demonstration zone for deteriorated grassland recovery. A regional technical mode of ecological environment improvement was formed, effectively improving the eco-system of the lake area. Steady progress has been made in protecting its wetlands. The state has confirmed 11 national major wetlands and the total number of wetlands has reached 39. An additional 330,000 ha. of wetlands is put under state protection, and 23,000 ha. of wetlands is restored. It has introduced pilot projects for recovering the habitats of nearly 20 species of wild animals and implemented breeding projects for nearly 30 species of rare or endangered wild animals. Marine ecological environment protection has also been strengthened. In 2012 the State Oceanic Administration investigated and handled 176 cases that violated the marine environment law. The newly established 15 national marine conservation zones increased the total conservation area by 751 sq km. China has initiated a plan to create a red-line system in the Bohai Sea to delimit zones in which development is prohibited or limited. It confirmed 21 marine eco-environment restoration projects and 70 island improvement and protection projects. Among the 301 offshore seawater quality monitoring points, 69.4 percent met the national Grade I or II standards for ocean water quality.
六、人权领域的对外交流与合作
VI. Foreign Exchanges and Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights
中国积极开展国际人权交流与合作，在联合国人权机构中发挥建设性作用，推动各国以公正、客观和非选择性方式处理人权问题，努力推动国际人权事业健康发展。
China has long taken the initiative to have exchanges and cooperation with other countries in the realm of human rights. It plays a constructive role in the UN’s human rights bodies, encouraging countries around the world to handle human rights issues fairly, objectively and non-selectively. It endeavors to promote the sound development of human rights on the international stage.
建设性参与联合国人权事务。2010年至2011年，中国建设性参与联合国人权理事会重审工作，支持联合国大会通过人权理事会重审决议。2010年以来，中国代表团出席了第65、66、67届联大第三委员会会议、联合国人权理事会第13至21次会议，参与了人权理事会国别人权审查工作组第7至14次会议。在上述机构和会议中，中国维护《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，认真履行职责，积极主动参与有关人权议题的审议和讨论，发挥建设性作用。中国重视与联合国人权事务高级专员办公室开展技术合作。2011年，中国与高专办合作举办“中国-联合国司法研讨会”，探讨全球范围内死刑改革趋势等问题，双方均予以积极评价。中国积极支持高专办的工作，2010年至2012年，分别向高专办捐款2万、3万和5万美元。2010年12月，人权理事会粮食权特别报告员应邀访华，充分肯定中国在促进实现粮食权方面的积极努力。
Constructively participating in UN human rights activities. In 2010 and 2011 China constructively engaged in the review of the UN Human Right Council (HRC), and encouraged the UN General Assembly to adopt the HRC’s resolution on the review. From 2010 on, Chinese delegations attended the meetings of the Third Committee of the 65th, 66th and 67th sessions of the UN General Assembly, and the 13th to 21st sessions of the UN Human Rights Council, and participated in the seventh to 14th sessions of the HRC’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Team. When working in the organizations and participating in the meetings mentioned above, China plays a constructive role by upholding the basic purpose and principles stipulated in the Charter of the United Nations, performing its duties conscientiously, and proactively participating in reviews and discussions of human rights issues. China attaches great importance to technical cooperation with the UN’s Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). In 2011 China and the OHCHR jointly held the China-UN Legal Seminar, and discussed such issues as death penalty reform trend in the world. Both sides regarded the seminar as a positive move. China resolutely supports the programs of the OHCHR, and made donations of 20,000 U.S. dollars, 30,000 U.S. dollars and 50,000 U.S. dollars to it from 2010 to 2012. In December 2010 the HRC’s Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food visited China upon invitation, and fully affirmed China’s efforts in improving the right to food.
高度重视国际人权公约履约工作。中国政府已加入包括《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》在内的27项国际人权公约，并积极为批准《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》创造条件。中国政府积极履行已参加的国际人权条约的义务。2010年，中国政府向联合国提交《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》第二次履约报告，《儿童权利公约》第三、四次合并履约报告，《〈儿童权利公约〉关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》首次履约报告。2010年，中国政府向联合国残疾人权利委员会提交了《残疾人权利公约》首次履约报告，并于2012年9月顺利通过委员会审议，委员们普遍对中国残疾人事业发展成就及履约情况予以肯定。2012年，中国政府提交《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第七、八次合并履约报告。2012年，中国政府成立跨部门协调小组，着手撰写《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第六次履约报告。2010年至2012年，中国政府先后接待消除种族歧视委员会、儿童权利委员会、消除对妇女歧视委员会及经济、社会及文化权利委员会的数位委员来华访问，委员们实地了解了中国履行相关公约的情况，对中国履约状况予以肯定。2010年以来，中国继续与联合国儿童基金会驻华代表处开展合作，举办了多次形式多样的《儿童权利公约》宣传、培训活动。2012年，中国政府举办了中国参加《儿童权利公约》20周年纪念活动。
Attaching great importance to the implementation of international human rights conventions. China has joined 27 international human rights conventions, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and actively works for the approval of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Chinese government has taken active measures to guarantee the implementation of its obligations as stipulated by the international human rights conventions it has joined. In 2010 China submitted to the United Nations the second report of its implementation of theInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the consolidated report of the third and fourth implementations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the first report of its implementation of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. China also presented to the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities the first report of its implementation of theConvention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the same year, which passed the review of the committee in September 2012. Most committee members recognized China’s achievements in guaranteeing the rights of persons with disabilities and its implementation of the Convention. In 2012 China submitted the consolidated report of the seventh and eighth implementations of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, and organized a trans-department coordination team to set about drawing up the sixth report of its implementation of theConvention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. From 2010 to 2012 members of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) visited China to conduct on-site inspections of China’ s implementation of relevant conventions, and gave full recognition to China’ s work. Since 2010 China has continued its cooperation with the UN Children’ s Fund office in China, holding various forms of publicity activities and training for upholding the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In 2012 the Chinese government held celebrations to mark the 20th anniversary of its joining in theConvention on the Rights of the Child.
积极参与国际人权文书及有关规则的制定工作。中国政府积极参与和推动联大加强和增进人权条约机构体系有效运作政府间进程（“联大进程”）。2011年11月，中国政府向人权高专办提交了《对加强人权条约机构体系进程的意见》，并于2012年7月派团出席了“联大进程”的首次非正式磋商，就改善人权条约机构体系阐述中国政府的立场和主张。2010年至2011年，中国政府派团参加《儿童权利公约》关于提供来文程序的任择议定书问题不限成员名额工作组会议，并在人权理事会第17次会议和第66届联合国大会上参加协商一致通过该任择议定书。2011年9月，中国政府就禁止酷刑委员会起草的《对〈禁止酷刑公约〉第14条的一般性意见》（工作文件）向委员会提出了书面意见。中国政府还推举专家参加有关竞选并担任经济、社会及文化权利委员会，禁止酷刑委员会，消除种族歧视委员会和消除对妇女歧视委员会委员。
Taking an active part in formulating international human rights instruments and related rules. The Chinese government actively participates in and promotes the intergovernmental process of the UN General Assembly on strengthening and enhancing the effective functioning of the human rights treaty body system (“process of the General Assembly”). In November 2011 China submitted to the OHCHR the Opinions on Strengthening the Effective Functioning of the Human Rights Treaty Body System, and sent a delegation to the first unofficial consultation on the “process of the General Assembly” held in July 2012 to set forth its position and assertions on improving the human rights treaty body system. In 2010 and 2011 the Chinese government sent delegations to the Open-ended Working Group meetings for the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on Communications Procedure, and joined the consensus on the optional protocol at the 17th session of the Human Rights Council and 66th UN General Assembly. In September 2011 the Chinese government put forward a written opinion to the Committee against Torture on the General Opinion on Article 14 of the Convention against Torture (working document) drafted by the committee. China also recommended its experts as members of the CESCR, Committee Against Torture, CERD and CEDAW.
通过人权对话增进了解、相互借鉴。中国坚持在平等和相互尊重的基础上与有关国家开展双边人权对话与交流。近三年来，中国与美国、欧盟、英国、德国、澳大利亚、瑞士等分别举行人权对话，还与美国举行中美法律专家交流，与欧盟举行中欧司法研讨会，与澳大利亚开展人权技术合作项目等。2010年以来，中国政府派团出席了第10、11、12届亚欧非正式人权研讨会并积极参与有关议题讨论。2010年至2012年，中国人权研究会等主办了第三届至第五届“北京人权论坛”，围绕人权与发展、文化、科技、环境等的关系展开讨论。论坛已经成为包括发展中国家和发达国家在内的国际人权对话与交流的重要国际平台。
Increasing mutual understanding and learning from each other’s experience through dialogues on human rights. China upholds the principles of equality and mutual respect when carrying out bilateral dialogues and communication in the field of human rights with related countries. In the past three years China has held human rights dialogues with the United States, the European Union, Great Britain, Germany, Australia and Switzerland. It has sent legal experts to have dialogues with their US counterparts, held the EU-China Human Rights Seminar and conducted technical cooperation projects on human rights with Australia. Since 2010 the Chinese government has sent delegations to the 10th, 11th and 12th ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) Informal Seminar on Human Rights, and taken an active part in discussions of related topics. From 2010 to 2012 the China Society for Human Rights Studies, together with some other organizations, held the third, fourth and fifth sessions of the Beijing Forum on Human Rights, discussing the relations between human rights and development, culture, science and technology and the environment. The Forum has become an important stage for international human rights dialogues and exchanges involving both developing and developed countries.
中国将与国际社会一道，继续为促进国际人权事业的健康发展做出不懈努力。
Working closely with other countries, China will spare no efforts to promote the healthy development of human rights worldwide.
国新办
2013-05-14
国新办
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