为人民谋幸福：新中国人权事业发展70年

Seeking Happiness for People: 70 Years of Progress on Human Rights in China

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2019年9月

September 2019

目录

Contents

前言

Preamble

一、中国走出一条符合国情的发展道路

I. China Has Found a Development Path Suited to Its Actual Conditions

二、中国的发展是世界的机遇

II. China’s Development Is an Opportunity for the World

三、建设繁荣美好世界是各国人民的共同梦想

III. A Prosperous and Beautiful World Is the Common Aspiration of All Peoples

四、中国为建设更加美好的世界贡献力量

IV. China Contributes to a Better World

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Preface

今年是中华人民共和国成立70周年。

The year 2019 marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC).

70年来，在中国共产党领导下，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化，创造了人类历史上前所未有的发展奇迹。中国用几十年时间走完了发达国家几百年走过的发展历程，经济总量跃居世界第二，近14亿人民摆脱了物质短缺，总体达到小康水平，享有前所未有的尊严和权利。这不仅是中国的巨大变化，也是人类社会的巨大进步，更是中国对世界和平与发展的巨大贡献。

Over the past 70 years, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the PRC has witnessed profound changes and achieved a miracle of development unprecedented in human history. In just a few decades, China has completed a course that took developed countries several hundred years. China has now become the world’s second largest economy, taken care of the material needs of its nearly 1.4 billion people, and achieved moderate all-round prosperity. Its people enjoy dignity and rights previously unknown to them. This has brought tremendous change to China. It also represents remarkable progress for human society, and above all, a significant contribution on China’s part to world peace and development.

中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口多、底子薄的基本国情没有变，中国仍然面临一系列严峻挑战，中国人民还需要继续艰苦奋斗。

China remains the world’s largest developing country, with a large population and foundations that need to be further strengthened. Some of the fundamentals in China remain unchanged, and therefore China is still facing a raft of severe challenges. The Chinese people still have work to do.

当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局，人类社会既充满希望，又充满挑战。世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多样化、社会信息化深入发展，和平与发展仍是时代主题，同时，全球深层次矛盾突出，不稳定性不确定性增多。构建人类命运共同体，建设更加美好的世界，是各国人民的共同愿望。

Today’s world is undergoing a level of profound change that has not been seen in a hundred years. Human society is full of both hope and challenges. Multipolarity, economic globalization, cultural diversity and information technology are extending their reach. Peace and development remain the themes of the times. At the same time, deep-seated problems are apparent throughout the world, with increasing instability and uncertainties. Building a global community of shared future and building a better world are the common aspirations of all peoples.

中国发展进入了新时代。中国对世界的影响，从未像今天这样全面、深刻、长远；世界对中国的关注，也从未像今天这样广泛、深切、聚焦。中国从哪里来、向哪里去？中国推动建设什么样的世界？发展起来的中国如何与世界相处？为回应外界关切，增进国际社会对中国发展的了解和理解，值此中华人民共和国成立70周年之际，中国政府发布此白皮书。

China has entered a new era of development. China now has an impact on the world that is ever more comprehensive, profound and long-lasting, and the world is paying ever greater attention to China. What path did China take? Where is China going? What are China’s goals in shaping the world? How will the developing China interact with the rest of the world? On the occasion of this 70th anniversary of the founding of the PRC, the Chinese government is publishing this white paper to respond to the world’s questions about China, and to help the international community better understand China’s development.

一、中国走出一条符合国情的发展道路

I. China Has Found a Development Path Suited to Its Actual Conditions

中国是有着5000多年文明史的大国，历史上曾长期走在世界前列。近代以后，中国陷入积贫积弱、内忧外患甚至亡国亡种的危险境地。中国人民始终不屈不挠、奋力抗争，始终梦想实现国家富强、民族复兴、人民幸福。在中国共产党领导下，中国人民经过艰苦卓绝的斗争，在半殖民地半封建社会基础上建立起新中国，实现了民族独立和人民解放，中华民族进入了发展新纪元。70年来，中国人民艰辛探索、砥砺前行，在中华民族5000多年历史文化的传承中，在总结社会主义500年、近代以来中华民族由衰到盛170多年的经验教训基础上，在中国革命、建设和改革的伟大实践中，成功开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，取得了举世瞩目的发展成就。

China is a large country with a 5,000-year-old civilization. Over a long period of history, it ranked among the most advanced countries in the world. In modern times, China was reduced to poverty and weakness, threatened by domestic strife and foreign aggression, and even confronted with complete demise. Through unrelenting struggle, the Chinese dream of prosperity and rejuvenation for their country, and happiness for the people. In 1949, under the CPC’s leadership, they founded the PRC, turning a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society into a completely new one, and achieving national independence and the liberation of the people. China then entered a new epoch of development. Over the past 70 years it has been moving forward against all odds, and exploring its path to development. Based on the 5,000-year-old Chinese culture, the experience and lessons from the birth of socialism, the fall-to-rise turnaround of the Chinese nation in 170 years, and the history of revolution, construction and reform, the Chinese people have opened up the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and achieved remarkable outcomes.

（一）中国发展靠的是自力更生、艰苦奋斗

1. China’s development lies in self-reliance and hard work

新中国成立之初，面对的是一个经历100多年战乱、满目疮痍的烂摊子，国家一穷二白，人民生活极端贫困，工农业基础十分薄弱，国民经济几近崩溃。中国人民求生存、谋发展，难度之大超出想象。70年来，中国人民白手起家、自力更生、艰苦奋斗，干出了一片新天地。

In the early days of the PRC, following a century of war and chaos, the country and the people were in dire poverty, the industrial and agricultural foundations were weak, and the economy was on the verge of collapse. The people faced unimaginable difficulties in seeking survival and development. Over the seven decades that followed, through self-reliance and hard work they rebuilt the country from nothing, and have opened up new horizons.

经济实力显著增强。从1952年至2018年，中国工业增加值从120亿元增加到305160亿元，按不变价格计算增长970倍，年均增长11%；国内生产总值从679亿元增加到90万亿元，按不变价计算增长174倍，年均增长8.1%；人均国内生产总值从119元增加到2018年的64644元，按不变价计算增长70倍。根据世界银行数据，按市场汇率计算，2018年中国经济规模为13.6万亿美元，仅次于美国的20.5万亿美元。目前，中国是世界上唯一拥有联合国产业分类目录中所有工业门类的国家，多项工业品产量居世界第一。科技发展成就显著，“两弹一星”、载人航天、超级杂交水稻、高性能计算机、人工合成牛胰岛素、青蒿素、高速铁路等重大科技成果，为经济社会发展提供了有力支撑。对外贸易持续增加，2009年中国成为全球最大货物出口国、第二大货物进口国，2013年成为全球货物贸易第一大国。改革开放以来，中国引进外资大幅增加，日益成为吸引全球投资热土。中国已经成为世界第二大经济体、制造业第一大国、货物贸易第一大国、商品消费第二大国、外资流入第二大国、外汇储备第一大国（表1）。

China’s economic strength has greatly increased. From 1952 to 2018, China’s industrial added value increased from RMB12 billion to RMB30.5 trillion, up 970 times at constant prices, with an average annual growth rate of 11 percent. GDP increased from RMB67.9 billion to RMB90 trillion, up 174 times at constant prices, with an average annual growth rate of 8.1 percent, and per capita GDP increased from RMB119 to RMB64,644, up 70 times at constant prices. According to World Bank statistics, at market exchange rates China’s economy in 2018 was worth US$13.6 trillion, second only to the US economy which was worth US$20.5 trillion. Currently, China is the only country that possesses all the sections in the United Nations’ International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), with the output of many industrial products ranking first in the world.

China has made remarkable progress in technology. Significant achievements such as nuclear bombs, ballistic missiles, manmade satellites, manned spaceflight, super hybrid rice, supercomputers, synthetic bovine insulin, artemisinin, and high-speed rail, have provided strong support for social and economic development.

China’s foreign trade has been increasing constantly. In 2009, China became the world’s largest exporter of goods and second largest importer of goods; in 2013, China became the world’s largest trader in goods. Since reform and opening up in 1978, foreign investment in China has seen a substantial increase, and China has become very attractive to global investment. China has become the world’s second largest economy, largest manufacturer, largest trader in goods, second largest consumer of commodities, second largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI), and largest holder of foreign exchange reserves (see Table 1).

人民生活极大改善。经过长期努力，中国人民从饥寒交迫、解决温饱到实现总体小康，正在迈向全面小康（表2）。按照现行农村贫困标准计算，中国农村贫困人口从1978年的7.7亿人，下降到2018年的1660万人，农村贫困发生率从97.5%下降到1.7%，下降了95.8个百分点（图1），创造了人类减贫史上的奇迹（专栏1）。中国初步构建起世界上规模最大、覆盖人口最多，包括养老、医疗、低保、住房、教育等民生领域的社会保障体系。2018年末，全国参加城镇职工基本养老保险人数41902万人，参加失业保险人数19643万人，参加工伤保险人数23874万人，基本养老保险覆盖超过9亿人，基本医疗保险覆盖超过13亿人，基本实现全民医保。70年前，中国人均预期寿命35岁，2018年达到77岁，远高于世界平均预期寿命72岁。70年来，中国人民的精神面貌发生深刻变化，中华民族优秀传统文化充分弘扬，当代中国价值观念广泛传播，中国人民的精神生活更加丰富、更加活跃。美国波士顿咨询公司发布的全球民生福祉报告显示，过去10年中，中国排名上升25位，在受调查的152个国家中进步最快。（注1）

The Chinese people’s lives have been greatly improved. A persevering effort has provided the Chinese people with adequate food and clothing, and made it possible for them to live decent lives and move towards a moderately prosperous society in all respects (see Table 2). China’s rural population living under the current poverty line decreased from 770 million in 1978 to 16.6 million in 2018, and China’s rural poverty incidence dropped from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent, down by 95.8 percentage points (see Figure 1). This is an outstanding achievement in the history of poverty reduction (see Box 1).

China has established a preliminary social security system covering elderly care, medical care, minimum subsistence, housing, and education – the largest in scale and covering the largest population in the world. By the end of 2018:

Participants in urban workers’ basic elderly care insurance numbered 419 million;

Participants in unemployment insurance numbered 196 million;

Participants in work injury compensation insurance numbered 239 million;

Basic elderly care insurance covered more than 900 million people;

Basic medical insurance covered more than 1.3 billion people, almost everyone in the country.

Over the past 70 years, China’s life expectancy has increased from 35 in 1949 to 77 in 2018, higher than the world’s average of 72. Over the past 70 years, the Chinese people have witnessed profound changes in their mindset. They have carried forward fine traditional Chinese culture, spread modern Chinese values, and enriched and invigorated their cultural life. According to a global wellbeing report released by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 2018, in the past decade, China’s ranking rose by 25 places, the fastest rate among the 152 countries covered.1

国际地位和国际影响力显著提升。1971年，中国恢复在联合国的合法席位，以更加积极的姿态在国际事务中发挥作用。1980年4月和5月，中国先后恢复了在国际货币基金组织和世界银行的合法席位。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织，更加广泛深入地参与国际经贸交流与合作。中国在国际社会广交朋友，已与179个国家建立外交关系，建立了110对各种形式的伙伴关系。中共十八大以来，中国提出推动构建人类命运共同体、共建“一带一路”的倡议，载入联合国多项决议，得到国际社会广泛认同和积极响应。

China’s international position and influence have greatly improved. In 1971, China recovered its legitimate seat in the United Nations and began to play a more active role in international affairs. In April and May 1980, China recovered its legitimate seats in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. In 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and began to participate more extensively and deeply in international economic and trade exchanges and cooperation. China has been making friends in the international community, having established diplomatic relations with 179 countries, and 110 partnerships of various types. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has proposed a global community of shared future and the Belt and Road Initiative, which have been written into many UN resolutions and have won extensive recognition and a warm response from the international community.

中国的发展成就是辛辛苦苦干出来的。对于中国这样一个有着近14亿人口的大国，好日子等不来、要不来，唯有奋斗，别无他路。中国的发展，靠的是“8亿件衬衫换一架波音”的实干精神，几代人驰而不息、接续奋斗，付出别人难以想象的辛劳和汗水；靠的是“自己的担子自己扛”的担当精神，无论顺境还是逆境，不输出问题，不转嫁矛盾，不通过强买强卖、掠夺别国发展自己；靠的是“摸着石头过河”的探索精神，不走帝国主义、殖民主义老路，不照搬西方国家发展模式，而是结合中国实际、总结经验教训、借鉴人类文明，敢闯敢试，走出一条自己的路。

China’s successes have been achieved through hard work. A large country with a nearly 1.4 billion population, China cannot achieve prosperity by asking for assistance and waiting. The only option is hard work. China relied on the solid and unremitting efforts of generations of Chinese people, which is represented in the typical case of “800 million shirts in exchange for a Boeing airplane”. China relied on fulfilling its own responsibility in good times and in adversity, without exporting or shifting problems elsewhere, and without seeking development by trading under coercion or exploiting other countries. China relied on a pioneering spirit, like crossing the river by feeling for stones, neither retracing the steps of imperialism and colonialism, nor copying the development model of Western countries, but blazing its own path with bold experiments, based on its own conditions, experience and lessons as well as the achievements of other civilizations.

二、中国的发展是世界的机遇

II. China’s Development Is an Opportunity for the World

随着中国综合国力和国际影响力快速提升，国际上有些人担心中国会走“国强必霸”的路子，一些人提出了所谓的“中国威胁论”。这既有认知上的误读，有根深蒂固的偏见，也有力量消长带来的心理失衡，还有出于维护自身既得利益的刻意歪曲。实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福，既是中国人民的梦想，也是各国人民的共同梦想。中国的发展对世界是机遇，不是威胁和挑战。

With the rapid increase of China’s comprehensive national strength and international influence, some people worry that China will fulfill the outdated expectation that a country will invariably seek hegemony when it grows strong, so they have created what they call the “China threat” theory. The causes of this theory include cognitive misunderstanding, deep-rooted prejudice, a psychological imbalance brought about by the prospect of falling power, and deliberate distortions by vested interests. To realize national prosperity, rejuvenation, and people’s happiness is a dream shared by the Chinese with peoples of other countries. Rather than a threat or challenge, China’s development is an opportunity for the world.

（一）中国是世界经济增长的主要稳定器和动力源

1. China is the main stabilizing force and power source of the world economy

1979年至2018年，中国经济以年均9.4%的速度快速发展，成为全球经济增长的重要引擎。2008年，全球遭遇严重金融危机，世界经济受到重创，中国采取一系列有效措施成功应对危机，经济迅速回升向好，并持续保持中高速增长，成为世界经济增长的主要稳定器和动力源。

From 1979 to 2018 China’s economy grew rapidly at an average annual rate of 9.4 percent, and became an important engine of global economic growth. In 2008, the world suffered a serious financial crisis and the world economy was hit hard. Through a series of effective measures to deal with the crisis, China’s economy recovered rapidly and continued to maintain a medium- and high-speed growth. As a result, China became the main stabilizing force and power source of the world economy.

中国是世界经济增长的最大贡献者。中共十八大以来，中国贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，适应、把握、引领经济发展新常态，加强供给侧结构性改革，经济保持持续健康发展，质量和效益不断提升。近三年，中国经济总量连续跨越70万、80万和90万亿元大关，占世界经济的比重接近16%。2013－2018年，中国对世界经济增长的平均贡献率超过28.1%。有关测算结果表明，2013－2016年，如果没有中国因素，世界经济年均增速将放缓0.6个百分点，波动强度将提高5.2%。麦肯锡全球研究院发布报告认为，2000－2017年，世界对中国经济的综合依存度指数从0.4逐步上升至1.2，中国贡献了全球制造业总产出的35%。（注2）

China is the biggest contributor to world economic growth. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has implemented the concepts of innovative, coordinated, green, open and inclusive development. It has adapted to, steered, and led the new normal of economic development, strengthened supply-side structural reform, and maintained a sustainable and healthy economic development with increasing quality and efficiency. In the past three years, China’s economic aggregate has exceeded RMB70, 80, and 90 trillion successively, accounting for nearly 16 percent of the world economy. From 2013 to 2018, China contributed more than 28 percent of world economic growth on average. Estimates show that without China, the average annual growth rate of the world economy from 2013 to 2016 would have slowed by 0.6 percentage point and the intensity of fluctuation would have increased by 5.2 percent. According to a report released by the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the aggregate index of the world’s exposure to China’s economy gradually rose from 0.4 to 1.2 between 2000 and 2017, with China accounting for 35 percent of global manufacturing output.5

中国科技创新为世界经济增长注入新动能。近年来，中国科技领域投入不断增加，重大科技创新成果不断涌现。2018年，中国研发支出占GDP的比重为2.19%。世界知识产权组织等发布的全球创新指数显示，2019年，中国国家创新能力排名升至全球第14位，比2018年前进3名（专栏5），成为唯一进入前20名的中等收入经济体。（注3）在高科技领域，中国正在实现赶超，量子通信、超级计算、航空航天、人工智能、第五代移动通信网络（5G）、移动支付、新能源汽车、高速铁路、金融科技等处于世界领先地位。中国的科技创新成果广泛应用，为其他国家人民生产生活带来更多便利，为世界经济增长注入了新动能。

China’s scientific and technological innovations have injected new momentum into world economic growth. In recent years, investment in the field of science and technology in China has been increasing, and major scientific and technological innovations have emerged. In 2018, China’s R&D spending accounted for 2.19 percent of GDP. According to the Global Innovation Index (GII) released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and other organizations, China continued its rise in 2019, moving from 17th in 2018 to 14th (see Box 5); it is the only middle-income economy in the top 20.6 In the field of high technology, China is catching up and getting ahead. Quantum communications, supercomputing, aerospace, artificial intelligence, fifth-generation mobile network technology (5G), mobile payment, new energy vehicles, high-speed rail, and financial technology are sectors in which China leads the world. China’s innovations in science and technology have been widely applied, bringing more convenience to the work and daily life of people of other countries, and injecting new momentum into world economic growth.

未来中国经济的稳定器和动力源作用更加凸显。当前世界经济增长动力不足，稳健的中国经济对世界越来越重要。中国经济正由高速增长转向高质量发展，新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化加快推进，经济结构深度调整，产业优化持续升级，新经济增长点不断涌现。2018年，中国常住人口城镇化率达到59.6%，未来人口城镇化水平将稳步提高，城镇常住人口继续增加，带来基础设施、地产、新零售、医疗卫生、教育、文化娱乐等多个领域的广泛需求，为经济发展提供重要引擎。新产业新业态快速崛起，2018年，高技术制造业、战略性新兴产业和装备制造业增加值分别比上年增长11.7%、8.9%和8.1%；新能源汽车、智能电视、锂离子电池和集成电路分别增长66.2%、17.7%、12.9%和11.2%；信息服务业同比增速高达30.7%，移动游戏、网络购物、约车平台、旅游平台、大数据云计算等子行业增速达30%－50%，每个子行业都诞生了一批独角兽企业。麦肯锡全球研究院的研究报告认为，到2040年，中国和世界其他经济体彼此融合有望创造22万亿至37万亿美元经济价值，相当于全球经济总量的15%－26%，世界其他经济体和中国加强合作，将会创造出巨大的经济价值。（注4）

In the future, China will become more prominent in its role as a stabilizing force and power source. Currently, the world economy lacks momentum for growth, and the solidity of the Chinese economy is becoming more and more important to the world. China’s economy is changing from high-speed growth to high-quality development, and new industrialization, information technology application, urbanization and agricultural modernization are gathering speed. The economic structure is undergoing a profound adjustment, industrial upgrading is continuing, and new economic growth areas are constantly emerging. The urbanization rate of permanent residents reached 59.6 percent in 2018 and will increase steadily. The number of permanent urban residents will continue to increase. This will bring a wide range of needs in various areas, such as infrastructure, real estate, new retail, medical treatment and public health, education, culture and entertainment, and provide an important engine for economic development. New industries and business forms are emerging. In 2018, the added value of high-tech manufacturing increased by 11.7 percent over the previous year. Corresponding figures for strategic emerging industries and equipment manufacturing were 8.9 percent and 8.1 percent. New energy vehicles, intelligent televisions, lithium-ion batteries and integrated circuits increased by 66.2, 17.7, 12.9 and 11.2 percent, respectively. The growth rate of the information service industry is as high as 30.7 percent, and the growth rate of mobile games, online shopping, ride-sharing platforms, travel platforms, big data cloud computing and other sub-industries is 30 to 50 percent. Each sub-industry has given birth to a number of “unicorn” enterprises. According to an MGI report, by 2040, the integration between China and the rest of the world is expected to drive economic value of US$22 trillion to US$37 trillion, equivalent to 15 to 26 percent of global GDP. Strengthened cooperation between China and other countries will create enormous economic value.9

中国经济与世界经济已经发生结构性变化，深度融合在一起。经济运行更稳定、增长质量更高、增长前景可期的中国，对世界经济发展是长期利好（专栏6）。把中国经济发展看作“威胁”和“挑战”，试图把中国挤出全球产业链、供应链、价值链，使中国与世界经济“脱钩”，既不可行，而且有害。

China’s economy and the world economy have undergone structural changes and are deeply integrated. China, which has a more stable economy, higher quality of growth, and promising growth prospects, contributes to the development of the world economy in the long run (see Box 6). It is both unrealistic and harmful to regard China’s economic development as a “threat” or “challenge” and try to squeeze China out of the global industrial chain, supply chain and value chain so as to “detach” China from the world economy.

（二）全方位对外开放为各国分享“中国红利”创造更多机会

2. All-round opening up creates more opportunities for all countries to share the benefits of China’s development

中国坚定不移奉行互利共赢的开放战略，实现更大力度、更高水平的对外开放。安全稳定的政治环境，数量庞大、需求升级的消费群体，素质全面、吃苦耐劳的劳动者，健全完善、周全周到的基础设施，公平竞争和法治化、国际化、便利化的营商环境，为各国提供更广阔市场、更充足资本、更丰富产品、更多合作契机。中国始终是全球共同开放的重要推动者、各国拓展商机的活力大市场。

China pursues a mutually beneficial strategy of opening up and strives to open up wider. A safe and stable political environment, large consumer groups with escalating needs, hard-working and well-qualified workers, sound and complete infrastructure, and an international and convenient business environment of fair competition under the rule of law, all provide countries with a broader market, more capital, richer products, and more opportunities for cooperation. China has always been an important promoter of global openness and a dynamic market for all countries to expand business opportunities.

中国有世界上最具潜力的消费市场。中国既是“世界工厂”，也是“全球市场”。中国有近14亿人口、4亿中等收入群体，市场规模全球最大。中国经济持续健康发展，带来多个领域的广泛需求，为经济发展提供重要引擎。中国消费空间和潜力巨大，消费升级态势明显，消费增速超过固定资产投资，消费梯度效应凸显，消费对经济贡献越来越大（专栏7）。麦肯锡全球研究院发布报告认为，在汽车、酒类、手机等许多品类中，中国都是全球第一大市场，消费额约占全球消费总额的30%。（注5）庞大的消费需求为世界各国提供了巨大市场。未来15年，中国进口商品和服务将分别超过30万亿美元和10万亿美元。

China has the most promising consumer market in the world. It is not only “the world’s factory”, but also a global market. With a population of nearly 1.4 billion and a middle-income group of 400 million, China has the largest market in the world. The sustained and healthy development of China’s economy has created extensive demand in many fields and provided an important engine for economic development. China has huge space and potential for consumption, which is clearly moving up market and making a growing contribution to the economy. The consumption growth rate has surpassed that of fixed asset investment, and its gradient effect is prominent (see Box 7). According to an MGI report, China is the world’s largest market in many categories, including automobiles, alcohol and mobile phones, accounting for about 30 percent of global consumption.11 Its huge consumer demand provides an enormous market for countries all over the world. In the coming 15 years, China’s imports of goods and services are expected to exceed US$30 trillion and US$10 trillion.

中国是最具吸引力的投资目的地。中国的劳动力资源近9亿人，就业人员7亿多，受过高等教育和职业教育的高素质人才1.7亿，每年大学毕业生有800多万，人才红利巨大。中国不断优化营商环境，给国外生产者、投资者提供更加广阔的空间、更加优质的营商环境（专栏8）。中国实行高水平的贸易和投资自由化便利化政策，制定《外商投资法》，全面实施准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度，持续放宽市场准入，着力打造对外开放新高地。中国加大知识产权保护力度，进一步完善体制机制、法律法规，健全与国际经贸规则接轨的创新保护体系，为广大投资者和权利人提供更加有力有效的保护。联合国贸发会议《2019年世界投资报告》显示，2018年全球外国直接投资延续了下滑趋势，规模较上年下降了13%，但中国实现了逆势增长，继续稳居全球第二大外资流入国地位。（注6）2019年上半年，中国实际使用外资4783.3亿元人民币，同比增长7.2%，特别是高技术制造和高技术服务业投资增幅较大，展现出对外资的强大吸引力。

China is the most attractive investment destination. It has a workforce of almost 900 million, and more than 700 million are employed. It has a talent bank of 170 million people who have received higher education or vocational education, and generates more than 8 million college graduates each year.

China continues to optimize its business environment, giving foreign manufacturers and investors a broader space and a better business environment (see Box 8). China has implemented a wide range of trade and investment liberalization and facilitation policies, formulated the Foreign Investment Law, and implemented the system of pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list across the board. It continues to relax market access, and has made great efforts to establish pilots for opening wider to the world.

China has stepped up the protection of intellectual property rights. It has improved the relevant systems, mechanisms, laws and regulations, and enhanced the innovation protection system in line with international economic and trade rules, so as to provide more powerful and effective protection for the investors and IPR holders.

According to the “World Investment Report 2019” of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), global FDI continued its slide in 2018, down by 13 percent from the previous year, but China achieved counter-trend growth and continued as the world’s second largest recipient of FDI.12 In the first half of 2019, foreign investment in actual use in China was RMB478.33 billion, an increase of 7.2 percent over the same period last year; foreign investment in high-tech manufacturing and services grew especially fast.

更大规模“走出去”惠及更多国家。中国企业积极参与国际竞争与合作，更深更广地开展全球贸易投资活动，为促进东道国经济增长、扩大当地就业作贡献。伦敦大学亚非学院（SOAS）一项关于中国在非投资情况的调查报告表明，在埃塞俄比亚的中国企业建设工地和工厂，当地员工雇佣率在90%以上，中国企业为非洲创造了大量就业机会。（注7）预计未来5年，中国对外货物贸易将达到25万亿美元。随着中国对外开放的大门越开越大，将有越来越多的企业到国外投资，越来越多的中国人赴国外留学、工作、旅游。中国积极推动科学技术创新走向世界，使技术发展和创新不仅造福中国而且惠及世界，让更多人享受科技发展带来的便利和好处（专栏9）。

China’s further “going global” benefits more countries. Chinese enterprises actively participate in international competition and cooperation, carry out deeper and wider global trade and investment activities, and contribute to the economic growth of host countries and the expansion of local employment. A survey of Chinese investment in Africa by the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) of the University of London shows that more than 90 percent of employees at construction sites and factories run by Chinese enterprises in Ethiopia are local residents. Chinese companies have created a large number of jobs in Africa.14 It is estimated that China’s foreign trade in goods will reach US$25 trillion in the next five years. With the country opening ever wider to the world, more and more Chinese enterprises will invest abroad, and more Chinese will study, work and travel abroad. China has actively promoted the “going global” of scientific and technological innovation to the advantage of both China and the rest of the world, and more people can enjoy the convenience and benefits brought about by science and technology (see Box 9).

开放应该是双向的、互利的，而不应是单向的、一方受益的。互利双向才能长远持久。中国承诺持续扩大进口、放宽市场准入、改善营商环境、加强知识产权保护，其他国家也应该扩大开放，采取相应举措，努力改进自己的营商环境。只有各方相向而行，才能营造出开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的发展环境，共同把发展的“蛋糕”越做越大，形成互利共赢的利益共同体。

Opening up should be mutually beneficial rather than a zero-sum game. Only mutual benefit can endure. China is committed to further expanding imports, relaxing market access, improving the business environment, and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights. Other countries should also open wider to the world and take corresponding measures to improve their business environment. Only by moving towards each other can we create a development environment that is open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial to all, make the “cake” of development bigger, and form a mutually beneficial community of shared interests.

（三）中国为国际社会提供更多公共产品

3. China is providing more public goods to the international community

中华民族历来有立己达人、兼济天下的情怀。中国发展得益于国际社会，也始终不忘回馈国际大家庭，为国际社会提供更多更好公共产品。

The Chinese have always believed that “You yourself desire rank and standing; then help others to get rank and standing”. We care for the people of the world and strive for the greater good while pursuing our own development. China has benefited from the international community for its development, and it has never forgotten to provide it with more and better public goods in return.

推动高质量共建“一带一路”。共建“一带一路”倡议以共商共建共享为原则，以和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的丝绸之路精神为指引，以政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通为重点，已经从理念转化为行动，从愿景转化为现实，从倡议转化为全球广受欢迎的公共产品（专栏10）。2016年11月联合国通过决议，欢迎共建“一带一路”等经济合作倡议。2017年3月，联合国安理会决议中呼吁各国推进“一带一路”建设，构建人类命运共同体。“一带一路”倡议源于中国，机会和成果属于世界。据世界银行研究报告，“一带一路”倡议将使相关国家760万人摆脱极端贫困、3200万摆脱中度贫困，将使参与国贸易增长2.8%至9.7%、全球贸易增长1.7%至6.2%、全球收入增加0.7%至2.9%。（注8）“一带一路”倡议是名副其实的资源共享、共同繁荣、共同发展之路。

We will build a high-quality Belt and Road together with our partners. The Belt and Road Initiative is based on the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, and is guided by the Silk Road spirit characterized by peace, cooperation, openness, inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit. With a focus on policy coordination, connectivity of infrastructure, unimpeded trade, financial integration and closer people-to-people ties, it has transformed from ideas into action, from vision into reality, from a conceptual initiative into a globally popular public product (see Box 10). In November 2016, the United Nations adopted a resolution welcoming economic cooperation initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative. In March 2017, the United Nations Security Council called on all countries in its resolution to promote the initiative and the building of a global community of shared future. The Belt and Road Initiative originated in China, but the opportunities and achievements belong to the whole world. According to a World Bank research report, the initiative will help 7.6 million people out of extreme poverty and 32 million out of moderate poverty. It will increase trade in participating countries by 2.8 to 9.7 percent, global trade by 1.7 to 6.2 percent and global income by 0.7 to 2.9 percent.19 The initiative is a veritable road to resource sharing, shared prosperity and common development.

搭建多边对话和合作平台。中国坚定支持多边主义，主张国际上的事由各国商量着办，积极搭建政治、经济、安全、人文等领域多边对话和合作平台。创办“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛、中国国际进口博览会、虹桥国际经济论坛、中非合作论坛、中阿合作论坛、中拉论坛、博鳌亚洲论坛、中国－东盟博览会、中国－阿拉伯国家博览会、中国－非洲经贸博览会、亚洲文明对话大会、世界互联网大会等多个全球和区域性多边平台，推动多边合作日益深入。主办亚信上海峰会、亚太经合组织领导人北京非正式会议、二十国集团领导人杭州峰会、金砖国家领导人厦门会晤、上海合作组织青岛峰会等，取得一系列开创性、引领性、机制性成果。发起成立亚洲基础设施投资银行、新开发银行等国际金融合作机构，为全球包容性发展贡献越来越大的力量。发起成立上海合作组织，为维护地区和世界和平稳定发挥了重要作用。

China is building platforms for multilateral dialogue and cooperation. We firmly support multilateralism and advocate that international affairs should be discussed and handled by all countries. China has set up platforms for multilateral dialogue and cooperation in political, economic, security, cultural and other fields. To promote multilateral cooperation, we have established a number of global and regional multilateral platforms including:

Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation,

China International Import Expo,

Hongqiao International Economic Forum,

Forum on China-Africa Cooperation,

China-Arab States Cooperation Forum,

China-CELAC Forum,

Boao Forum for Asia,

China-ASEAN Expo,

China-Arab States Expo,

China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo,

Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations, and

World Internet Conference.

China has hosted the CICA Summit in Shanghai, APEC Leaders’ Informal Meeting in Beijing, G20 Hangzhou Summit, BRICS Summit in Xiamen, and SCO Qingdao Summit, marking a series of pioneering, leading and institutional achievements. We have initiated the establishment of international financial cooperation institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the New Development Bank, making a growing contribution to the inclusive development of the world. The China-initiated SCO has played an important role in safeguarding regional and world peace and stability.

积极参与国际和地区事务。中国作为联合国安理会常任理事国，努力为解决国际和地区热点问题贡献智慧和力量。积极推动朝鲜半岛、伊朗核、叙利亚、阿富汗等地区热点问题政治解决，致力于推动对话协商，寻求各方都能接受的解决方案。积极参与联合国及其他多边平台气候治理进程，坚定支持并推动《巴黎气候变化协定》落实。积极推动落实联合国《全球反恐战略》及安理会反恐决议，积极参与国际反恐合作。不断加强能源安全、粮食安全、网络安全、极地、外空、海洋等领域国际交流与合作。

China actively participates in international and regional affairs. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China strives to contribute wisdom and strength to the settlement of major international and regional flashpoints. China has worked to promote the political settlement of the Korean Peninsula, Iran nuclear, Syria, and Afghanistan issues, and is committed to promoting dialogue and consultation and seeking solutions acceptable to all parties concerned. We have actively participated in the climate governance process of the United Nations and other multilateral platforms, and firmly supported and promoted the implementation of the Paris Agreement. We have promoted and implemented the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Security Council counter-terrorism resolutions, and actively participated in international counter-terrorism actions. We have strengthened international exchanges and cooperation in energy, food and network security, and in the polar regions, outer space and the oceans.

积极开展对外援助。中国自身是发展中国家，对其他发展中国家正在经受的贫困与苦难感同身受，力所能及地为他们提供援助。中国坚持正确义利观，秉持相互尊重、平等相待，重信守诺、互利共赢，量力而行、尽力而为的原则，不附加任何政治条件地为广大发展中国家提供资金、技术、人员、智力等方面援助，帮助受援国增强自主发展能力，为促进当地经济社会发展、改善民众生活、实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程作出更大贡献。

China has actively provided aid to countries in need. As a developing country itself, China identifies with other developing countries in terms of the poverty and suffering they are experiencing and provides them with assistance within its capacity. China upholds the greater good and pursues shared interests, adheres to the principles of mutual respect, equality, keeping promises, mutual benefit, and offering the utmost assistance within its capacity. It provides financial, technical, personnel and intellectual assistance to developing countries without any political strings attached, so as to help recipient countries strengthen their capacity for independent development, and to make a greater contribution to promoting their economic and social development and people’s wellbeing and achieving the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

（四）中国发展为其他发展中国家提供经验和借鉴

4. China’s development provides experience and reference for other developing countries

一个国家找到适合本国国情的发展道路并不容易。近代以来，许多发展中国家艰辛探索，希望实现国富民强，但真正找到适合自身的道路、实现良好发展的并不多。一些国家盲目照搬或被迫引入西方模式，不仅没有实现经济发展、政治稳定，反而陷入社会动乱、经济危机、治理瘫痪，甚至发生无休止的内战。

It is not easy for a country to find a development path suited to its own national conditions. In the recent past, many developing countries have worked hard in the hope of making themselves prosperous and strong, but few have really found the right path and achieved good development. Some countries blindly copied or were forced to adopt the Western model, but they did not achieve economic development or political stability. Instead they fell into social unrest, economic crisis, governance paralysis, and even endless civil war.

在几十年艰辛探索中，中国始终坚定不移走自己的路，在不断探索中形成了自己的发展道路。中国发展的成功，提振了发展中国家实现国富民强的信心，拓展了发展中国家走向现代化的途径，为世界上那些既希望加快发展又希望保持自身独立的国家和民族，走符合本国国情的道路提供了经验和借鉴。

Over decades of arduous exploration, China has always taken its own road and formed its own development path. China’s success has boosted the confidence of other developing countries in their ability to achieve prosperity, expanded their routes towards modernization, and provided experience and reference to countries that want to speed up their development and maintain their independence, enabling them to choose a path in line with their own national conditions.

照搬没有出路，模仿容易迷失。中国发展的最大启示，就是一个国家走什么样的发展道路，既要借鉴别国经验，更要立足本国实际，依据自己的历史传承、文化传统、经济社会发展水平，由这个国家的人民来决定。世界上没有放之四海而皆准的发展道路和发展模式，也没有一成不变的发展道路和发展模式。各国可以相互学习借鉴发展经验，但现代化不等于西方化，不能生搬硬套，更不能一家说了算。发展道路合不合适，关键要看这条道路能不能解决本国面临的历史性课题和现实性问题，能不能改善民生、增进福祉，能不能得到人民的赞成和拥护。

Copying or imitating other countries offers no way forward. The greatest inspiration from China’s development is: What kind of path a country takes should be based on the experience of other countries, but more importantly on its own reality, and should be decided by its own people in accordance with its own history, cultural traditions, and level of economic and social development. There is no such thing as one single path or model that is universally applicable. Countries can learn from each other. But modernization is not equal to Westernization, and cannot be mechanically carried out or achieved through the same model. Whether the path of a country is the right one depends on whether this path can solve the historic and practical problems facing the country, whether it can improve people’s wellbeing, and whether it can win the recognition and support of the people.

选择什么样的发展道路，是每个主权国家的权利。任何国家都不能将自己的模式强加于人，更无权强行颠覆他国政权和政治制度。中国尊重其他国家选择的不同发展道路，中国不“输入”外国模式，也不“输出”中国模式，不会要求别国“复制”中国的做法。中国将通过深化自身实践，不断探索现代化建设规律、国家治理规律、人类社会发展规律，与各国加强治国理政交流，共享发展经验，共同实现良政善治。

It is the right of every sovereign state to choose its own development path. No country can impose its own model on others, let alone forcibly subvert the governments and political systems of other countries. China respects the different paths chosen by other countries. It does not “import” foreign models, nor “export” the Chinese model, and will never require other countries to replicate its practices. By furthering its own experience, China will continue to explore the laws of modernization, governance and human society, strengthen exchanges with other countries in state governance, and share experience to jointly realize good governance.

（五）中国绝不走“国强必霸”的路子

5. China will never seek hegemony

历史上确有国家因强成霸，但国强必霸不是历史定律。用西方一些国家的发展经验评判中国，把西方一些国家的发展逻辑套用于中国，得出的结论必然荒谬失真。中国走和平发展道路，不是外交辞令，不是权宜之计，不是战略模糊，而是思想自信和实践自觉的有机统一，是坚定不移的战略选择和郑重承诺。无论国际形势如何变化，无论自身如何发展，中国永不称霸、永不扩张、永不谋求势力范围。

It is true that in the past, countries that grew strong have sought hegemony, but this is not a historical law. The conclusion is bound to be absurd and distorted if one judges China against the experience of some Western powers and applies their logic to China. China’s pursuit of peaceful development is not diplomatic rhetoric, or an act of expediency, or a strategic ambiguity. Rather, it showcases China’s confidence in thought and readiness for practice, and represents China’s unswerving strategic choice and solemn commitment. China will never pursue hegemony or expansion, nor will it seek to create spheres of influence, no matter how international situation changes, how China develops itself.

中国走和平发展道路，来源于中华文明的深厚底蕴。中华文明起源于内陆和农耕，是内敛、防御的文明。5000多年的中华文化，蕴含着天人合一的宇宙观、协和万邦的国际观、和而不同的社会观、人心和善的道德观。中国自古倡导“强不执弱，富不侮贫”“己所不欲，勿施于人”，深知“国虽大，好战必亡”。中华民族的血液里没有侵略他人、称霸世界的基因。近代以来，中国饱受列强欺凌，对战争和动荡带来的苦难刻骨铭心，绝不会将曾经遭受的苦难强加给其他民族。

China takes the road of peaceful development, which comes from the profound heritage of Chinese civilization. Chinese civilization originated from inland and farming; it is a moderate and defensive civilization. With a history dating back more than 5,000 years, Chinese culture contains the cosmological view of the unity of man and nature, the international view of harmony between all countries, the social view of harmony in diversity, and the moral view of kindness and benevolence. Since ancient times, China has advocated that “the strong should not oppress the weak, and the rich should not abuse the poor”, and “do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you”, knowing that “a warlike state, however big it may be, will eventually perish”. The Chinese nation does not have the gene to invade others and dominate the world. From the mid-19th century, China was abused by the Western powers and left with indelible memories of the suffering brought about by war and instability. It will never impose the suffering it has endured on other nations.

中国走和平发展道路，来源于对实现中国发展目标条件的认知。发展是中国的第一要务。70年来，中国的发展得益于和平稳定的外部环境，中国进一步发展同样需要和平稳定的外部环境。中国实现更好发展，关键还是集中精力办好自己的事情，以发展促和平、以和平促发展。对外搞扩张、搞霸权，不符合中国利益，违背人民意愿。积极争取和平的国际环境发展自己，又以自身的发展更好地维护世界和平、促进共同发展，始终是中国坚定不移的国家意志。

China’s peaceful development comes from its understanding of the conditions for achieving development goals. Development is China’s top priority. Over the past 70 years, China has benefited from a peaceful and stable external environment, and in the future, it also needs such an external environment. The key to China’s success lies in concentrating on running its own affairs well and realizing the mutual promotion of peace and development. Expansion and hegemony go against China’s interests and the will of the people. It has always been China’s unswerving national will to strive for a peaceful international environment favorable to its own development, and to better safeguard world peace and promote common development through its own.

中国走和平发展道路，来源于对世界发展大势的深刻把握。当今世界，各国越来越成为“你中有我，我中有你”的利益共同体、命运共同体，和平、发展、合作、共赢是时代潮流。任何一个国家，无论大小强弱，只有在平等、互利、共赢基础上参与国际合作，才能实现持续发展；反之，追逐霸权，穷兵黩武，只会消耗国力、走向衰亡。人类历史上由于强国争霸导致战乱频仍、生灵涂炭、人类文明遭受挫折甚至倒退，教训惨痛而深刻。要和平不要战争，要发展不要贫穷，要稳定不要混乱，是各国人民朴素而真实的共同愿望。中国走和平发展道路，符合历史潮流，顺应世界大势。

China’s peaceful development comes from a profound understanding of the general trend of world development. Today, countries are becoming a close-knit community of shared interests and future, and peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit are the trends of the times. Any country, big or small, strong or weak, can achieve sustainable development only if it participates in international cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. In contrast, pursuing hegemony and militarism will only consume national strength and lead to decline. In human history, the struggle for hegemony of the major powers has resulted in frequent wars, loss of life, setbacks for humanity, and even the retrogression of human civilization. The lessons have been painful and profound. Peace, development and stability, rather than war, poverty and chaos, are the true aspirations of the people of all countries. China’s path of peaceful development is in line with the trend of history and the general trend of the world.

中国有发展的权利，中国人民有追求美好生活的权利。作为历史上曾经遭受欺凌、蒙受屈辱的大国，中国发展的目的是赢得尊严和安全，让历经苦难的人民过上好日子。在追求这个目标的过程中，中国自然而然地发展了、强大了，但不是想要威胁谁、挑战谁、取代谁，更不是要在世界上称王称霸。中国的未来掌握在自己手中，中国的命运由中国人民说了算。没有任何人能够剥夺中国人民追求美好生活的权利，也没有任何人能够阻挡中国向前发展的步伐。

China has the right to development, and its people have the right to pursue a better life. As a country that suffered abuse and humiliation in the past, China aims to win dignity, security and a better life for its people through its own development. China naturally develops and becomes stronger, but does not want to threaten, challenge or replace any other country in the process, nor will it seek hegemony. China’s future is in its own hands. It is the Chinese people who decide their own destiny. No one can deprive the Chinese people of their right to pursue a better life. No one can stop China from moving forward.

中国坚定不移走和平发展道路，也希望世界各国共同走和平发展道路。只有各国都走和平发展道路，各国才能共同发展，国与国才能和平相处。中国决不会以牺牲别人利益为代价发展自己，也决不放弃自己的正当权益。任何国家不要指望中国会拿自己的核心利益做交易，任何人不要指望中国会吞下损害国家主权、安全、发展利益的苦果。

China is firmly committed to peaceful development and hopes that all countries in the world will do likewise. Only when countries take peaceful development paths can we develop and live peacefully together. China will never develop itself at the expense of others, nor will it give up its legitimate rights and interests. No foreign country should expect China to trade its core interests or to accept anything that is damaging to China’s own sovereignty, security and development interests.

三、建设繁荣美好世界是各国人民的共同梦想

III. A Prosperous and Beautiful World Is the Common Aspiration of All Peoples

当今世界，和平与发展仍然是时代主题，但面临许多新问题新挑战，特别是单边主义、保护主义、霸权主义、强权政治成为影响世界和平稳定的突出因素。建设持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界，让人民过上安宁富足的生活，是各国人民孜孜以求的共同梦想。

Peace and development remain the underlying themes of our times. However, the world is facing many new problems and challenges. Unilateralism, protectionism, hegemonism, and power politics are some of the major factors affecting world peace and stability. It is a common aspiration of the peoples of all countries to build an open, inclusive, clean, and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security, and common prosperity, and where everyone lives in peace and plenty.

（一）当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局

1. The world is undergoing the greatest changes in a century

最近100多年来，人类经历了血腥的热战、冰冷的冷战，也取得了惊人的发展、巨大的进步。21世纪以来，随着经济全球化深入发展，国际政治经济格局加速演变，全球发展深层次矛盾日益突出，国际力量对比日趋均衡，国际秩序和全球治理体系变革更加深入，世界进入大发展大变革大调整的新时期，处于百年未有之大变局。

Humanity has made remarkable progress over the past century despite many bloody wars and the Cold War. The 21st century has witnessed growing economic globalization and a rapidly changing international political and economic landscape. Deep-seated problems in global development have become increasingly prominent. The international structures of power have been moving towards balance. The international order and global governance system have experienced further changes. All this shows that the world is in an era of major development, transformation and adjustment, and is undergoing the greatest changes in a century.

大变局催生新的机遇。百年未有之大变局的最大变化，就是以中国为代表的新兴市场国家和发展中国家群体性崛起，从根本上改变了国际力量对比。工业革命以来，西方世界在国际政治经济格局中长期占据主导地位。近几十年来，新兴市场国家和发展中国家紧紧抓住经济全球化历史机遇，实现了快速发展。国际货币基金组织最新数据显示，按购买力平价计算，新兴市场国家和发展中国家经济总量2008年已经超过发达国家，到2018年占世界经济比重达到59%（图2）。当今世界，多极化加速发展，现代化发展模式更趋多元，国际治理体系向协同共治转变，任何国家或者国家集团都再也无法单独主宰世界事务，求稳定、盼和平、谋发展成为国际社会普遍诉求。科学技术是引领大变局的革命性力量。现在，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，新一代信息技术广泛应用，大量催生新技术新产业新业态新模式，人类社会处于生产力大发展大跃升的前夜。

Change brings opportunities. One of the most notable changes is that the rise of China and other emerging market and developing countries is fundamentally altering the international structures of power. International politics and the economic system have been dominated by Western powers since the First Industrial Revolution. In more recent decades, emerging market and developing countries have realized rapid growth by seizing the historic opportunities presented by economic globalization. According to the latest data released by the IMF, the share of emerging market and developing economies in global output, measured by purchasing power parity, first surpassed that of advanced economies in 2008, and rose to 59% in 2018 (see Figure 2).

The world is moving rapidly towards multipolarity, diverse modern development models, and collaboration in global governance. It is now impossible for one single country or bloc of countries to exercise dominance in world affairs. Stability, peace and development have become the common aspirations of the international community. Science and technology is a leading force driving major changes. Advances in the new technological revolution and industrial transformation, and the widespread use of new-generation information technology, have generated new tools, industries, and forms of business, moving our productivity to a higher level.

大变局充满风险和挑战。大变局深刻复杂、变乱交织，各种新旧因素、力量、矛盾相互叠加碰撞，大国关系、国际秩序、地区安全、社会思潮、全球治理深刻重塑，国际局势不稳定性不确定性日益突出，治理赤字、信任赤字、和平赤字、发展赤字越来越大，世界面临重新陷入分裂甚至对抗的风险。全球经济增长动能不足、增速放缓，资本过度逐利导致贫富分化持续加大，贸易保护主义愈演愈烈，全球公共和私人债务高企，部分新兴经济体出现较大金融动荡，全球经济下行压力增大（专栏11）。国际安全形势严峻复杂，国际战略竞争日趋激烈，地区安全局势持续紧张，大规模杀伤性武器扩散、恐怖主义、网络攻击、气候变化、生物安全、有组织犯罪、重大传染性疾病等传统和非传统安全问题相互联动，严重威胁全球和地区安全。围堵遏制、对抗威胁的冷战思维沉渣泛起，霸权主义、强权政治甚嚣尘上，丛林法则、零和博弈找到新的土壤，严重侵蚀动摇战后国际秩序基础。一些西方国家治理陷入困境，民粹主义泛滥，逆全球化加剧。国际军控和裁军遭遇挫折，军备竞赛趋势显现，战略平衡与稳定受到破坏，一些地区热点问题矛盾持续激化、对抗不断升级，战争幽灵若隐若现。信息化智能化迅猛发展，对人类生命的存在形式、活动方式、伦理道德等提出了不可忽视的挑战。

Change brings risks and challenges. The profoundly evolving international landscape involves complex and intertwined changes, and the interaction of old and new factors, forces, and problems. It also means greatly reshaping the relations between major countries, the international order, regional security, the trends of thought, and the global governance system. Factors of instability and uncertainty are increasing. Deficits in governance, trust, peace and development are growing. The world is facing the danger of a relapse into fragmentation and even confrontation.

The world economy is slowing down for lack of impetus, and the gap between the rich and poor is widening as a consequence of capital’s excessive pursuit of profit. Trade protectionism is on the rise. Global public and private debt is rising steeply. Some emerging economies have encountered major financial turbulence. The world economy is facing mounting downward pressure (see Box 11).

The world is facing grave and complex security challenges. As strategic competition becomes more acute, the regional security situation remains tense. Global and regional security faces the combined effect of traditional and nontraditional threats, such as the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, cyberattacks, climate change, biohazards, organized crime, and major communicable diseases. The Cold War mentality of encirclement, constraint, confrontation and threat is resurfacing. Hegemonism and power politics are surging. The law of the jungle and zero-sum games have found new soil in which to breed. These challenges are grievously undermining the post-World War II international order. Some Western countries are facing serious difficulties in governance, populism is widespread, and attacks on globalization are intensifying. With a looming arms race, international arms control and disarmament have suffered setbacks. Damage to global strategic balance and stability and the escalation of some regional issues and conflicts have increased the chances of war. The breathtaking development of information technology and artificial intelligence creates ethical problems and poses visible threats to human lifestyles and even existence.

面对百年未有之大变局，人类又一次站在了何去何从的十字路口。面对困难和挑战，希望和信心尤为重要。世界不确定性不稳定性日益增多，但求和平、谋发展的时代潮流不会改变；国际格局深刻演变，但世界多极化的趋势不会改变；自由贸易和多边主义遭遇逆流，但经济全球化大势不会改变；国际秩序之争激烈复杂，但国际体系变革的方向不会改变。紧紧抓住并用好大变局带来的历史机遇，团结起来应对好各种危机和挑战，人类社会就能实现新的发展和跃升，以崭新姿态进入下一个百年。

These profound changes have brought humanity to a crossroads. Hope and confidence are key to resolving difficulties and challenges. The global trend towards peace and development will remain unchanged despite growing uncertainties and instabilities. The global trend towards multipolarity will remain unchanged despite tremendous changes in the international landscape. The trend towards economic globalization will remain unchanged despite setbacks to free trade and multilateralism. Reform of the international system will not change its course despite the increasing intensity and complexity of the contest over the international order. Through making the best use of the historic opportunities presented by the transformation and working together to cope with crises and challenges, humanity can achieve further progress in the century to come.

（二）构建人类命运共同体

2. Building a global community of shared future

世界怎么了？人类怎么办？面对百年未有之大变局，面对当前治理难题和发展困境，人类社会迫切需要建立新的发展观，构建更加公正合理的国际体系和国际秩序，开辟人类社会更加美好的发展前景。中国提出构建人类命运共同体，着眼解决当今世界面临的现实问题、实现人类社会和平永续发展，以天下大同为目标，秉持合作共赢理念，摒弃丛林法则，不搞强权独霸，超越零和博弈，开辟出合作共赢、共建共享的发展新道路，为人类发展提供了新的选择。

What is happening to the world? What should humanity do? Confronted with unprecedented global change and governance and development challenges, humanity urgently needs to establish new approaches to development, build a fairer and more equitable international system and order, and open up brighter prospects for the future. China’s proposal to build a global community of shared future aims to solve the practical issues facing the world today and realize the peaceful and sustainable development of humanity. The proposal pursues the goal of universal harmony and the principles of cooperation and mutual benefit, while opposing the law of the jungle, power politics and hegemonism. It looks beyond zero-sum games to the idea of blazing a new path of development based on win-win cooperation, joint contribution and shared benefits, offering a new option to the international community.

构建人类命运共同体思想，内涵丰富，体系完整。政治上，倡导相互尊重、平等协商，坚决摒弃冷战思维和强权政治，走对话而不对抗、结伴而不结盟的国与国交往新路；安全上，倡导坚持以对话解决争端、以协商化解分歧，统筹应对传统和非传统安全威胁，反对一切形式的恐怖主义；经济上，倡导同舟共济，促进贸易和投资自由化便利化，推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展；文化上，倡导尊重世界文明多样性，以文明交流超越文明隔阂、文明互鉴超越文明冲突、文明共存超越文明优越；生态上，倡导坚持环境友好，合作应对气候变化，保护好人类赖以生存的地球家园。

Building a global community of shared future is a well-rounded, systematic proposal. Politically, it advocates mutual respect and consultation on an equal footing, opposes the Cold War mentality and power politics, and embraces a new approach to state-to-state relations, one that features dialogue rather than confrontation and seeks partnerships rather than alliances.

In terms of security, the proposal calls for settling disputes through dialogue and resolving differences through consultation, coordinating responses to traditional and nontraditional threats, and opposing terrorism in all its forms. In the economic sphere, the proposal calls for a spirit of partnership in liberalizing and facilitating trade and investment, and making economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial to all.

The proposal respects cultural diversity and approaches cross-cultural communication by replacing estrangement with exchange, clashes with mutual learning, and a sense of superiority with coexistence. The proposal emphasizes eco-friendliness, cooperation in tackling climate change, and the protection of our planet, the home for all humanity.

构建人类命运共同体思想，汲取中华优秀传统文化精髓，继承人类社会发展优秀成果，揭示了世界各国相互依存和人类命运紧密相联的客观规律，反映了中外优秀文化和全人类共同价值追求，找到了人类共建美好世界的最大公约数。推动构建人类命运共同体，不是倡导每个国家必须遵循统一的价值标准，不是推进一种或少数文明的单方主张，也不是谋求在全球范围内建设统一的行为体，更不是一种制度替代另一种制度、一种文明替代另一种文明，而是主张不同社会制度、不同意识形态、不同历史文明、不同发展水平的国家，在国际活动中目标一致、利益共生、权利共享、责任共担，从而促进人类社会整体发展。

The idea of building a global community of shared future draws from the essence of traditional Chinese culture and the achievements of human society, and reflects the interdependence among all countries and the close interconnection of all humanity. The idea demonstrates the values shared by Chinese and other cultures and by all humanity, and the greatest common ground for building a better world. Building a community of shared future does not mean conformity to the same values by all countries or the implementation of unilateral proposals pushed by one country or a small minority of countries, nor does it mean the establishment of a single unitary actor around the globe, or the replacement of one system or culture by another. Rather, it calls for countries with different social systems, ideologies, histories, cultures, and levels of development to align their goals and interests, enjoy equal rights, and share all responsibilities in international activities for the progress of humanity as a whole.

构建人类命运共同体，是一项充满艰辛和曲折的事业，但是，用进步代替落后、用福祉消除灾祸、用文明化解野蛮是历史大趋势，是人类文明进步的道义所在。世界各国应团结起来，凝聚起不同民族、不同信仰、不同文化、不同地域人民的共识，共同推动构建人类命运共同体，把世界各国人民对美好生活的向往变成现实。

The path to a global community of shared future is arduous and tortuous. However, it is the trend of history and the goal of human civilization to replace backwardness with progress, misfortune with happiness, and barbarity with civility. All countries should reach consensus that transcends ethnicity, beliefs, culture, and location, and work together to build a community of shared future and actualize the aspiration of all peoples for a better life.

（三）构建新型国际关系

3. Building a new model of international relations

冲突对抗没有赢家，和平合作没有输家。国家和，则世界安；国家斗，则世界乱。历史上追逐霸权、结盟对抗、以大欺小的国际关系，为世界带来混乱甚至战争。当今世界不仅面临发展困境，还面临深刻的规则危机、信任危机、秩序危机。一些在长期国际实践中形成且被各国普遍认同和遵守的规则规范和道德观念被抛弃和践踏，一些事关战略稳定和全球福祉的国际条约和协定得不到履行甚至被撕毁和破坏。个别国家漠视国际公理，公然侵犯他国主权、干涉他国内政，动辄以大欺小、恃强凌弱。面对国际局势的动荡不安，各国应遵守规则、增进信任、维护秩序，构建新型国际关系，走对话不对抗、结伴不结盟的国与国交往新路，使地球村成为共谋发展的大舞台，而不是相互角力的竞技场。

Peace and cooperation benefit all while conflict and confrontation benefit none. Harmony among all countries brings universal peace while confrontation causes chaos. History shows that the pursuit of hegemony, alliance and confrontation and the abuse of power in international relations will induce chaos or even war.

In addition to development issues, the world is beset by serious crises of trust and threats to the international rules and order. Some long-standing international norms and ethics that have been widely recognized and observed are now abandoned and betrayed. Some international treaties and agreements with a bearing on global stability and wellbeing are ignored, torn up or damaged. In defiance of international truth certain countries overtly infringe the sovereignty and interfere in the domestic affairs of other countries, and abuse the small and weak.

Amid international volatility, all countries should observe the rules, enhance trust, and maintain order while building a new model of international relations. We should embrace a new approach to state-to-state relations, one that features dialogue rather than confrontation and seeks partnerships rather than alliances. Our global village should become a stage for common development rather than an arena for fights.

构建新型国际关系，应秉持相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢原则。相互尊重，就是坚持国家不分大小、强弱、贫富一律平等，各国应尊重彼此的政治制度，尊重彼此自主选择发展道路的权利，尊重彼此利益关切，反对干涉别国内政，反对强权政治和霸凌主义。公平正义，就是各国应摒弃单纯的物质主义取向和竞争至上法则，确保资源禀赋和发展水平不同的国家能够获得平等的发展权利和机会，缩小彼此发展差距；国家间交往应遵循义利相兼、以义为先的义利观，实现自身获益与国际贡献的有机统一。合作共赢，就是各国应摒弃一味谋求自身更大相对利益的理念，纠正“赢者通吃”的过时做法，坚持以双赢、多赢、共赢为目标，在追求本国利益时兼顾各国合理关切，在谋求本国发展时促进各国共同发展，在维护本国安全时尊重各国安全，变压力为动力、化危机为机遇、化冲突为合作。

A new model of international relations should be built on the principles of mutual respect, equity and justice, and mutually beneficial cooperation. Mutual respect is based on equality among all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor. Each country should respect other countries’ political systems, their right to choose their own development paths, and their interests and concerns. All should oppose power politics, hegemony, and interference in other countries’ domestic affairs.

In upholding equity and justice, we need to discard extreme materialism and excessive competition, and ensure that countries with different reserves of resources and levels of development have equal right and equal access to opportunities so as to narrow the gap in development. State-to-state relations should uphold the greater good and pursue shared interests, with priority given to the former, properly balancing their national interests and their contribution to the international community.

Mutually beneficial cooperation pursues win-win results rather than the maximization of self-interest, and discards the outdated practice of “winner takes all”. Countries should address the legitimate concerns of other countries while pursuing their own interests, promote common development with their own development, and respect the security of other countries while safeguarding their own security. We should turn pressure into impetus, crises into opportunities, and conflict into cooperation.

大国是维护世界和平稳定的重要力量，是构建新型国际关系的关键因素。大国要有大国的样子，大国要有大国的担当。大国之大，不在于体量大、块头大、拳头大，而在于胸襟大、格局大、担当大。大国要以人类前途命运为要，对世界和平与发展担负更大责任，而不是依仗实力对地区和国际事务谋求垄断。在人类社会发展进程中，成功的大国战略必然是顺应时代潮流和世界发展大势，能够为其他国家和人民所认同。大国之间相互尊重、合作共赢，才能推动人类社会不断进步。大国要加强协调和合作，构建总体稳定、均衡发展的大国关系框架，当好世界和平与稳定的压舱石。大国之间要尊重彼此核心利益和重大关切，坚持换位思考和相互理解，通过沟通和协商以建设性方式处理矛盾和分歧。大国对小国要平等相待，不搞唯我独尊、强买强卖的霸道。任何国家都不能随意发动战争，不能破坏国际法治，不能打开潘多拉盒子，出现矛盾和问题，要通过平等协商处理，以最大诚意和耐心，坚持对话解决。

Major countries are an important force for safeguarding world peace and stability, and key actors in building a new model of international relations. Major countries should fulfill their responsibilities commensurate with their status. The international status of a country is measured by its openness of mind, breadth of vision, and sense of responsibility rather than its size, strength or power. Major countries should direct their primary efforts to the future of humanity and assume greater responsibilities for world peace and development, rather than wielding their power to seek hegemony in international and regional affairs. The course of human history shows that for the strategies of major countries to be successful they must follow the trends of the times and win wide recognition from other countries and peoples.

Only through cooperation based on mutual respect and mutual benefit can major countries sustain human progress. Coordination and cooperation should be strengthened to build a stable and balanced framework of relations among major countries, which underpins world peace and stability. Major countries should respect each other’s core interests and major concerns, build deeper mutual understanding, and settle differences and disputes through constructive communication and consultation.

Big countries should treat small ones as equals rather than acting as hegemons imposing their will on others. No country should create havoc by launching ill-considered and arbitrary wars or undermining the international rule of law. Disputes and problems should be settled through dialogue and consultation on an equal footing and with the maximum sincerity and patience.

（四）推动新型经济全球化

4. Promoting a new model of economic globalization

经济全球化是世界经济发展的必然趋势，契合各国人民要发展、要合作的时代潮流。历史上的经济全球化，促成了贸易大繁荣、投资大便利、人员大流动、技术大发展，各国人民从中受益，为世界经济发展作出了重要贡献，同时也积存了不少问题和弊端，经济全球化出现“回头浪”。目前经济全球化模式，难以反映广大发展中国家呼声、体现广大发展中国家利益；“弱肉强食”的丛林法则和“你输我赢”“赢者通吃”的零和博弈，造成富者愈富、贫者愈贫，发达国家与发展中国家以及发达国家内部的贫富差距越拉越大（专栏12）；个别国家把内部治理问题归咎于经济全球化，归咎于其他国家，动辄采取单边主义、保护主义、霸凌主义，破坏全球价值链、供应链、消费链，导致现有国际贸易秩序紊乱甚至冲突，使全球经济落入“衰退陷阱”。

Economic globalization is an irreversible consequence of global economic development. It conforms to the trend of the times towards development and cooperation. Economic globalization has greatly facilitated trade, investment, flows of people, and technological advances, and benefitted the peoples of all countries, making an important contribution to world economic development. However, it has also caused a number of problems and encountered some setbacks. The current model of economic globalization cannot reflect the voices or represent the interests of developing countries. The law of the jungle and zero-sum games featuring the practice of “winner-takes-all” have exacerbated the divide between the rich and poor, as evidenced by the widening gap between developed and developing countries, and the gap between the rich and poor within developed countries (see Box 12).

经济全球化出现一些问题并不可怕，不能因噎废食，动辄“退群”“脱钩”“筑墙”，改革完善才有出路，必须在前进中解决问题。各国应携起手来，总结历史经验与教训，加强协调、完善治理，推动开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的新型经济全球化。新型经济全球化，应由世界上各个国家共同参与、共同主导；应继续坚持和维护已经被实践充分证明是正确有效的贸易自由化、多边贸易体制等规则体制，并不断创新、完善和发展；应消除霸权主义与强权政治、丛林法则与零和博弈，秉持共商共建共享理念，真正实现民主、平等、公正、合理；应有利于建设开放型世界经济，有利于促进世界和平稳定，实现共同发展、共同繁荣、共同富裕。

Some countries have ascribed domestic governance problems to economic globalization or other countries, and resorted to unilateral, protectionist, and hegemonic actions. This approach has damaged the global value, supply and consumption chains, and caused turbulence and conflict in the current international trade order, driving the world economy towards the “recession trap”.

We should not be intimidated by the problems encountered by economic globalization. Withdrawing from international organizations and treaties, decoupling foreign trade relations, and building border walls lead us nowhere. Our problems can only be solved through a process of reform and self-improvement. All countries should join forces to draw lessons from history, strengthen coordination, enhance governance, and make economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial to all.

A new model of economic globalization should be developed and shaped by all countries. It should make innovations and improvements based on those rules and institutions that have proven effective in practice, such as trade liberalization and multilateral trade. It should eliminate hegemonism, power politics, the law of the jungle, and zero-sum games, uphold the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, and realize democracy, equality, fairness and equity. It should help to build an open world economy, promote world peace and stability, and bring common development and prosperity.

当前正在发生的第四次科技革命，将对新一轮经济全球化和人类社会发展产生难以估量的深刻影响，既带来前所未有的发展机遇，也带来新的严峻挑战。各国应立即行动起来，以全人类命运与共的视野和远见，共同构建新的全球治理架构。要探索建立相关规则和标准，既有利于科学技术的创新发展，又坚守人类安全底线。要平衡照顾各国特别是发展中国家利益，不能仅以发达国家、个别国家的安全、标准要求全世界。要尊重各国主权，不搞技术霸权、不干涉他国内政，不从事、不纵容、不保护危害他国安全的技术活动。要坚持多边主义，在相互尊重、相互信任的基础上，广泛开展对话合作，构建和平安全、民主透明、包容普惠的技术规则体系和国际合作新框架。要维护社会公平正义，确保技术创新在法治轨道和公认的国际准则基础上运行，由人类主导、为人类服务、符合人类价值观。

The ongoing fourth technological revolution will have immeasurable impact on a new wave of economic globalization and on the development of human society, bringing unprecedented opportunities for development as well as serious challenges. All countries should join together and take prompt action in building a new framework for global governance with the vision of a global community of shared future. We need to establish relevant rules and standards that facilitate technological innovation and development while ensuring the bottom line of human security. We should accommodate the interests of all countries and in particular those of the developing countries. It is unfair to apply the standards and security rules of developed countries or individual countries to all the other countries. It is essential to respect the sovereignty of every country. No country should seek technological hegemony, interfere in the domestic affairs of other countries, or engage in, connive in, or shield technological activities that undermine other countries’ security. Based on multilateralism, mutual respect and mutual trust, all countries should conduct extensive dialogue and cooperation, and build a system of technological rules and a framework for international cooperation that ensure peace, security, democracy, transparency, inclusiveness and benefits for all. It is necessary for all countries to uphold social equity and justice, place technological innovation under the rule of law and internationally recognized norms, and ensure that innovation is by the people, for the people, and consistent with human values.

（五）维护以联合国为核心的国际体系

5. Upholding the international system with the UN at its core

以《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则为核心的国际秩序，符合绝大多数国家利益，促进了世界和平与发展。为谋求一己之私，粗暴践踏国际法和国际关系基本准则，将会把世界推入混乱无序甚至对抗冲突的危险境地。权力如果横行霸道，正义就会消磨殆尽。国际社会应坚定地团结起来，坚决推进国际关系民主化，坚决维护人类赖以生存和发展的道德和法治规范，坚决维护国际公平和正义。

The international order underpinned by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter has accommodated the interests of the majority of countries and promoted world peace and development. Blatant violations of international law and the basic norms of international relations in pursuit of self-interest will plunge the world into a precarious situation characterized by chaos, confrontation and conflict. Hegemony will put justice in peril. The international community should work resolutely together to develop democratic international relations, safeguard the ethical and legal norms that are vital to human survival and development, and uphold international equity and justice.

联合国在当代全球治理体系中处于核心地位。《联合国宪章》是维护国际体系稳定、规范国家间行为的重要基石。当今世界发生的各种对抗和不公，不是因为《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则过时了，恰恰是由于这些宗旨和原则未能得到有效履行。维护联合国的权威与作用，就是维护国际社会共同利益和各国合法利益，就是维护全人类的美好未来。各国要坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系，坚定维护以《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则为基石的国际法和国际关系基本准则，坚定维护联合国在国际事务中的核心作用。

The UN is at the core of the global governance system. The UN Charter is the fundamental cornerstone for maintaining stability of the international system and regulating relations among countries. The world is experiencing confrontation and injustice in many different forms, not because the purposes and principles of the UN Charter are outdated, but because they have not been effectively fulfilled. Upholding the authority and role of the UN is key to protecting the common interests of the international community and the legitimate interests of individual countries, and to shaping a bright future for humanity. Therefore, all countries should uphold the international system centered on the UN, international law and the basic norms of international relations underpinned by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and the central role of the UN in international affairs.

以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体制是国际贸易的基石，为推动全球贸易发展、建设开放型世界经济、增进各国人民福祉发挥了中流砥柱作用。采取单边主义、保护主义的贸易政策，不符合市场规律，不符合国际规则，与世界贸易组织基本原则背道而驰，导致国际贸易萎缩，甚至可能引发全球性经济危机。各国应携起手来，坚定支持多边主义，旗帜鲜明地反对单边主义、保护主义，捍卫世界贸易组织核心地位和基本原则，维护自由、开放、非歧视的多边贸易体制，维护发展中成员合法权益和发展空间，建设开放型世界经济。

The multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core is the cornerstone of international trade. It has played a crucial role in promoting global trade, building an open world economy, and improving the wellbeing of the peoples of all countries. Unilateral and protectionist trade policies, which run counter to the laws of the market, international rules, and the basic principles of the WTO, will lead to shrinking global trade and may even trigger global economic crises. All countries should join together in support of multilateralism while firmly opposing unilateralism and protectionism. In building an open world economy, we should safeguard the WTO’s core role and basic principles and the multilateral trading system characterized by free trade, openness and non-discrimination, and protect the legitimate rights and development space of developing member states.

《巴黎气候变化协定》《核安全公约》《不扩散核武器条约》等国际公约，基于各方共识形成，符合世界各国利益，各缔约方都应严格履行，不能合则用、不合则弃。随意“退群”“退约”，既违反契约精神，也违背国际道义。遵守规则必须是公平的、双向的，不能采取“实用主义”“双重标准”，只要求别人，不要求自己。

The Paris Agreement on climate change, the Convention on Nuclear Safety, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and other international treaties and agreements are based on the consensus of all parties and in accord with the interests of all countries. All signatories have the obligation to fulfill their commitments fully rather than selectively. Willful withdrawal from international organizations and treaties goes against the spirit of contract and international ethics. The rules should be observed in fairness and be mutually binding, and must not be compromised by “pragmatism” and double standards.

（六）推动文明交流互鉴

6. Promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations

文明是人类社会的基本标志，多样性是人类文明的基本特征，交流互鉴是人类文明发展的基本要求。几千年的人类社会发展史，就是人类文明发展史、交流史。世界是在人类各种文明的交流交融中走到今天的。人类社会越发展，越要加强文明交流互鉴，增进相互了解，促进民心相通。应对日益突出的全球性挑战，迈向人类更加美好的未来，既需要经济科技力量，也需要文化文明力量。

Civilization is an essential attribute of human society. Diversity is a primary characteristic of human civilization. Exchanges and mutual learning have been a basic driving force for progress in civilizations throughout the history of humanity for thousands of years. The world has become what it is today through communication and fusion among different civilizations. Further human development entails stronger exchanges and mutual learning among cultures and deeper mutual understanding among the peoples of different countries and closer people-to-people ties. Cultural progress is just as important as economic and technological development in addressing the increasingly pressing challenges we face and in moving humanity towards a better future.

秉持平等、多样、包容、开放的文明观。文明是多彩的，一个国家和民族的文明是一个国家和民族的集体记忆，不论是中华文明，还是世界上存在的其他文明，都是人类文明创造的成果。文明是平等的，世界上不存在十全十美的文明，也不存在一无是处的文明，文明没有高低优劣之分。文明是包容的，人类创造的文明都是劳动和智慧的结晶，一切文明成果都值得尊重，一切文明成果都要珍惜。认为自己的人种和文明高人一等，执意改造甚至取代其他文明，人为地制造文明冲突，在认识上是愚蠢的，在做法上是灾难性的，只能加剧文明间的隔阂，使世界陷入分裂与对抗。

Human civilization should be open and inclusive, and based on equality and diversity. Civilization thrives in diversity. Every civilization represents the collective memory of a nation or a people. All civilizations in the world, including the Chinese civilization, are the fruit of human development. All civilizations are equal. No civilization is perfect on the planet. Nor is it devoid of merit. No single civilization can be judged superior to another. Human civilization is inclusive. As the fruit of human labor and wisdom, every culture deserves respect and is worth cherishing. Attempts to judge the superiority of one race or civilization to another, to transform or replace other civilizations, and to sow discord between civilizations, are absurd and disastrous. These attempts will only increase misunderstanding between civilizations and push the world towards fragmentation and confrontation.

加强不同文明之间的交流互鉴。各国应相互尊重、平等相待，摒弃傲慢与偏见，加深对自身文明和其他文明差异性的认知，推动不同文明交流对话、和谐共生；应各美其美、美人之美、美美与共，既让本国文明生机盎然，也为他国文明发展创造条件，让世界文明百花园群芳竞艳；应开放包容、互学互鉴，努力打破文化交往的壁垒，积极汲取其他文明的养分，相互借鉴，取长补短，共同进步；应与时俱进、创新发展，不断吸纳时代精华，用创新为文明发展提供不竭动力。

Exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations should be strengthened. All countries should treat each other with respect and as equals. While discarding arrogance and prejudice, every country should enhance its awareness of the differences between its own civilization and other civilizations, increase dialogue between different cultures, and strive for harmonious coexistence. Every country should value its own civilization, appreciate that of others, and facilitate their development, and this will contribute to the flourishing of all civilizations. All civilizations should be open and inclusive, and promote common development by drawing from each other’s strengths through exchanges and mutual learning. All civilizations should progress with the times and sustain their development through innovation.

四、切实保障人民各项权利

IV. Effectively Ensuring That People Enjoy Their Rights

新中国成立70年来，人民的经济、政治、社会、文化、环境权利保障水平不断提升，各项人权实现全面发展。

Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has continued to improve its protection of the people’s economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental rights, and ensured the development of human rights in all respects.

尊重和保障人身权利和人格尊严。人身权利和人格尊严是人权保障的基本内容。70年来，中国始终注重人身权利和人格权利的保障。宪法确认了公民人格权。中共十九大再次强调保护人民人身权、财产权、人格权，彰显了保护人格尊严、促进人的全面发展的人文关怀。民法对人格权作了专门规定。大力推进户籍制度改革，放宽户口迁徙政策限制，促进有能力在城镇稳定就业的常住人口有序实现市民化。严格依法保障住宅不受侵犯、通信自由和信息安全。

Personal rights and dignity are well respected and protected. Personal rights and dignity are the basic components of human rights, so China has consistently attached great importance to protecting such rights over the past 70 years. The Constitution of the PRC states that the personal dignity of citizens of the PRC is inviolable. The 19th CPC National Congress again emphasized the protection of personal rights, property rights and right to dignity, demonstrating the humane view of protecting people’s personal dignity and promoting the well-rounded development of the individual person. The Civil Law in particular elaborates the right to dignity. China is now accelerating the reform of the household registration system. It has relaxed restrictions on the change of domicile, enabling eligible permanent residents with stable employment in urban areas to localize their residency. Inviolability of residence, freedom of correspondence and security of information are fully protected by law.

充分保障劳动者各项权利。新中国成立前，城镇劳动力多数处于失业状态。1949年末，全国城乡就业人员18082万人，其中城镇就业人员仅有1533万人，城镇失业率高达23.6%。70年来，就业状况不断改善。1978年末，就业人员达到40152万人。改革开放以来，随着经济发展和就业优先政策的实施，就业总量大幅增加。特别是中共十八大以来，连续6年实现城镇新增就业1300万人以上。2018年，全国就业人数增加到77586万人。城镇登记失业率长期处于4.1%以内的较低水平。劳动者工资支付保障、同工同酬、休息休假、职业安全卫生、女性劳动者特别保护、依法参加和组织工会、参与企事业单位民主管理等各项权利得到依法保障。各地普遍建立最低工资标准调整机制和评估机制，保障了劳动者及其赡养人口的基本生活。目前，劳动者每年共享有115日的休息日和节假日，以及5日至15日的带薪年休假，还按规定享受产假、婚丧假、探亲假等假期。全国已建立基层工会组织数由1952年的20.7万个增加到2018年的273.1万个，工会会员由1952年的1002.3万人增加到2018年的2.95亿人。

China fully safeguards workers’ rights. Before the founding of the PRC, a large part of the urban workforce was unemployed. At the end of 1949 there were 180.82 million people across the country in employment, of whom only 15.33 million worked in urban areas. The urban unemployment rate was 23.6 percent. The employment situation has steadily improved over the past 70 years. By the end of 1978, the year when the policy of reform and opening up was adopted, the employed population had reached 401.52 million. After that, thanks to rapid economic growth and a policy that prioritizes employment, China’s employed population expanded rapidly. During the six years from the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 to 2018, over 13 million new jobs were created each year, and the total employed population in 2018 reached 775.86 million. The registered unemployment rate remained at a low level below 4.1 percent for a long period of time.

The guarantee for remuneration for labor, right to equal pay for equal work, right to rest and leisure, right to occupational safety and health, right to join in and organize a labor union, and right to participate in the democratic management of businesses and public institutions are protected by law, as is women workers’ right to special protection. Universal mechanisms to adjust and assess the minimum wage have been established across the country, so as to ensure the basic living conditions of workers and their dependents. At present, each worker is entitled to 115 rest days and public holidays, and 5 to 15 days of paid holidays each year, as well as maternity leave, wedding leave, funeral leave and family reunion leave in line with the regulations. The number of primary-level labor unions rose from 207,000 in 1952 to 2.73 million in 2018 and their members grew from 10 million to 295 million during the same period.

建立起世界上覆盖人口最多的社会保障制度。新中国成立之初，社会保障尚属空白。20世纪50年代至70年代，开始由国家和单位对城镇职工提供劳保等福利，并由集体对农民实行一定保障。改革开放以来，逐步建立了覆盖城乡的社会保障体系，形成了世界上规模最大的社会保障安全网，社会保障水平不断提高。截至2019年3月，全国参加基本养老保险人数达94118万人，参加工伤保险人数达23894万人，参加失业保险人数达19697万人，参加生育保险人数超过2亿人，包括职工基本医疗保险、城乡居民基本医疗保险在内的基本医疗保险覆盖超过13亿人，基本实现全民医保。自2005年起，连续15年大幅提高企业退休人员基本养老金水平。城乡居民基本医保人均财政补助标准由2012年的240元提高到2019年的520元。自2016年起，探索建立长期护理保险制度。社会保障领域公共服务能力不断提高，2016年启动跨省异地就医直接结算，越来越多群众享受到直接结算便利。截至2019年3月，社会保障卡持卡人数约12.5亿人，覆盖全国89.6%人口。

China has established a social security system that covers the largest population in the world. There was no social security system in China when the PRC was founded. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, the state and employers began providing labor protection and other forms of welfare, and rural collectives provided peasants with a certain level of social security. After launching reform and opening up China gradually set up the world’s largest social security system covering people of both rural and urban areas. It has continued to make improvements. By March 2019, basic endowment insurance covered 941 million people, work-related injury insurance 239 million, unemployment insurance 197 million, and birth insurance more than 200 million. The basic medical insurance system, including basic medical insurance for workers and for rural and non-working urban residents, now covers more than 1.3 billion people – almost China’s entire population. China has substantially raised the amount of the basic pension of enterprise retirees every year since 2005. Per capita government subsidies for basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents rose from RMB240 in 2012 to RMB520 in 2019. China pioneered a long-term nursing insurance system in 2016. China is improving its capacity to offer social security services. In 2016, it launched a real-time settlement of medical expenses for medical treatment incurred outside the provincial-level administrative area where the patient’s medical insurance is registered, and this benefited a growing number of people. By March 2019, there were about 1.25 billion social security card holders, covering 89.6 percent of China’s population.

教育普及水平大幅提高。新中国成立之初，教育水平低，人口文化素质差，小学净入学率和初中毛入学率仅分别为20%和3%，高校在校生仅有11.7万人，全国80%的人口是文盲。新中国高度重视发展教育事业，到1978年，学龄儿童入学率达到95.5%；1982年，粗文盲率降至22.8%。改革开放以来，中国大力实施教育优先发展战略，加快推进教育现代化，切实保障公民平等接受教育的权利。2018年，学前三年毛入园率达81.7%，普惠性幼儿园在园幼儿覆盖率达73.1%；小学学龄儿童净入学率达99.95%，初中阶段毛入学率达100.9%，九年义务教育巩固率达94.2%。高中阶段教育基本普及，2018年全国高中阶段在校生3934.7万人。高等教育即将跨入普及化发展阶段，2018年全国普通本专科招生791万人，高等教育在学总规模达3833万人，毛入学率达48.1%。建成现代职业教育和继续教育体系，2018年全国共有1.16万所职业学校，中、高职招生达925.9万人，在校生达2689万人。

Universal education expands remarkably. In the early days of the PRC, China’s education system was poor and the general level of education was low. The net primary education enrolment rate was 20 percent and the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was only 3 percent. There were only 117,000 college students and 80 percent of the population was illiterate. The new Chinese government paid close attention to the development of education. The enrolment rate of school-age children reached 95.5 percent in 1978, and the overall rate of illiteracy had dropped to 22.8 percent by 1982. Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has invested an enormous effort in implementing the education-first strategy, to modernize education and guarantee equal access to education for all. In 2018, the gross three-year preschool education enrolment rate reached 81.7 percent, and the children enrolled in government-funded and privately-run non-profit kindergartens accounted for 73.1 percent of all kindergarteners. The net primary education enrolment rate was 99.95 percent, the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was 100.9 percent, and the completion rate of the free nine-year compulsory education was 94.2 percent. Availability of senior secondary education in China is now basically universal. In 2018, senior high schools had a total of 39.35 million students on campus. Higher education is becoming universal. In 2018, with 7.91 million newly enrolled students, there were a total of 38.33 million students studying in colleges and universities, representing a gross college enrolment rate of 48.1 percent. A modern vocational education and continuing education system has been established. In 2018, there were 11,600 vocational schools across China, with a total of 26.89 million students, including 9.26 million newly enrolled.

公共文化服务更好惠及人民。新中国成立之初，文化事业极其落后，公共文化服务设施极其短缺，1949年全国只有55个公共图书馆、896个文化馆、21个博物馆。经过70年的持续努力，社会主义文化事业全面繁荣，覆盖城乡的公共文化体系逐步建立，公共文化设施逐步实现免费开放，文化产业快速发展。截至2018年，全国共有公共图书馆3176个，比1949年增长56.7倍；文化馆（群众艺术馆）3328个、乡镇（街道）文化站41193个、村（社区）综合性文化服务中心340560个，每万人拥有公共图书馆面积和群众文化设施面积分别为114.4平方米和306.9平方米；博物馆总数达5354家，约每26万人拥有1座博物馆，其中4743家博物馆免费开放。2018年，全国广播、电视节目综合人口覆盖率分别达98.94%、99.25%；全年出版各类图书95亿册（张），比1950年增长34倍。公共数字文化服务能力大幅提升，截至2018年，公共图书馆电子图书达8.08亿册，计算机22.35万台，其中供读者使用的电子阅览终端达14.63万台；公共数字文化工程累计建设公共数字文化资源总量约1200TB。加强科普工作，提升公民科学文化素质。

Public cultural services benefit more people. When the PRC was founded in 1949, provision of public cultural services was quite backward, with few public cultural facilities across the whole country – only 55 public libraries, 896 cultural centers, and 21 museums. Thanks to a constant effort over the past 70 years, socialist cultural undertakings in China are flourishing in every respect. A public cultural service system is in place, an increasing number of public cultural facilities are open to the public for free, and the cultural industry is developing rapidly.

In 2018, China had the following facilities and infrastructure:

3,176 public libraries (57.7 times of that in 1949)

3,328 cultural centers (art centers)

41,193 township (sub-district) cultural stations

340,560 community (village) centers

11.4 sq m of public library space per 1,000 people

30.7 sq m of public cultural facilities per 1,000 people

5,354 museums (4,743 open to the public for free) – one museum per 260,000 head of population

98.94 percent of the total population was covered by the broadcasting network

99.25 percent had access to television

9.5 billion copies of books were published (35 times of that in 1950).

It also had a significant capability to provide digital cultural services through public libraries, including 808 million e-books, 223,500 computers (including 146,300 e-reading terminals), and 1,200 terabytes of public digital cultural resources created through public digital cultural service projects. Work to popularize science has been further intensified to improve the public’s understanding and appreciation of science and culture.

人民获得了真正的民主权利。中国宪法明确规定，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民当家作主，是社会主义民主政治的本质和核心。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。坚持选举实行普遍、平等、直接选举和间接选举相结合以及差额选举的原则，凡年满18周岁的中国公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，除依法被剥夺政治权利的人外，都有选举权和被选举权。根据国情和实际不断完善选举制度，逐步实现城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表，并保证各地区、各民族、各方面都有适当数量的代表。在2016年开始的全国县乡两级人民代表大会换届选举中，登记选民10亿多人，直接选举产生近250万名县乡两级人民代表大会代表。城乡基层民主有序发展，以城乡村（居）民自治为核心，民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督为主要内容的基层群众自治制度基本建立并不断完善。

Chinese people enjoy real democracy. The Constitution clearly provides that all power in the PRC belongs to the people. The essence and the core principle of the socialist democratic political system is that the people are the masters of the country. The NPC and local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The principles of universality, equality, direct election, indirect election, and competitive election are applied. All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law. In line with the national conditions and reality, China has improved the election system to gradually ensure that both rural and urban areas have the same proportion of deputies from the represented population in elections of people’s congress deputies, and that all regions, ethnic groups, and sectors of society have a certain proportion of deputies. In the elections of deputies to the people’s congresses at county and township levels beginning in 2016, more than 1 billion constituents cast votes for nearly 2.5 million deputies.

Orderly development is seen in community-level democracy. A community-level self-governance system, featuring self-governance by urban and rural residents, and democratic election, consultation, decision-making, management, and supervision, is now in place and continues to improve.

切实保障人民知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权。70年来，中国建立健全常态化的法律草案公开征求意见工作机制，不断完善政务公开制度体系，拓宽公众参与立法和重大行政决策的渠道。截至2018年，国家立法机关共有172件法律草案向社会公开征求意见，收到1.5亿多人次提出的510多万条意见。健全依法决策机制，把公众参与、专家论证、风险评估、合法性审查、集体讨论决定确定为重大行政决策法定程序，提高决策科学化、民主化、法治化水平。推动协商民主广泛多层制度化发展，不断规范协商内容、协商程序，拓展协商民主形式，增加协商密度，提高协商成效，以事关经济社会发展全局和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题为内容，开展广泛协商。截至2019年3月，全国政协共收到141807件提案，立案130299件，编刊及转送社情民意信息12096件，大多数提案的建议得到采纳和落实。建立健全信访制度，国家信访信息系统联通了全国各级信访机构、9万多个职能部门和乡镇（街道）、41个中央和国家机关部委，建立人民建议征集制度。畅通民意表达渠道，创新群众监督方式，建立便捷高效的网络表达平台，公民在网络上积极建言献策，表达诉求，有序参与社会管理。坚持和发展“小事不出村，大事不出镇，矛盾不上交”的枫桥经验，不断深化人民调解、行政调解、行业性专业性调解、司法调解衔接联动，完善矛盾纠纷多元化解机制，让群众及时、就地解决问题。全国人大常委会开展执法检查，人民政协积极探索和完善民主监督机制，就决策执行中的问题提出批评和建议。

China protects people’s rights to know, to participate, to express, and to supervise. A mechanism through which public opinion is consulted in drafting laws has been set up and improved. Transparency of administrative work of the government is enhanced, and the channels for public participation in legislation and major administrative decision-making are constantly broadening. By 2018, the state legislatures had solicited public opinion on 172 draft laws, receiving 5.1 million comments from 150 million people.

A mechanism in which decisions are made in accordance with the law has been improved. This takes public participation, expert discussion, risk assessment, review of legality, and group discussion as legal procedures in major administrative decision-making, so as to make decision-making more reasonable, democratic and law-based. Democratic consultation is applied extensively as a mechanism at multiple levels. The content and procedure of consultation are regulated, and the forms, frequency, and effect of consultation are extending and increasing. Extensive consultation is conducted on matters concerning overall economic and social development and related to the vital interests of the people. By March 2019, the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) had received 141,807 proposals and 130,299 of them were placed on file, published and transmitted 12,096 samples of public opinion, and adopted and carried out most of the proposals.

A public complaints reporting system has been established and improved. The national public complaints information system links public complaints and proposals administrative organs at all levels with more than 90,000 functional departments, town and township governments and sub-district offices, and 41 departments of the CPC and ministries of the central government. A people’s proposal soliciting system has been set up. China provides smooth channels through which people express their opinion, offers innovative ways of public supervision, and puts in place convenient and effective online platforms for citizens to offer their views and advice, express their demands, and participate in social management in an orderly manner.

The Experience of Fengqiao, a town in Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, is a good example of successful dispute resolution, by which “trivial matters are solved in the villages, major problems are settled in the town, and no conflict are passed on to the higher authorities.” This model is being rolled out. People’s mediation is closely linked to and synergizes with administrative, industry- and profession-based, and judicial mediation, and a diverse conflict and dispute solving mechanism is being improved, so that people can solve their problems quickly and on the site. The NPC Standing Committee carries out examinations of law enforcement. The CPPCC actively explores and improves the democratic supervision system and offers criticism and suggestions regarding problems arising in implementation of the decisions made by the Party or government.

依法保障宗教信仰自由。中国实行宗教信仰自由政策，坚持从本国国情和宗教实际出发，保障公民宗教信仰自由权利，构建积极健康的宗教关系，维护宗教和睦与社会和谐。中国政府依照宪法和法律，支持各宗教坚持独立自主自办原则，各宗教团体、宗教教职人员和信教公民自主办理宗教事业；对涉及国家利益和社会公共利益的宗教事务进行管理，但不干涉宗教内部事务。国家对待各宗教一律平等，一视同仁，不以行政力量发展或禁止某个宗教，任何宗教都不能超越其他宗教在法律上享有特殊地位。中国有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教等宗教信教公民近2亿人，宗教教职人员38万余人，依法登记的宗教活动场所14.4万处，宗教院校92所。

China protects freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law. China follows policies on freedom of religious belief. Based on the conditions of the country and reality of its religions, China protects citizens’ freedom of religious belief, builds active and healthy religious relations, and maintains religious and social harmony. In accordance with the Constitution and the law, the Chinese government supports all religions in upholding the principle of independence and self-management. It also supports religious groups, clerical personnel, and believers in managing their own religious affairs. The government manages religious affairs involving national and public interests but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. The state treats all religions fairly and equally, and does not exercise administrative power to encourage or ban any religion. No religion is given preferential treatment over other religions or enjoys special legal privileges. The major religions practiced in China are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestant Christianity, with nearly 200 million believers and more than 380,000 clerical personnel. At present, there are about 144,000 places of worship registered for religious activities and 92 religious schools in China.

环境权利保障日益加强。70年来，随着经济发展和工业化加速推进，中国将环境保护工作纳入各级政府的职能范围，及时确立了保护环境的基本国策，建立并不断完善生态环境保护体制机制和法律法规政策制度体系，提出走可持续发展道路，大力发展循环经济，不断加快清洁低碳化进程。特别是中共十八大以来，中国将生态文明建设纳入“五位一体”总体布局，坚持人与自然和谐共生，大力倡导绿色发展，加强生态环境治理，全面打响大气、水、土壤污染防治攻坚战，实施环保督察，“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念深入人心，生态环境质量持续改善。2018年，天然气、水电、核电、风电、太阳能发电等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量的比重为22.1%，比1978年提高15.5个百分点；全国338个地级及以上城市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）平均浓度比2013年下降26.8%，首批实施《环境空气质量标准》的74个城市细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度比2013年下降42%，二氧化硫平均浓度比2013年下降68%；全国地表水优良水质断面比例增至71%，劣Ⅴ类比例降至6.7%。全国生态保护红线初步划定，保护了约95%珍稀濒危物种及其栖息地，以及约45%全国植被固碳量。

Environmental rights are better protected. Over the past 70 years, with rapid economic growth and industrialization, China has determined environmental protection as a national policy and included it in the functions and work of government. It has set up and continued to improve the mechanisms, policies, and legal system required for environmental protection. It advocates sustainable development, promotes a circular economy, and accelerates the process of clean and low-carbon transformation. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has determined environmental progress as a point of the Five-point Strategy. China advocates green development and harmony between human and nature. It is intensifying environmental governance, addressing the thorniest problems in the fight against air, water and soil contamination, and carrying out strict supervision over environmental protection work. The idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets has ingrained into people’s minds. Through such efforts, China is rapidly improving the quality of its environment.

In 2018, clean energy resources, including natural gas, water, nuclear, wind and solar energy, made up 22.1 percent of China’s total energy consumption, an increase of 15.5 percentage points over 1978. Between 2013 and 2018, the average PM10 intensity in 338 cities at and above the prefecture level fell by 26.8 percent, and the average PM2.5 and SO2 intensity in the 74 cities that took the lead in implementing the Ambient Air Quality Standards fell by 42 percent and 68 percent respectively. The proportion of excellent and good quality surface water increased to 71 percent while that of inferior Class V surface water dropped to 6.7 percent. An environmental protection zoning map has been drawn up that covers 95 percent of China’s rare and endangered species and their habitats and about 45 percent of carbon sequestration by vegetation.

五、重视保障特定群体权利

V. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

新中国成立70年来，中国结合国情采取有针对性的措施，切实保障少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人和残疾人的合法权益，使他们能以平等的地位和均等的机会充分参与社会生活，共享物质文明和精神文明成果。

Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has, based on its conditions, adopted targeted measures to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minority groups, women, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities, ensuring their equal status and giving them the equal opportunity to participate in social life and enjoy the fruits of the country’s material and cultural progress.

有效保障少数民族参与国家事务管理的权利。55个少数民族均有本民族的全国人大代表和全国政协委员，十三届全国人大代表中，少数民族代表438名，占14.7%。近年来全国公务员考试录用少数民族考生的比例保持在13%以上，高于少数民族人口占全国人口8.49%的比例。各民族自治地方依法享有广泛的自治权，包括政治、经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生等各项事业的自主管理权。民族自治地方的人民代表大会除享有地方国家权力机关的权力外，还有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化特点，制定自治条例和单行条例。155个民族自治地方的人民代表大会常务委员会中，均有实行区域自治民族的公民担任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州长、县长或旗长，均由实行区域自治民族的公民担任。

China effectively guarantees ethnic minority rights in administering state affairs. All 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies at the NPC and members in the CPPCC National Committee. The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. In recent years, among the candidates passing the national civil service admission examination, ethnic minority candidates made up more than 13 percent, higher than the ethnic minority population ratio in the country (8.49 percent). The ethnic autonomous areas enjoy the right of autonomy in a wide range of fields as prescribed by law: politics, economy, education, science and technology, culture and health. In addition to the powers assigned to local authorities, the people’s congresses of ethnic autonomous areas also have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic group or ethnic groups in the areas concerned.

The standing committees of all the people’s congresses in the 155 ethnic autonomous areas have members of ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy acting as director or deputy director. The chairpersons of autonomous regions, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas.

少数民族和民族地区经济社会实现跨越式发展。70年来，国家把支持少数民族和民族地区加快经济社会发展作为国家发展建设的重要内容，通过实施西部大开发、兴边富民行动、扶持人口较少民族、少数民族特色村镇保护与发展、对口支援以及制定少数民族事业专项规划等战略举措，加大投入力度，坚决打赢民族地区脱贫攻坚战，有力地促进了少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展。2018年，内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和云南、贵州、青海3个省的地区生产总值达90576亿元，同比增长7.2%，高于全国0.6个百分点；贫困人口减少到603万，贫困发生率下降到4.0%。民族地区基础设施、公共服务和百姓生活日新月异。

The ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas have leapfrogged in social and economic development. Over the last 70 years, the state has treated the social and economic development of ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas as an important element of national development. Through a series of strategic measures such as large-scale development of western China, actions to enrich border areas and their residents, efforts to develop smaller ethnic groups, efforts to preserve and promote ethnic minority style villages and towns, paired-up assistance, and special planning for ethnic minority undertakings, the Chinese government has increased its investment in the fight against poverty in ethnic minority areas, which has given a significant boost to local social and economic development. The total GDP of the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Qinghai where there are a large number of ethnic minorities reached RMB9.06 trillion in 2018, an increase of 7.2 percent over 2017, which was 0.6 percentage point higher than the national average. The impoverished population in these regions dropped to 6.03 million, with the incidence of poverty reduced to 4 percent. Infrastructure, public services, and living conditions in ethnic minority areas are seeing rapid progress.

少数民族和民族地区教育事业快速发展。中国通过发展各级各类民族学校，举办内地预科班、民族班，对少数民族考生升学予以照顾，在广大农牧区推行寄宿制教育，着力办好民族地区高等教育等举措，促进教育公平，保障少数民族受教育权利。目前，民族地区已全面普及从小学到初中9年义务教育，西藏自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区的南疆地区等实现了从学前到高中阶段15年免费教育。2018年，新疆维吾尔自治区学前三年毛入园率已达到96.86%，小学净入学率达到99.94%。

Education for ethnic minorities and in ethnic minority areas has developed rapidly. China has adopted a series of measures to improve educational equality and ensure ethnic minorities’ right to education. These measures include: opening schools for students from ethnic minority groups, opening preparatory courses and special classes for ethnic minorities at colleges and schools in other provinces and municipalities, giving preferential treatment to students from ethnic minority groups when they take exams to enter higher levels of education, running residential schools in farming and pastoral areas, and prioritizing ethnic minority areas in higher education development. Nine-year compulsory education (elementary and junior high schools) is universal in ethnic minority areas. In Tibet Autonomous Region and south Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, students are exempt from charges for education for a total of 15 years from preschool to senior high school. In Xinjiang in 2018, the gross preschool education enrolment rate reached 96.86 percent and the net primary education enrolment rate was 99.94 percent.

少数民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的自由得到保障。在中国，除回族和满族通用汉语文外，其他53个少数民族都有本民族语言，有22个少数民族共使用28种文字。国家依法保障少数民族语言文字在行政司法、新闻出版、广播影视、文化教育等各领域的合法使用。建设中国少数民族濒危语言数据库，设立并实施“中国语言资源保护工程”。截至2019年3月，民族自治地方共设置广播电台、电视台、广播电视台等播出机构714个。全国各级播出机构共开办民族语电视频道46套，民族语广播56套。新疆维吾尔自治区使用汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯6种语言文字出版报纸、图书、音像制品和电子出版物，使用多语言、多文种播送电视和广播节目等。国家在民族地区实施双语教育，基本建立起从学前到高中阶段的双语教育体系。截至2018年，少数民族双语教育的中小学共6521所，接受双语教育的在校生309.3万人，双语教育的专任教师20.6万人。

The freedom of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own spoken and written languages is fully protected. In China, with the exception of the Hui and Manchu peoples who generally use Han Chinese, the other 53 ethnic minorities have their own spoken languages, and 22 groups use a total of 28 written scripts. The state protects by law the legitimate use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in the areas of administration and judicature, press and publishing, radio, film and television, and culture and education. It has established a database for the endangered languages of ethnic minority groups, and initiated the Program for Protecting China’s Language Resources. As of March 2019, there were 714 radio and television stations in ethnic autonomous areas. The broadcasting stations across the country run 46 television channels and 56 radio programs in ethnic minority languages. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region publishes newspapers, books, audios, videos, and electronic publications in Han Chinese, Uygur, Kazakh, Kyrghyz, Mongolian and Xibo languages, and uses various spoken and written languages in radio and television programs. The state provides bilingual education in ethnic minority areas, forming a basic bilingual education system that extends from preschool to senior high school. In 2018, there were 6,521 primary and middle schools catering to ethnic minority students in China, giving courses in both Han Chinese and ethnic minority languages, with 206,000 full-time teachers teaching such courses to 3.09 million students.

少数民族文化遗产、文物古迹得到有效保护。少数民族传统文化是中华文化的重要组成部分，是中国各族人民的共同精神财富。中国政府制定相关法律，设立专门机构，加大资金投入，推动少数民族文化传承发展。拉萨布达拉宫历史建筑群、丽江古城、元上都遗址、红河哈尼梯田文化景观、土司遗址等被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。中国列入联合国教科文组织非物质文化遗产名录（名册）的项目中有21项与少数民族相关；中国前四批共计1372项国家级非物质文化遗产名录中，与少数民族相关的有492项，占36%；在五批3068名国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人中，少数民族传承人有862名，约占28%；设立21个国家级文化生态保护实验区，其中有11个位于民族地区；25个省（自治区、直辖市）已建立民族古籍整理与研究机构。截至2018年，抢救、整理的散藏民间的少数民族古籍约百万种（不含馆藏及寺院藏书），包括很多珍贵的孤本和善本。组织实施《中国少数民族古籍总目提要》编纂工程，共收书目约30万种。

Cultural heritage and relics of ethnic minorities are effectively protected. Traditional ethnic minority cultures are important components of Chinese culture, and the common cultural wealth of the whole nation. The Chinese government has promulgated laws, established specialized government bodies, and increased spending to inherit, pass on, and develop the cultures of ethnic minority groups. The Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace of Lhasa, Old Town of Lijiang, Site of Xanadu, Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, and Tusi Sites are all included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of all the cultural items from China included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, 21 are related to ethnic minorities. At national level, 492 (36 percent) of the 1,372 cultural items included to date in China’s intangible cultural heritage list are related to ethnic minorities. Of the 3,068 representative trustees of China’s intangible cultural heritage, 862 (28 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. China has set up 21 national-level cultural preservation experimental areas, 11 of which are located in ethnic minority areas. Twenty-five provinces and equivalent administrative units have institutions that catalogue and study ancient classics and recordings of ethnic minorities. By 2018, about one million privately-held ethnic minority ancient classics and recordings (excluding books collected in museums and temples), including many rare editions, some of which only had a single extant copy, had been rescued and catalogued. China has launched the compilation of Collection of Ancient Classics and Recordings of Chinese Ethnic Minorities, including about 300,000 books.

少数民族宗教信仰自由得到保障。少数民族正常的宗教活动和宗教信仰依法受到保护，正常宗教需求得到满足。以多种语言文字翻译出版发行伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍。西藏自治区有藏传佛教活动场所1787处，住寺僧尼4.6万多人。颁布《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》，活佛转世制度作为藏传佛教所特有的信仰和传承方式，得到国家和西藏自治区各级政府的尊重。西藏自治区现有活佛358名，其中91位新转世活佛按历史定制和宗教仪轨得到批准认定。不断完善藏传佛教僧人学经制度，国家颁布了《藏传佛教学衔授予办法（试行）》，截至2018年，西藏自治区已有117名学经僧人获得了格西“拉让巴”学位，68名僧人获得了中国藏语系高级佛学院“拓然巴”高级学衔。新疆维吾尔自治区有清真寺、教堂、寺院、道观等宗教活动场所2.48万座，其中清真寺有2.44万多座，教职人员2.93万人，学生可在伊斯兰教经学院接受本科教育，《古兰经》《布哈里圣训实录精华》等出版发行达176万余册。实行有组织、有计划的朝觐政策，加强服务保障，确保朝觐活动安全有序。

Religious freedoms of ethnic minority groups are protected. Normal religious activities and religious beliefs of ethnic minorities are protected by law, and their normal religious needs are satisfied. China has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions in multiple languages. Tibet Autonomous Region has 1,787 venues for practicing Tibetan Buddhism, and over 46,000 resident monks and nuns. The state has issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism. The Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism, and is respected by the state and governments at different levels of the autonomous region. Tibet now has 358 Living Buddhas, 91 of whom have been approved and confirmed through historical conventions and traditional religious rituals. The system whereby Tibetan Buddhist monks study sutras has been improved. The state has issued the Measures on the Conferment of Academic Titles in Tibetan Buddhism (Trial). By 2018, a total of 117 monks from Tibet had received senior academic titles in Lhasa and 68 from the High-level Tibetan Buddhism College of China, Beijing. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 24,800 venues for practicing religious activities, including 24,400 mosques, and 29,300 clerical personnel. Students can receive undergraduate education in Xinjiang Islamic Institute. More than 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Sahih of al-Buhari have been distributed. The hajj is well planned, organized and conducted to ensure a safe and orderly pilgrimage.

妇女儿童保护力度持续加强。妇女权益保障法、未成年人保护法奠定了保障妇女儿童权益的法律基础。中国政府先后制定实施了三个中国妇女发展纲要和三个中国儿童发展纲要，积极倡导并切实实现男女平等，加强儿童权利保护。不断加大女职工劳动就业、劳动保护、生育保障等权益的保护力度。有力惩处性侵、虐待未成年人、拐卖妇女儿童等犯罪行为，推动落实性违法犯罪人员从业禁止、校园性侵强制报告等制度。颁布实施反家庭暴力法，通过强制报告、公安告诫、人身安全保护令、紧急庇护等制度的实施，保障包括妇女在内的家庭成员的合法权益。维护校园安全，整治校园暴力和学生欺凌行为。强化留守儿童父母或受委托监护人的监护主体责任，严厉打击侵害农村留守儿童的违法犯罪活动。充分运用互联网等先进科技手段解救被拐卖儿童，建立打拐DNA信息库，推出公安部儿童失踪信息紧急发布平台，建立失踪儿童快速救助联动机制。

The protection of women and children is improving. The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests and the Law on the Protection of Minors lay the legal foundations in this area. The Chinese government has enacted three guidelines on women’s development and three on children’s development, advocating and ensuring gender equality and strengthening the protection of children’s rights. It works harder to protect the rights and interests of women employees, such as the right to work and to safety at work, and maternity benefits. It forcefully punishes sexual assaults on and maltreatment of minors, and trafficking of women and children. It promotes mechanisms preventing sexual criminals from engaging in restricted occupations, and compulsory reporting of campus sexual assaults. The state has promulgated the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, which protects the legal rights and interests of woman and other family members through compulsory reporting, admonition from public security organs, personal protection order, emergency protection and other measures. The government makes every effort to ensure school safety, punishing school violence and bullying. It intensifies supervision over the duties of the parents or other entrusted guardians of left-behind children whose parents work in other places and takes strict action on any crimes against this group of children. China makes full use of advanced technologies like the internet to rescue abducted children. It has established a DNA bank for abducted children, set up a missing children information release platform managed by the Ministry of Public Security, and activated a joint urgent rescue mechanism for missing children.

妇女儿童健康权益保障水平不断提高。新中国成立前，孕产妇死亡率高达1500/10万，婴儿死亡率高达200‰，妇女的平均预期寿命仅有36.7岁。新中国成立后，妇女儿童健康水平不断提高，2015年妇女平均预期寿命达79.43岁；2018年孕产妇死亡率下降到18.3/10万，婴儿死亡率下降到6.1‰。2012年起，实施贫困地区儿童营养改善项目，改善贫困地区儿童营养健康状况，截至2018年，项目覆盖21个省（自治区、直辖市）14个国家集中连片特殊困难地区715个贫困县，共有722万儿童受益。实施妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌免费检查项目，将宫颈癌和乳腺癌纳入国家大病救治范围，截至2018年，累计开展宫颈癌免费检查近1亿人次，乳腺癌免费检查超过3000万人次。按照每人救助1万元的标准，累计发放中央专项彩票公益金和筹集的社会资金13亿多元，救助贫困患病妇女13.22万名。增加农村和边远地区妇幼卫生经费投入，实施农村孕产妇住院分娩补助项目，累计补助7400余万人。实施“母亲水窖”供水工程和“母亲健康快车”医疗卫生健康项目，着力解决西部干旱地区妇女安全饮水及贫困地区妇女儿童健康服务等问题。

The protection of women and children’s right to health is improving. Before the founding of the PRC in 1949, the maternal and perinatal mortality rate was over 1,500 per 100,000, the infant mortality rate was 200 per 1,000, and the anticipated life expectancy of women was only 36.7 years. After 1949, the situation improved considerably. The anticipated life expectancy of women in 2015 rose to 79.43 years. In 2018, the maternal and perinatal mortality rate dropped to 18.3 per 100,000, and the infant mortality rate fell to 6.1 per 1,000. Nutritional improvement projects for children in impoverished areas were launched in 2012, benefiting 7.22 million children from 715 impoverished counties in 14 national contiguous impoverished regions of 21 provinces and equivalent administrative units. The government has launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups for women, and brought the two into the scope of national subsidies for serious illnesses. By 2018, China had provided free cervical cancer checkups for 100 million and free breast cancer checkups for 30 million, and subsidized 132,200 impoverished rural women with diseases using over RMB1.3 billion collected through public welfare lotteries and social funds, to the sum of RMB10,000 each person. It has increased the investment for health care of women and children in rural, remote or border areas, and has subsidized more than 74 million rural women for their expenses of hospitalization during childbirth. The government has initiated the “Water Cellar for Mothers” program to provide reliable sources of drinking water for people, especially women, in the western regions of China, and the “Health Express for Mothers” program to provide medical and health services to the women and children in impoverished areas.

切实保障妇女参与公共事务管理和经济社会发展的权利。保障妇女参政议政权，十三届全国人大代表中有742名女性，占比24.9%，比1954年第一届全国人大女性代表占比提高12.9个百分点；十三届全国政协委员中有440名女性，占比20.4%，比1949年第一届全国政协女性委员占比提高14.3个百分点。20世纪90年代以来，历次党代会报告都明确要求重视培养选拔女干部。1950年全国干部队伍中女干部人数为6.5万人；2018年全国公务员中女干部人数为192.8万人，占比26.8%。

Women’s rights to participation in the administration of public affairs and social and economic development are protected. Women are guaranteed the right to participate in the administration and deliberation of state affairs. The 13th NPC has 742 female deputies, accounting for 24.9 percent of the total, 12.9 percentage points higher than the figure for the First NPC in 1954. And the 13th CPPCC National Committee has 440 female members, making up 20.4 percent of the total, 14.3 percentage points higher than that for the First CPPCC National Committee in 1949. Since the 1990s, every CPC National Congress has attached importance to training and selecting female officials. The number of female civil servants was 65,000 in 1950; this figure had increased to 1.93 million, or 26.8 percent of all civil servants, by 2018.

老年人权益保障机制逐步健全。中国发展老龄事业，在全社会弘扬中华民族敬老、养老、助老的美德。截至2018年，中国60周岁及以上老年人口24949万人，占总人口的17.9%。制定并修订老年人权益保障法，建立养老法规政策体系。养老服务逐步从以机构集中照料为主，拓展到以居家为基础、社区为依托、机构为补充、医养相结合的养老服务体系建设和以家庭养老支持、互助养老为新突破点的融合发展。全国各类养老服务机构和设施从1978年的7000个增长到2019年3月的16.81万个，各类养老服务床位合计732万张。2018年，2972.3万老年人享受高龄补贴，74.8万老年人享受护理补贴，521.7万老年人享受养老服务补贴，3.0万老年人享受其他老龄补贴。

The mechanism for protecting the rights and interests of the elderly is improving. China works to ensure the interests of the elderly, and advocates the virtues of respecting, providing for and assisting the elderly. In 2018, some 249 million Chinese were aged 60 or above, accounting for 17.9 percent of the total population. China formulated and amended the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, forming a legal and policy framework for old-age care.

Many of China’s elderly were cared for in nursing homes previously. Now, a new system for the elderly is taking shape, where the elderly are provided with home care, taken care of by community and supported by social services, featuring a combination of nursing at home and mutual help. In March 2019, China had 168,100 institutions and facilities with 7.32 million beds to provide old-age services, in contrast with just 7,000 in 1978. In 2018, 29.72 million senior citizens received advanced age subsidies, 748,000 nursing subsidies, 5.2 million old-age service subsidies, and 30,000 other old-age subsidies.

残疾人社会保障体系不断完善。全面建立困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度，2018年，受益残疾人超过2100万人次。截至2018年，2561.2万城乡残疾人参加城乡社会养老保险，1024.4万残疾人领取养老金，924.8万残疾人享受城乡最低生活保障；595.2万重度残疾人中有576万人得到政府参保补助，代缴养老保险费比例达到96.8%；另有298.4万非重度残疾人享受全额或部分代缴养老保险费的优惠政策。

The social security system for persons with disabilities is improving. China has established a subsidy system to provide for the living expenses of disabled persons in need and to pay the nursing costs of persons with severe disabilities. In 2018, this system benefitted over 21 million. A total of 25.61 million persons with disabilities were covered in old-age insurance schemes in both urban and rural areas, with 10.24 million receiving old-age pensions, and 9.25 million people with disabilities received urban or rural minimum living subsidies. And 5.76 million (96.8 percent) out of the 5.95 million people with severe disabilities received insurance subsidies from the government, which paid for their premiums. The government also paid fully or partly for premiums for another 2.98 million people with mild or moderate disabilities.

残疾人康复服务普惠可及。全面开展残疾预防，不断加强康复服务，努力实现残疾人“人人享有康复服务”的目标。实施《残疾预防和残疾人康复条例》，残疾人康复机构从无到有，专业队伍逐渐壮大，服务能力日益提高。截至2018年，已竣工的省、市、县三级康复设施914个，总建筑面积344.9万平方米；残疾人专业康复服务机构9036个，在岗人员25万人，2750个县（市、区）开展社区康复服务。建立残疾儿童康复救助制度。2018年，残疾人康复服务覆盖率达到79.8%，1074.7万残疾儿童及持证残疾人得到基本康复服务。

Rehabilitation is universally available to persons with disabilities. China makes concerted efforts in preventing disability, and works hard to improve rehabilitation services, in pursuit of the goal that “everyone in need has access to rehabilitation services”. The government has enacted the Regulations on the Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities, built up rehabilitation centers and fostered professionals capable of delivering consistent quality services. In 2018, there were 914 rehabilitation facilities at the provincial, city and county levels, and 9,036 rehabilitation service centers for persons with disabilities employed a team of 250,000 workers, and community rehabilitation services were provided in 2,750 counties (cities or districts). An assistance mechanism for providing rehabilitation services to children with disabilities has been established. In 2018, 79.8 percent of persons with disabilities were covered by rehabilitation services. Some 10.75 million disabled children and persons with certified disabilities received basic rehabilitation services.

促进残疾人工作权利实现。建立专门的残疾人就业服务机构，截至2018年，共有残疾人就业服务机构2787家，工作人员1.5万人。实施残疾人职业技能提升计划，建立了500家国家级残疾人职业培训基地，350家省级残疾人职业培训基地，2018年城乡新增残疾人实名制培训49.4万人。近年来，残疾人就业总体规模与结构趋于稳定，新增残疾人就业人数每年保持在30万人以上。2018年，城乡持证残疾人新增就业36.7万人，其中，城镇新增就业11.8万人，农村新增就业24.9万人。截至2018年，城乡持证残疾人就业人数达到948.4万人。

The right to employment of persons with disabilities is guaranteed. China has established offices to serve persons with disabilities seeking employment. In 2018, there were 2,787 such offices with a staff of 15,000. The government has launched a program on employment skills training for persons with disabilities, setting up 500 national-level and 350 provincial-level vocational training bases. In 2018, another 494,000 persons with disabilities took part in training sessions. In recent years, the number and the profile of disabled persons in employment have remained stable, with over 300,000 entering the workforce each year. In 2018, 367,000 persons with certified disabilities found jobs, of whom 118,000 were from urban areas and 249,000 from rural areas. That year, 9.48 million persons with certified disabilities were employed in urban and rural areas.

大力支持无障碍环境建设与辅助器具服务。实施《无障碍环境建设条例》，开展无障碍建设的市、县达到1702个，村（社区）综合服务设施中已有75%的出入口、40%的服务柜台、30%的厕所进行了无障碍建设和改造。2016年至2018年，共有298.6万户残疾人家庭得到无障碍改造。推进信息无障碍建设，截至2018年，500多家政府单位完成了信息无障碍公共服务平台建设，3万多个政务和公共服务网站实现了无障碍服务。各地相继制定辅助器具补贴办法，对购买辅助器具和提供适配服务给予补贴。2018年，有319.1万残疾人获得盲杖、助视器、假肢等各类辅具适配服务。不断放宽残疾人申领驾驶证条件，已有27.9万肢体、听力等残障人员申领驾驶证，残疾人个人行动和社会参与能力得到提升。

China gives strong support to creating an accessible environment and providing assistive appliances. The Chinese government enacted the Regulations on the Building of an Accessible Environment in 2012. To this end, 1,702 cities and counties are making efforts to improve accessibility and remove barriers, and among comprehensive service facilities in villages or communities across the country, 75 percent of entrances and exits, 40 percent of service counters, and 30 percent of restrooms have been equipped or upgraded for accessibility. Between 2016 and 2018, the government helped almost 3 million families with disabled members adapt their homes.

The government is also promoting information accessibility. By 2018, over 500 government departments had built accessible public service platforms, and more than 30,000 websites on government affairs and public services had removed barriers for persons with disabilities.

Local governments have formulated subsidy measures and subsidized those who purchase or supply assistive appliances and adaption services. In 2018, 3.19 million persons with disabilities benefited from adaption services for assistive devices such as white canes, visual aids and artificial limbs.

The government has relaxed the restrictions preventing persons with disabilities from applying for a driving license, and 279,000 people with physical or hearing disabilities have gained driving licenses, which grants them further mobility and improves their ability to participate in social life.

六、不断加强人权法治保障

VI. Strengthening the Rule of Law for Human Rights

新中国创立了社会主义法治，以法治保障人权。70年来，中国构建起较为完备的人权法律保障体系，坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进，坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设，实现科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，不断促进社会公平正义。

After the founding of the PRC, socialist rule of law was established in China to protect human rights by law. Over the past 70 years, China has established a relatively complete legal system to protect human rights. It upholds law-based governance, law-based exercise of power, and law-based government administration, and adopts a holistic approach to promote the rule of law across the nation, in government, and throughout society. To promote social fairness and justice, it has endeavored to ensure that a well-conceived approach is taken to legislation, that the law is strictly enforced, that justice is impartially administered, and that the law is observed by everyone.

建设有限政府、责任政府、服务政府。依法确定行政权力界限，确立法无授权不可为的原则，实施权力清单、责任清单制度，禁止法外设权、违法用权。持续深化“放管服”改革，加快转变政府职能，努力降低群众和企业与政府打交道的成本。建立完善严格的行政执法程序，确立行政裁量权基准制度，统一执法标准，压缩自由裁量空间，维护行政相对人的合法权益。深化执法公开，拓展公开范围，整合公开载体，强化网上政务公开，方便群众获取信息。25个省（自治区、直辖市）建立省级执法公开平台，实现了执法办案进度和结果的信息查询服务；22个省（自治区、直辖市）实现了行政处罚决定文书网上公开；17个省（自治区、直辖市）实现了行政复议决定文书网上公开。强化执法监督，建立完善以执法考评为主要内容的绩效考核体系，深化执法信息化建设，实现案件流程信息化管理和同步记录，加强对执法活动的实时监督。

Building a service-oriented government with limited powers and clear responsibilities. The state delimits administrative power in accordance with the law. China has established a principle under which administrative bodies should not take any action that is not mandated by law. It has introduced a list of well-defined government powers and a list of responsibilities, and prohibited any power not provided for by law, or any illegal use of power. In its effort to improve governance, China has accelerated the transformation of government functions, streamlining administration and delegating power to the lower levels, exercising better supervision over the market, and providing efficient services to business. The people and businesses are thus provided with better services. China has established strict procedures for administrative law enforcement and a system of benchmarks for administrative discretion, with unified standards in law enforcement and rigorous discretionary rules, to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people and businesses. To make law enforcement more transparent, China has expanded the scope and channels of disclosure, and opened online portals for the public to obtain information. Twenty-five provinces and equivalent administrative units have online platforms providing information on law enforcement and on the progress and results of cases in process. Twenty-two provinces and equivalent administrative units disclose written judgments online, and 17 provinces and equivalent administrative units disclose administrative review decisions online. To strengthen the supervision of law enforcement, China has established a performance appraisal system with a focus on law enforcement, promoted IT application in law enforcement and the management and synchronized recording of case-handling procedures, and strengthened real-time supervision over law enforcement activities.

确保审判权检察权依法独立公正行使。发布五个“人民法院五年改革纲要”和“人民检察院改革规划”。全面实施立案登记制，有诉必理，保障当事人诉权。实行以法官检察官员额制为核心的司法人员分类管理制度改革，推进司法职业保障制度改革，司法人员正规化、专业化、职业化水平进一步提升。全面落实司法责任制，真正做到“谁办案、谁负责”。贯彻宽严相济刑事政策，进一步完善刑事诉讼程序，推动认罪认罚从宽制度改革，完善刑事案件速裁程序运行机制，深化案件繁简分流，构建中国特色立体化、多层次刑事诉讼体系。在有条件的地方实行省级以下地方法院、检察院人财物统一管理，探索设立跨行政区划的人民法院和人民检察院，最高人民法院设立六个巡回法庭，设立知识产权法院、互联网法院、金融法院等。加强对公共利益的司法保护，建立检察机关提起公益诉讼制度，截至2019年3月，全国检察机关共办理公益诉讼案件157095件。

Ensuring independent and impartial exercise of judicial and procuratorial powers. China has issued five outlines for five-year reform of the people’s courts and five plans on reform of the people’s procuratorates. To protect citizen’s right of action, it has implemented a case docketing and registration system across the board, which ensures that every case application receives a response. China has reformed the management of judicial personnel, adopted a quota system for judges and procurators, and initiated job security reform for judicial personnel, enabling them to be more regularized and professional. It has fully implemented a judicial responsibility system to ensure that those who have handled a case assume full responsibility for it. The judiciary has combined punishment and clemency in handling criminal cases, further improved criminal proceedings, and introduced reforms on showing clemency to suspects and defendants who cooperate fully. It has improved the fast-track sentencing procedure for criminal cases, further separated the handling of simple and complex cases, and formed a multi-layer criminal litigation system with Chinese characteristics. Where conditions permit, local courts and procuratorates under the provincial level have carried out unified management of personnel, funds and property. China is exploring setting up people’s courts and people’s procuratorates across administrative boundaries. The Supreme People’s Court now has six circuit courts, and there are also courts that handle intellectual property and financial cases, and online courts. The state has strengthened the protection of public interest, and public interest lawsuits are filed by procuratorial organs. By March 2019, 157,095 cases of public interest had been handled by procuratorial organs.

深化司法公开。全面推进阳光司法，不断加强审判流程、庭审活动、裁判文书、执行信息司法公开平台和人民检察院案件信息公开平台建设。截至2019年2月，中国审判流程信息公开网公开案件信息3.7亿项，中国庭审公开网直播庭审259万件，中国裁判文书网公开文书6382万份，访问量226亿次。人民检察院案件信息公开网自2014年10月1日开通以来，公开案件程序性信息928万余件，发布重要案件信息58万余条，公开法律文书386万余份，接受辩护与代理网上预约30万余人次。加强对司法活动的监督，深化刑事诉讼监督，加强民事行政诉讼监督，不断完善人民陪审员和人民监督员制度。

Improving judicial openness. To increase judicial transparency, China has improved the platforms for releasing information on judicial process, trials, written judgments, and the execution of judgments, and the platform on disclosing information on cases handled by people’s procuratorates. As of February 2019, China Judicial Process Information Online had disclosed information on 370 million cases, the National Court Hearing Online had broadcast 2.59 million court trials, and China Judgements Online had disclosed 63.82 million copies of judgments, attracting a total of 2.26 billion visits. Since its launch on October 1, 2014, the online information disclosure service of the procuratorates has disclosed information on the proceedings of 9.28 million cases and 580,000 items of information on major cases, put online 3.86 million legal documents, and booked 300,000 defense and litigation applications online. China has strengthened supervision over judicial activities, criminal proceedings, and civil administrative proceedings, and improved the system of people’s jurors and supervisors.

保障当事人获得公正审判的权利。推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革，严格贯彻罪刑法定、证据裁判、非法证据排除等法律原则，完善出庭作证机制，强化庭审功能。充分保障犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的辩护权，犯罪嫌疑人自被侦查机关第一次讯问或者被采取强制措施之日起，有权委托辩护人，被告人有权随时委托辩护人；开展法律援助值班律师和刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖试点工作，实现法院、看守所法律援助工作站全覆盖，努力保障所有刑事案件被告人在审判阶段都能获得律师辩护和帮助；保障辩护律师会见、阅卷、调查取证、质证和辩论辩护等各项诉讼权利；完善保障律师依法履职机制，建立健全维护律师执业权利快速联动处置机制；开通律师服务平台，为律师办案提供便利。坚持疑罪从无，防范和纠正冤假错案。2013年至2019年3月，各级人民法院依法对5876名被告人宣告无罪，确保无罪的人不受刑事追究；再审改判刑事案件8568件，其中依法纠正呼格吉勒图案、聂树斌案、“五周案”等重大冤错案件49件，并依法予以国家赔偿。严格控制并慎用死刑，大幅减少适用死刑的罪名。2007年，最高人民法院收回死刑复核权。

Guaranteeing the right to fair trial for all parties. China has promoted the reform of the criminal litigation system with a focus on adjudication, strictly enforced the principles of “no penalty without a law”, evidence-based verdict, and exclusionary rule, improved the mechanism for witnesses to appear in court, and strengthened the role of court trials. China has fully guaranteed the right to defense of criminal suspects and defendants. A criminal suspect has the right to entrust a defender from the date when organs of investigation conduct the first interrogation or a compulsory measure is taken against the suspect. A defendant has the right to authorize a defender at any time. Pilot work has been launched to ensure duty counsels offer legal aid for all cases and legal defense is provided in all criminal cases, and legal aid stations can be found at all courts and detention houses, to ensure that defendants in all criminal cases can obtain legal defense and support in trial. The state protects defense lawyers’ rights to meet their clients, to read case files, to investigate and obtain evidence, to conduct cross-examination, and to debate and defend, and other litigious rights. It has improved the mechanism for lawyers to perform their duties by law, formed a joint response system to ensure lawyers’ right of practice, and established a platform to provide appropriate services to them. China implements the principle of presumption of innocence to prevent and correct miscarriages of justice. From 2013 to March 2019, people’s courts at all levels acquitted 5,876 defendants, ensuring that no one should be prosecuted without criminal evidence. Wrongful verdicts on 8,568 criminal cases were overturned, including 49 major cases concerning Hugjiltu for rape and murder, Nie Shubin for rape and murder, and Zhou Jikun, Zhou Jiahua, Zhou Zaichun, Zhou Zhengguo and Zhou Zaihua for murder. The wrongly-convicted all received state compensation in accordance with the law. China has strictly controlled the death penalty, reducing the number of crimes for capital punishment by a significant margin. In 2007, the Supreme People’s Court took back the right to review all capital sentences.

保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、服刑人员、戒毒人员及刑满释放人员的合法权利。规范强制措施，减少羁押性强制措施的适用，实行看守所在押人员入所权利义务告知制度，建立在押人员投诉调查处理机制。深化狱务公开，完善对监所管理人员执法监督，保障服刑人员合法权利不受侵犯。实行人文关怀，开展离监探亲。全面推进社区矫正制度，截至2019年5月，已累计接收社区矫正对象445万人，累计解除矫正375万人，在册社区矫正对象70多万人，社区矫正对象在矫正期间再犯罪率一直处于0.2%的较低水平。新中国成立至1975年，对战争罪犯、反革命罪犯和部分普通刑事罪犯进行过七次特赦。根据现行宪法，2015年和2019年，两次对部分服刑罪犯予以特赦。出台禁毒法、戒毒条例等，依法保障戒毒人员合法权益，开展执法监督。健全完善刑满释放人员救助管理制度，落实社会救助和就业安置措施，促进刑满释放人员顺利融入社会。

Guaranteeing the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects, defendants, prisoners, patients abstained from drugs and people released after serving their sentence. China has regulated compulsory measures and reduced the application of compulsory custodial measures. When the detainees enter a detention house, they are informed of their rights and obligations, and their complaints are handled in accordance with the procedure. Prison affairs are open to the public. China has improved supervision over the law enforcement in prisons and detention houses, to ensure that prisoners’ legitimate rights are not infringed. Some prisoners are allowed to leave prisons and visit their relatives. The system of community service has been extensively implemented. By the end of May 2019, a total of 4.45 million persons throughout the country had received community service orders. Of these, 3.75 million had completed their service, and 700,000 were still subject to their service orders. The recidivism rate in the case of those assigned to community service is low, only 0.2 percent. Between 1949 and 1975, amnesties were granted on seven occasions to war criminals, counterrevolutionary criminals and some prisoners facing criminal charges. In accordance with the Constitution, amnesty was granted to some prisoners in 2015 and 2019. The state has promulgated the Narcotics Control Law and the Regulations on Drug Rehabilitation, ensured the legitimate rights and interests of persons on rehabilitation, and carried out law enforcement supervision. China has improved the assistance and management system for people released after completing their prison sentence, ensures their access to social assistance, and provides assistance to them in employment so that they can smoothly return to normal life.

建立健全权利救济和救助制度。畅通国家赔偿请求渠道，扩大赔偿范围，明确举证责任，增加精神损害赔偿，提高赔偿标准，保障赔偿金及时支付，进一步完善行政赔偿、刑事赔偿和非刑事司法赔偿制度。国家刑事赔偿标准随经济社会发展不断提高，侵犯公民人身自由权每日赔偿金额从1995年的17.16元人民币，上升到2019年的315.94元人民币。2013年至2019年3月，各级人民法院审结国家赔偿案件61978件。健全完善国家司法救助制度，设立司法救助委员会，积极推动司法救助与社会救助、法律援助的衔接，帮助无法获得有效赔偿的受害人摆脱生活困境。2015年至2018年，对生活困难当事人发放司法救助款37.5亿元。

Improving the system of right remedy and assistance. The channels for applying for state compensation have been expanded, with more types of cases eligible for compensation and the burden of proof made clear. The state has increased compensation for infliction of mental distress, raised standards of compensation, and guaranteed that compensation is paid in a timely manner. The systems of administrative compensation, criminal compensation and non-criminal judicial compensation have been further improved. Criminal compensation has increased over the years along with economic and social development of the country. The daily compensation for violation of citizens’ personal liberty has risen from RMB17.16 in 1995 to RMB315.94 in 2019. From 2013 to March 2019, the people’s courts at all levels concluded 61,978 cases involving state compensation. China has improved the state judicial assistance system. It has established a judicial assistance committee to actively dovetail judicial assistance with social assistance and legal aid, and help victims in difficulty who have not been able to obtain effective compensation. From 2015 to 2018, RMB3.75 billion of judicial assistance was granted to victims in difficulty.

公共法律服务更加优质便捷。建立健全法律援助制度，2013年至2018年，全国法律援助机构共组织办理法律援助案件778.8万余件，受援人847.5万余人次，提供法律咨询4526.8万余人次。全面推进律师事业，截至2018年，律师队伍发展到42.3万多人，律师事务所发展到3万多家。完善公共法律服务体系，建设公共法律服务实体平台、“12348”法律服务热线和法律服务网络三大平台，实现申请快捷化、审查简便化，更加便民利民。截至2018年，全国建成2917个县（市、区）公共法律服务中心、3.9万多个乡镇（街道）公共法律服务工作站，为65万个村（居）配备法律顾问，各省（自治区、直辖市）均已建成“12348”法律服务热线平台。推进司法鉴定管理体制改革，提高司法鉴定质量和公信力，截至2018年，经司法行政机关审核登记的司法鉴定机构有3834家，司法鉴定人45000名。

Providing quality and more convenient public legal services. A sound legal aid system has been established. From 2013 to 2018, legal aid institutions handled some 7.79 million legal aid cases, helping 8.48 million people and providing legal consultancy services to 45.27 million people. The state encourages the development of the profession of lawyers. As of 2018, there were 423,000 lawyers and more than 30,000 law firms across the country. China has improved public legal services, and opened a physical platform for providing public legal services, the “12348” free hotline for legal advice, and online legal services. It is convenient to make an application for legal services, and the review process has been streamlined for public benefit. By the end of 2018, there were 2,917 public legal service centers in counties, cities and districts, and more than 39,000 service stations in towns, townships and sub-districts. About 650,000 villages and communities had legal counselors, and all provinces and equivalent administrative units had opened the “12348” legal service hotline. China has reformed the management of forensic assessment to enhance assessment quality and credibility. By 2018, there were 3,834 forensic assessment institutions approved by and registered with judicial administrative organs, with more than 45,000 forensic appraisers.

提高全社会人权法治意识。新中国成立以后，通过广泛宣传宪法、婚姻法，男女平等、婚姻自由等观念逐步树立。从1986年起，在全国范围内连续实施7个五年普法规划，开展宪法和法治宣传教育。把法治教育纳入国民教育体系，在中小学教育中加入人权内容。在高校开设人权专业及相关课程，培养人权方向专业人才。面向各级领导干部、公检法司部门工作人员、媒体从业人员等开展专项人权培训。设立8家国家人权教育与培训基地。出版和发行《人权》《人权研究》《中国人权评论》等专业书刊。中国人权研究会连续出版《中国人权事业发展报告》蓝皮书，积极推动人权学术研究、教育和知识普及。

Enhancing public awareness of legal protection of human rights. After the PRC was founded, the government made an intensive effort to enhance public awareness and understanding of the Constitution, the Marriage Law, and ideas such as gender equality and freedom of marriage were gradually accepted by the public. Since 1986, China has implemented seven nationwide five-year plans on enhancing public awareness of the Constitution and the rule of law. China has included education on the rule of law into the national education system and teaching of human rights into primary and middle school education. Human rights majors and other related courses are offered in universities to cultivate human rights professionals. Special human rights training programs are conducted for officials at all levels, staff of organs of public security, procuratorates and courts, and judicial organs, and those who work in the media. China has eight national human rights education and training bases. Professional periodicals including Human Rights, Human Rights Studies, and China Human Rights Review are published in China. The China Society for Human Rights Studies has consecutively published blue papers titled Development of Human Rights in China, to advance research and education on human rights and promote understanding of the subject.

强力反腐维护人民利益。1949年11月，中共中央决定成立中央及各级党的纪律检查委员会；1955年，中国共产党的全国代表会议选举产生中央监察委员会；1978年12月，中国共产党十一届三中全会选举产生新的中央纪律检查委员会。中共十八大以来，加快形成完善的党内法规体系，建立了以党章为本，若干配套党内法规为支撑的党内法规制度体系。2018年3月，中华人民共和国国家监察委员会依法组建，各级纪委监委合署办公，对所有行使公权力的公职人员实行监督全覆盖。从2012年12月至2019年6月，中央纪委立案审查中管干部389人，涉嫌犯罪移送司法机关155人。坚决整治群众身边腐败和作风问题，深入推进扶贫领域腐败和作风问题专项治理，开展民生领域专项整治，深挖涉黑腐败和黑恶势力“保护伞”，坚决清除包庇、纵容黑恶势力的腐败分子。

Striking against corruption to safeguard people’s interests. In November 1949, the CPC Central Committee decided to establish discipline inspection committees at all levels. In 1955, the National Conference of the CPC elected a Central Supervision Commission. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee elected a new Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, a sound system of intra-Party regulations has been formed based on the Party Constitution and supported by intra-Party regulations. In March 2018, the Supervision Commission of the People’s Republic of China was established by law. Discipline inspection commissions of the Party and supervision commissions of the government at all levels jointly carry out full supervision over all public functionaries who exercise public power. From December 2012 to June 2019, the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection investigated 389 officials registered at and supervised by the CPC Central Committee, and transferred 155 cases of suspected criminal activity to the judiciary. China has resolutely fought corruption that directly affects ordinary people’s lives, and carried out special campaigns to address corruption and misconduct in poverty alleviation and problems undermining the public interest. It has carried out thorough investigations of criminal syndicate-related corruption and protection rackets, getting rid of corrupt officials who sheltered or connived with criminal syndicates.

七、全面参与全球人权治理

VII. Full Participation in Global Governance of Human Rights

中国在大力推进自身人权事业发展的同时，始终坚持平等互信、包容互鉴、合作共赢、共同发展的理念，积极参与联合国人权事务，认真履行国际人权义务，广泛开展国际人权合作，积极为全球人权治理提供中国智慧、中国方案，以实际行动推进全球人权治理朝着更加公正合理包容的方向发展。

While promoting the development of its own human rights, China upholds the principles of equality and mutual trust, inclusiveness and mutual learning, cooperation and mutual benefits, and common development. It has been active in UN human rights undertakings, fulfills its international human rights obligations, conducts extensive international cooperation on human rights, actively offers Chinese wisdom and solutions for global governance of human rights, and advances through concrete actions the global governance of human rights in a fairer, more rational and inclusive direction.

积极参与国际人权事业。中国在1971年恢复联合国合法席位后，派团参与联合国大会和联合国经社理事会的历届会议，并积极参加有关人权议题的审议。自1979年起，中国连续3年作为观察员出席联合国人权委员会会议。1981年，中国在联合国经社理事会组织会议上当选为人权委员会成员国。自1982年起，中国正式担任人权委员会成员国并一直连选连任。2006年人权理事会成立以来，中国已四度当选理事会成员。中国推荐的多名专家担任联合国经社文权利委员会、禁止酷刑委员会、消除种族歧视委员会、消除对妇女歧视委员会、残疾人权利委员会等多个多边人权机构或专门委员会的委员。

Engaging in international human rights undertakings. Since resuming its legitimate seat in the UN in 1971, China has sent delegations to every UN General Assembly and UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) conference, and actively joined in the reviews of issues concerning human rights. From 1979 to 1981, China attended the annual meetings of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) as an observer state. In 1981, China was elected a UNCHR member state at the ECOSOC’s Management Segment. In 1982, China became an official member state of the UNCHR and has maintained this position ever since. Since the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was established in 2006, China has been elected as a member state four times. A number of experts recommended by China have served on multilateral human rights organizations or special commissions such as the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations Committee against Torture, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

中国同联合国人权事务高级专员及其办公室保持建设性接触，先后8次接待人权高专访华，多次邀请高专办官员来华交流访问。近年来，中国与人权高专办两次签署技术合作《谅解备忘录》，内容涵盖司法改革、警察与人权、人权教育、执行人权条约等领域，并与人权高专办多次共同举办国际人权会议。自1994年至今，中国先后邀请宗教信仰自由特别报告员、任意拘留问题工作组、教育权特别报告员、酷刑问题特别报告员、粮食权特别报告员、消除对妇女歧视问题工作组、外债对人权影响问题独立专家、极端贫困与人权问题特别报告员等8个特别机制10次访华。中国认真对待人权理事会特别机制来函，在认真调查的基础上及时予以答复。

China maintains constructive contacts with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Office (OHCHR), receiving eight visits by high commissioners to China, and inviting many of the OHCHR officials to visit China. In recent years, China has signed two memorandums of understanding on technological cooperation concerning judicial reform, police and human rights, human rights education, and implementation of human rights treaties, and held together with the OHCHR many international conferences on human rights. Since 1994, China has invited ten visits by eight UN representatives and groups: the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, the United Nations Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, the United Nations Independent Expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of states on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights, and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. China handles letters from the Special Procedures of the UNHRC with due attention, carrying out any necessary investigations and giving timely replies.

切实遵守国际人权义务。中国先后批准或加入了26项国际人权文书，其中包括《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》等6项联合国核心人权条约。中国严格遵守条约规定，认真履行条约义务，注重将国内的立法、修法和政策制定等与条约规定相衔接，及时提交履约报告，全面反映中国在履约过程中取得的成就及遇到的问题。中国认真参加各条约机构对中国履约情况的审议，截至2019年3月，中国已向各条约机构提交履约报告27次，总计43期，接受审议26次。中国注重与相关人权条约机构开展建设性对话，结合国情积极采纳建议。自2009年以来，中国三次接受联合国人权理事会普遍定期审议并顺利通过核可，中国对各国所提建议均给予认真、负责任的反馈。绝大多数国家肯定中国人权发展成就和中国对世界人权事业所作的贡献。

Fulfilling obligations in the international instruments on human rights. China has signed 26 international human rights instruments, including six major ones such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. China abides by the provisions of these international conventions, fulfills all the obligations they prescribe, ensures that its policy formulation, legislation, and any amendments are consistent with these conventions, and submits periodic reports to give feedback on the progress made and any difficulties and problems encountered in implementing these international conventions. China attends all reviews from the treaty bodies on its implementation work. By March 2019, China had submitted 43 implementation reports on 27 occasions to these treaty bodies and received 26 reviews. China has conducted constructive dialogue with the relevant treaty bodies and adopted their suggestions in accordance with the actual conditions in China. China has also received three UNHRC Universal Periodic Review cycles since 2009, and the reports were adopted. China gives due attention and responsible feedback to all suggestions from other countries. Most countries have affirmed China’s achievements in this regard and its contribution to international human rights.

着力推动国际人权规则和机制发展。中国参加了《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》《儿童权利公约》《残疾人权利公约》《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，以及《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》任择议定书等重要人权文件的制定工作组会议，为这些规则的起草、修改和完善作出重要贡献。中国作为主要推动者之一，参与了《发展权利宣言》的起草工作，积极推动联合国人权委员会和人权理事会就实现发展权问题进行全球磋商，致力于推动构建发展权实施机制。中国积极参与劳工保护、人道主义等领域国际规则制定。中国是《联合国气候变化框架公约》首批缔约方之一，全程参与并有效推动气候变化多边进程，为推动达成《巴黎协定》作出积极贡献。

Promoting international rules and mechanisms for protecting human rights. China has attended the meetings of the drafting groups of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, along with other important documents on human rights protection, making a significant contribution to drafting, revising and improving these rules. As one of the major promoters, China participated in drafting the Declaration on the Right to Development, assisting the UNCHR and the UNHRC to organize global discussions on fulfilling the right to development, and is committed to building mechanisms for actualizing the right to development. China actively participates in the formulation of international rules on labor protection and humanitarianism. China was one of the first signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It actively participated in and effectively promoted the whole multilateral process of climate change issues, and made a positive contribution to the adoption of the Paris Agreement.

中国积极推动联合国人权机构改革，在设立联合国人权理事会，使国际人权机制变得更加公正客观透明等方面发挥了重要作用。中国联合发展中国家一道，推动人权理事会以公正客观、非选择性、普遍性等方式审议人权问题。中国支持联合国人权理事会设立安全饮用水、文化权、残疾人权利等专题性特别机制；倡导召开关于粮食安全、国际金融机制等的特别会议，积极推动完善国际人权机制。中国支持对人权条约机构进行必要改革，促进条约机构与缔约国在相互尊重的基础上开展对话与合作。

China promotes the reform of UN human rights bodies, and played an important role in establishing the UNHRC and making the international human rights mechanism fairer, more objective and transparent. Together with other developing countries, it assists the UNHRC to review human rights issues in a fair, objective, nonselective and general manner. China supports the UNHRC in establishing specialized mechanisms for securing safe drinking water, cultural rights, and the rights of persons with disabilities, in calling for special conferences on food security and the global financial crisis, and in improving the international mechanisms for protecting human rights. China supports the necessary reform of the human rights treaty bodies, promoting dialogue and cooperation between the treaty bodies and signatory states on the basis of mutual respect.

倡导开展国际人权交流合作。中国高度重视开展人权领域对外交流交往与合作，致力于在相互尊重、开放包容、交流互鉴基础上开展建设性人权对话和人权磋商。自20世纪90年代起，中国陆续与20多个国家建立人权对话或磋商机制，同美国、欧盟、英国、德国、瑞士、荷兰、澳大利亚、新西兰等西方国家或国际组织进行人权对话，同俄罗斯、埃及、南非、巴西、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、白俄罗斯、古巴、非盟等开展人权磋商。自1996年以来，与澳大利亚、瑞士长期开展人权技术合作。中国人权研究会等人权领域非政府组织组团赴亚洲、北美、南美、欧洲、大洋洲、非洲的数十个国家交流访问，并邀请多国人权领域的政府官员和专家学者访华，增进了理解与互信。近年来，中国多次举办国际人权研讨会，“亚欧非正式人权研讨会”“北京人权论坛”“纪念《发展权利宣言》通过30周年国际研讨会”“南南人权论坛”“中欧人权研讨会”“国际人权文博会”“中美司法与人权研讨会”“中德人权研讨会”，拓展了国际人权交流合作的朋友圈，增进了在人权问题上与各国的相互了解。

Advocating and conducting international exchanges and cooperation concerning human rights. China prioritizes communication, exchanges, and cooperation with other countries in the field of human rights, and is committed to conducting constructive dialogue and consultations on human rights on the basis of mutual respect, openness, inclusiveness, communication and mutual learning. Since the 1990s, China has established dialogue and consultation mechanisms for human rights protection with more than 20 other countries. China has organized dialogues on human rights with international organizations and Western countries, including the US, the EU, the UK, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Australia, and New Zealand, and held consultations on human rights with Russia, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, Malaysia, Pakistan, Belarus, Cuba, and the African Union. Since 1996, China has conducted technical cooperation on human rights with Australia and Switzerland. The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS) and other human rights NGOs in China have organized teams to visit dozens of countries in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania and Africa, and invited government officials, experts and academics on human rights from various countries to visit China, which has increased mutual understanding and trust. In recent years, China has hosted several international seminars on human rights, including the Informal Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Seminar on Human Rights, the Beijing Forum on Human Rights, the International Seminar on the 30th Anniversary of the Adoption of the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, the South-South Human Rights Forum, the China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights, the International Seminar on Human Rights and Museology, the Sino-American Dialogue on the Rule of Law and Human Rights, and the China-Germany Seminar on Human Rights, which increased China’s circle of friends in exchange and cooperation on human rights, and enlarged mutual understanding with other countries in this regard.

积极引导国际人权治理变革。中国不仅注重自身人权事业的提升，也始终重视引导全球人权治理体系变革。1954年，中国与印度、缅甸提出互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则，体现了对国家独立的认可，尊重了相关国家和人民的自主权。1955年，在中国推动下，万隆会议通过的《亚非会议最后公报》将“尊重基本人权”写入和平共处十项原则的第一条。万隆会议通过的十项原则是对和平共处五项原则的引申和发展。20世纪60年代兴起的不结盟运动把五项原则作为指导原则。1970年和1974年联合国大会通过的有关宣言接受了和平共处五项原则。60多年来，和平共处五项原则逐渐走出亚洲走向世界，为推动建立更加公正合理的国际政治经济秩序、建立新型国际关系作出了历史性贡献，也为国际人权治理提供了重要遵循。

Actively leading the reform of international human rights governance. In addition to making progress in its own human rights protection, China also attaches importance to leading the reform of the international human rights governance system. In 1954, together with India and Burma, China proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and cooperation for mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, which embodies the acknowledgement and appreciation of national independence, and respect for the decision-making power of independent countries and their peoples. In 1955, encouraged by China, the final Communiqué of the Bandung Conference incorporated “respect for fundamental human rights” as the first point into the 10-point declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation. The 10-point declaration passed at the Bandung Conference is a derivation and development of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The Non-Aligned Movement that rose in the 1960s set the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as its guideline. The declarations adopted at the 1970 and 1974 UN general assemblies accepted the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Over the six decades that have since passed, the influence of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence has expanded from Asia to the whole world. It has made a historic contribution to building a fairer and more reasonable international political and economic order and establishing a new type of international relations, and serves as a guide for the international governance of human rights.

多年来，中国不断总结提炼自身人权保障实践经验，向国际人权事业贡献中国智慧和方案。1993年，中国推动亚洲国家通过《曼谷宣言》。中国作为第二届世界人权大会的副主席国，参加《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的起草工作。中国提出的“发展对享有所有人权的贡献”的决议在联合国人权理事会通过，首次将“发展促进人权”引入国际人权体系。近年来，中国提出的推动共同构建人类命运共同体理念在国际社会引起热烈反响，多次被写入联合国人权理事会、联合国安理会等机构的决议，为推动国际人权治理向着更加公正合理包容的方向发展发挥了重要作用。

Over the years, China has kept summing up its own experience in human rights protection, and provided the international community with Chinese wisdom and solutions. In 1993, China pushed for the adoption of the Bangkok Declaration among Asian countries. Holding the vice presidency of the Second World Conference on Human Rights, China participated in drafting the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action. The UNHRC passed the resolution “The Contribution of Development to the Enjoyment of All Human Rights” submitted by China, which introduced the concept of “promoting human rights through development” into international human rights for the first time. The idea of building a global community of shared future proposed by China has elicited a positive international response. The concept has been written into many resolutions of the UNHRC, the United Nations Security Council, and some other UN organizations. It plays an important role in advancing the international governance of human rights in a fairer, more reasonable and inclusive direction.

八、推动世界人权事业发展

VIII. Advancing the International Cause of Human Rights

新中国成立后，中国在不断推进自身人权事业的同时，积极支持广大发展中国家摆脱殖民统治、实现民族独立、消除种族隔离的正义事业，努力提升发展中国家的发展能力、提供发展援助、进行人道主义援助，在维护世界和平与发展、推动国际人权事业发展进步等方面作出了重要贡献。

Since the founding of the PRC, in addition to advancing the human rights of its people, China has earnestly supported the just cause of other developing countries to break free from colonial rule, achieve national independence, and eradicate racial segregation. It has helped them to build up their capacity for development, and provided them with development assistance and humanitarian relief. These are great contribution to safeguarding world peace and development and furthering the international cause of human rights.

助力发展中国家经济社会发展。中国注重推动广大发展中国家人民生存权、发展权的实现，长期在基础设施及教育、卫生、农业等领域向亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲等的发展中国家和地区提供支援和帮助。中国在提供国际援助时，坚持不附带任何政治条件、不干涉受援国内政，始终做到相互尊重、平等对待、重信守诺。1963年，中国首次派出援外医疗队，截至2019年8月，已累计派遣医疗队员2.6万人次，诊治患者2.8亿人次。1964年，中国政府宣布以平等互利、不附带条件为核心的对外经济技术援助八项原则，确立了中国开展对外援助的基本方针，在工业、农业、教育、医疗、公共设施等各部门、各领域广泛开展对外援助。中国同多个发展中国家建立了经济技术合作关系，援建了坦赞铁路、毛里塔尼亚友谊港、中非友谊医院、老挝琅勃拉邦医院、斯里兰卡纪念班达拉奈克国际会议大厦、埃及开罗国际会议中心、肯尼亚国际体育中心、坦桑尼亚国家体育场等一批重大基础设施。近年来，中国国家主席习近平等党和国家领导人多次在国际场合宣布系列重大对外援助倡议和举措。中国多次主动免除与中国有外交关系的最不发达国家、重债穷国、内陆发展中国家、小岛屿发展中国家的债务。

Supporting economic and social development in other developing countries. To help the peoples of developing countries to realize their rights to subsistence and development, China has long provided assistance to other developing countries and regions in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in such fields as infrastructure, education, healthcare and agriculture. When providing international aid, China never imposes political conditions, nor does it interfere in the internal affairs of recipient countries. It always stands by the rules of mutual respect, each party treating the other as an equal, and keeping its commitments.

In 1963, China dispatched its first international medical aid team. By August 2019, it had dispatched 26,000 medical workers on aid missions abroad, who have treated 280 million patients. In 1964, the Chinese government announced the eight principles for foreign economic and technical aid, setting its basic policy for international assistance: these focus on equality and mutual benefit, and no conditions are attached. It has since provided international assistance that covers all sectors of economy and all fields of society, including industry, agriculture, education, medical care, and infrastructure. China has established partnerships for economic and technological cooperation with many developing peers, and helped build a significant number of infrastructure projects in these countries. Among them are the Tanzania-Zambia Railway, the Friendship Port in Mauritania, the Friendship Hospital in Central African Republic, the Luang Prabang Hospital in Laos, the Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall in Sri Lanka, the Cairo International Conference Center in Egypt, the Moi International Sports Center in Kenya, and the National Stadium of Tanzania.

着力提升其他发展中国家发展能力。20世纪50年代开始资助其他发展中国家学生来华学习，帮助亚洲和非洲国家建设普通和技术院校，60年代开始向发展中国家派遣援外教师，70年代至80年代以接收留学生的方式专门为受援国培养中高级技术和管理人才。近年来，中国先后设立南南合作援助基金、南南合作与发展学院、金砖国家经济技术合作交流计划等，通过举办培训、外派管理人员和技术专家、提供奖学金等方式，帮助其他发展中国家培养人才。为支持全球妇女事业发展，2015年，习近平主席在全球妇女峰会上宣布，邀请3万名发展中国家妇女来华参加培训，并在当地为发展中国家培训10万名女性技术人员。中国发起成立亚洲基础设施投资银行、丝路基金，与其他金砖国家共同发起成立新开发银行等国际金融机构，充分借助上海合作组织、金砖国家等机制的带动作用，提出共商共建共享“一带一路”倡议，与沿线国家或地区达成合作项目，主动分享发展机遇和经验，为增进各国民生福祉作出新贡献。

In recent years, President Xi and other CPC and government leaders have announced a raft of major foreign aid initiatives and measures at international events. In addition, they have offered multiple rounds of debt exemption for countries that have diplomatic relations with China – the least developed countries, heavily indebted poor countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing countries.

Helping other developing countries to build up their capacity for development. In the 1950s, China began to provide funds to people of other developing countries to study in China, and to help African and other Asian countries to build regular and technical schools. In the early 1960s, it began to dispatch teachers to other developing countries. In the 1970s and 1980s, it began to cultivate senior and mid-level technicians and managers for its aid targets by admitting their students. In recent years, China has set up the Assistance Fund for South-South Cooperation and the Institute of South-South Cooperation and Development, and launched an economic and technical cooperation plan for BRICS countries. By providing training courses, dispatching managerial and technical professionals, and offering scholarships, it helps other developing countries to cultivate talent. In support of women’s development worldwide, President Xi announced at the 2015 Global Summit of Women that China would invite 30,000 women from other developing countries to attend training in China, and would train another 100,000 female technicians in their countries. China initiated the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund. It also worked with other BRICS countries and established the New Development Bank and some other international financial institutions. While fully relying on mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and BRICS, it has proposed the Belt and Road Initiative featured with extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits. Through cooperation projects with countries or regions along the routes of the Belt and Road, China shares its development opportunities and experience and thereby contributes more to improving the wellbeing of their peoples.

积极开展人道主义援助。中国的人道主义援助对象和规模不断扩大，同时，中国始终恪守反对人道主义干涉的原则，从不干涉被援助国内政，充分尊重当地人文环境和风俗习惯。中国积极参与联合国机构主导的国际人道主义活动，1979年加入联合国儿童基金会、世界粮食计划署，恢复了在联合国难民署执委会的活动，并多次向其捐款捐物。2004年中国建立人道主义紧急救灾援助应急机制，向朝鲜、孟加拉国等国提供粮食等人道主义物资援助；向东南亚国家提供防治禽流感技术援助；就几内亚比绍蝗灾和霍乱，墨西哥甲型H1N1流感，非洲埃博拉、黄热病、鼠疫等传染病疫情，尼泊尔、日本、伊朗、海地、智利、厄瓜多尔、墨西哥地震，马达加斯加、美国卡特里娜、加勒比有关国家飓风，菲律宾超强台风海燕，印度洋海啸、印度尼西亚巽他海啸，马来西亚、缅甸、巴基斯坦洪灾，老挝水电站溃坝，智利山火等提供物资、现汇或人员等人道主义援助。在2011年利比亚撤侨行动中，中国协助亚洲、欧洲12个国家撤离约2100名外国公民。在2015年也门撤侨行动中，中国协助亚洲、非洲、欧洲、美洲15个国家撤离279名外国公民。

Providing humanitarian relief. Over the past years, China’s humanitarian relief has increased, and the number of recipients has grown steadily. Throughout this process, China adheres to the principle of opposition to any interference under the pretext of humanitarianism. It never meddles in the internal affairs of recipient countries, and fully respects their culture and customs. China takes an active part in international humanitarian relief initiatives launched by UN organizations. In 1979, it joined the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund and World Food Program, and resumed its activities in the Executive Committee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It has since made many donations to the UNHCR.

In 2004, China launched an emergency mechanism for urgent international humanitarian relief, under which it has provided relief to many countries. This relief includes food and other material assistance to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Bangladesh, and technical aid to Southeast Asian countries to combat avian influenza. It also covers funding, personnel, and in-kind support to fight diseases and natural disasters:

in Guinea-Bissau against locust plague and cholera;

in Mexico against A/H1N1 flu;

in Africa against Ebola, yellow fever, plague and other infectious diseases;

in Nepal, Japan, Iran, Haiti, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico against earthquakes;

in Madagascar and the Caribbean countries against hurricanes;

in the US against Hurricane Katrina;

in the Philippines against Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda);

in the Indian Ocean countries against tsunami;

in Indonesia against 2018 Sunda Strait Tsunami;

in Malaysia, Myanmar and Pakistan against floods;

in Laos against a dam collapse in 2018;

in Chile against mountain fires.

China assisted 12 Asian and European countries to extract about 2,100 of their citizens in its evacuation operation from Libya in 2011, and again helped 15 Asian, African, European, and American countries to extract 279 of their citizens in the evacuation operation from Yemen in 2015.

努力维护世界和平与安全。作为和平共处五项原则的积极倡导者和坚定实践者，中国不仅自身积极奉行和平外交思想、注重与各国和平共处，而且积极倡导共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观，致力于推动南南合作和南北对话，努力缩小南北差距。中国在巴勒斯坦问题、伊朗核问题、朝鲜半岛问题、叙利亚问题等重大国际、地区热点问题上积极建言献策、身体力行，呼吁各方冷静克制，以政治外交等手段和平解决争端。中国积极参与国际执法安全合作，在联合国、国际刑警组织、上海合作组织等国际和地区组织框架下加强合作，打击一切恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义犯罪和毒品犯罪。中国自1990年起参加联合国维和行动，是联合国安理会常任理事国中派出维和人员最多的国家，也是联合国维和行动第二大出资国。截至2018年5月，中国已累计向苏丹、黎巴嫩、柬埔寨、利比亚等国家和地区派出维和军事人员3.7万余人次，先后派出维和警察2700余人次，参加了约30项联合国维和行动。

Safeguarding world peace and security. An active advocate and a faithful practitioner of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, China pursues a foreign policy of peace and peaceful coexistence with all countries, and is also a firm advocate of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. It is committed to advancing South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue, and to narrowing the South-North gap. China has put forward proposals and initiatives and made concrete efforts to address many major international and regional flashpoints, such as the Palestinian issue, the Iranian nuclear issue, the Korean Peninsula issue, and the Syrian issue. It calls for all parties concerned to stay calm, exercise restraint, and solve disputes by political and diplomatic means.

China is also active in international cooperation on law enforcement and security. It has intensified cooperation under the framework of international and regional organizations, including the UN, the International Criminal Police Organization, and SCO, to combat terrorism, separatism, extremism, and drug-related crimes. China began to participate in UN peacekeeping operations in 1990. It now ranks first among the permanent members of the UN Security Council in terms of the number of peacekeepers dispatched, and is the second largest donor country to UN peacekeeping operations. By May 2018, China had sent more than 37,000 military and more than 2,700 police personnel to participate in about 30 UN peacekeeping missions in Sudan, Lebanon, Cambodia, Libya, and other countries and regions.

结束语

Conclusion

新中国的70年，是为中国人民谋幸福的70年，也是为世界人民谋发展的70年。新中国人权事业发展取得的巨大成就，有目共睹，永载史册。这是中国道路的成功，是中国人民的胜利。在庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年之际，中国人民愿与世界各国人民一道分享成功与胜利的喜悦。

In the 70 years since its founding, the PRC has been working for the wellbeing of the people, and also for global development. Its unprecedented achievements in human rights protection have been witnessed by all and will go down in history. They represent the success of the Chinese path, a victory for the people of China. As we are celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the PRC, the Chinese people are happy to share this success and victory with the peoples of the rest of the world.

当前，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，中国人民正在为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而努力。在未来的岁月里，随着全面建成小康社会的实现，随着国家基本实现现代化，随着建成社会主义现代化强国，中国人民必将享有更加广泛、更加充分的权利，中国人民必将在更高水平上实现全面发展。

The Chinese people are striving to achieve the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core. In future, as these goals are attained and China becomes a great modern socialist country, the Chinese people will certainly enjoy to the full more extensive rights and realize well-rounded development at higher levels.

在新的历史时代，中国将秉持文明多样和文明交流互鉴精神，与国际社会一道，推动各国共同发展、共同繁荣，促进世界人权事业发展，共同构建人类命运共同体。

In this new era, China will continue to uphold cultural diversity, communicate with and learn from other civilizations, and work with the international community for common development and prosperity, for progress in human rights worldwide, and for building a global community of shared future.