中国的海洋生态环境保护

Marine Eco-Environmental Protection in China

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2024年7月

July 2024

目录

Contents

前言

Preface  

一、构建人海和谐的海洋生态环境

I. Improving Marine Eco-Environment for Harmonious Coexistence Between Humans and the Ocean    

二、统筹推进海洋生态环境保护

II. Coordinating Marine Eco-Environmental Protection

三、系统治理海洋生态环境

III. Systematic Governance of the Marine Eco-Environment

四、科学开展海洋生态保护与修复

IV. Science-Based Conservation and Restoration of Marine Ecosystems  

五、加强海洋生态环境监督管理

V. Strengthening Supervision and Administration of the Marine Eco-Environment

六、提升海洋绿色低碳发展水平

VI. Advancing China’s Green and Low-Carbon Maritime Development

七、全方位开展海洋生态环境保护国际合作

VII. Carrying Out All-Round International Cooperation on Marine Eco-Environmental Protection

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Preface

海洋约占地球表面积的71%，是生命的摇篮、人类文明的源泉。海洋生态环境关乎地球生态平衡和资源合理利用，关乎人类文明永续发展，关乎海洋命运共同体的现实与未来。保护好海洋生态环境，对保障国家生态安全、促进海洋可持续发展、实现人海和谐共生具有重要作用。坚定保护和改善海洋环境、保护和可持续利用海洋资源是各国共同的责任使命。

The ocean covers about 71 percent of the earth’s surface. It is the cradle of life and the source of human civilization. The marine eco-environment is essential to the ecological balance of the planet, to the rational use of resources, to sustained development of human civilization, and to the present and future development of the maritime community of shared future. Its protection is important for national eco-environmental security, sustainable maritime development, and the harmonious coexistence between humans and the ocean. It is the responsibility of all countries to protect and improve the marine environment and to conserve and use marine resources in a sustainable way.

中国是海洋生态环境保护的坚定推动者和积极行动者，保护好海洋生态环境关乎美丽中国和海洋强国建设。多年来，中国坚持生态优先、系统治理，统筹协调开发和保护的关系，以高水平保护支撑高质量发展，努力构建人海和谐的海洋生态环境。

China is a firm advocate for and an active participant in protecting the marine eco-environment, which is vital to its initiatives to build a beautiful China and a strong maritime country. Over the years, China has given priority to eco-environmental conservation and pursued systematic governance. It has coordinated development and protection efforts, and supported high-quality development with high-level protection, striving to build a marine eco-environment of harmonious coexistence between humans and the ocean.

中共十八大以来，习近平总书记对海洋生态环境保护作出一系列重要论述，强调“要像对待生命一样关爱海洋”。在习近平生态文明思想指引下，中国适应海洋生态环境保护的新形势、新任务、新要求，开展了一系列根本性、开创性、长远性工作，推动海洋生态环境保护发生了历史性、转折性、全局性变化。经过不懈努力，中国海洋生态环境质量总体改善，局部海域生态系统服务功能显著提升，海洋资源有序开发利用，海洋生态环境治理体系不断健全，人民群众临海亲海的获得感、幸福感、安全感明显提升，海洋生态环境保护工作取得显著成效。中国积极推进海洋环境保护国际合作，切实履行国际公约责任义务，为全球海洋环境治理提出中国方案、贡献中国力量，彰显了负责任大国的作为和担当。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, President Xi Jinping has made a series of important statements and observations on marine eco-environmental protection, highlighting the need to “care for the ocean as dearly as we treasure our lives”. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Eco-Civilization, in order to complete new tasks and meet new requirements for marine eco-environmental protection in this new era, China has launched a series of campaigns of fundamental, pioneering, and long-term significance and has made historic transformations and progress of overarching importance.

Thanks to hard work over the years, China’s marine eco-environment has shown overall improvement, with marked increase in the capacity of ecosystem services and functions in certain sea areas. Marine resources have been exploited and utilized in an orderly manner, and the system for governing the marine eco-environment has been refined. People can safely enjoy the sea, with a greater sense of satisfaction and happiness. These achievements are a testament to the country’s commitment to marine eco-environmental protection.

China has demonstrated its commitment as a responsible major country by actively promoting international cooperation in protecting the marine environment, faithfully fulfilling its responsibilities and obligations under international conventions, and contributing Chinese solutions and strength to the global governance of the marine environment.

为介绍中国海洋生态环境保护的理念、实践与成效，增进国际社会对中国海洋生态环境保护的了解和理解，促进海洋生态环境保护国际合作，特发布本白皮书。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to present a full picture of China’s ideas, actions, and achievements in marine eco-environmental protection to the international community to facilitate understanding of China’s conservation efforts and advance international cooperation in this regard.

一、构建人海和谐的海洋生态环境

I. Improving Marine Eco-Environment for Harmonious Coexistence Between Humans and the Ocean

海洋事业关系民族生存发展，关系国家兴衰安危。保护好海洋生态环境关乎建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化。中国全面贯彻新发展理念，高度重视海洋生态环境保护工作，立足基本国情和发展阶段，不断深化海洋生态环境保护认识，持续完善海洋生态环境保护体系，加快推进海洋生态文明建设。

The ocean is crucial to the survival and development of a people and the security and prosperity of a nation. The protection of the marine eco-environment has a vital bearing on achieving harmony between humanity and nature in the modernization drive.

The Chinese government applies the new development philosophy in all fields, and attaches great importance to marine eco-environmental protection. Factoring in the basic reality and development stage of the country, China has gained a deeper understanding of marine eco-environmental protection, making ongoing efforts to improve the system for this purpose and accelerating the building of a marine eco-civilization.

新中国成立后，随着海洋事业不断发展，中国重视海洋生态环境问题，高度关注海洋生态环境保护。1964年国家海洋局成立后，中国海洋生态环境管理体制逐步建立。1982年海洋环境保护法颁布，标志着中国海洋环境保护事业进入法制化轨道。1999年修订海洋环境保护法，推动海洋环境保护由侧重污染防治向兼顾生态保护转变。中国制定《中国海洋21世纪议程》，落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，推动海洋生态环境保护向系统化、专业化发展。2023年再次修订海洋环境保护法，实现向陆海统筹、综合治理的系统性转变。

After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the country began to develop its marine areas. With this development, a number of environmental problems began to emerge. China placed emphasis on them and paid greater attention to protecting the marine eco-environment. In 1964, the State Oceanic Administration was set up, and before long a mechanism for managing China’s marine eco-environment was steadily established. The Marine Environment Protection Law was promulgated in 1982, creating a legal framework for the country’s marine protection, and a revision of this law in 1999 led to the addition of eco-environmental conservation in priorities alongside pollution control.

As part of its effort to implement the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Chinese government formulated the China Ocean Agenda 21 to make marine eco-environmental protection more systemic and targeted. In 2023, the Marine Environment Protection Law was revised again, representing a systemic transformation to coordinated land-sea management and overall governance of the marine environment.

中国立足增强陆海污染防治协同性和生态环境保护整体性，把海洋生态环境保护纳入国家生态环境保护体系，逐步打通陆地与海洋，强化陆海生态环境保护职能的统筹协调，建立健全陆海统筹的海洋生态环境治理体系。通过持续加强海洋环境污染防治，积极开展海洋生态保护和修复，深入打好重点海域综合治理攻坚战，中国的海洋环境质量大幅改善，局部海域生态系统服务功能明显提升，资源有序开发利用和海洋经济绿色转型进程明显加快。

To synergize land and sea pollution control and strengthen overall eco-environmental protection, China has incorporated marine protection into the national system of eco-environmental protection. It has gradually strengthened overall planning and coordination between land and sea environmental protection efforts and, on that basis, established an effective system for governing the marine eco-environment. By strengthening marine pollution prevention and control, conserving and restoring marine ecosystems, and launching intensive campaigns for the comprehensive management of key sea areas, China has seen marked improvement in the quality of its marine environment, upgraded services and functions in certain sea areas, and an accelerated pace in the orderly exploitation and utilization of resources and the green transformation of the marine economy.

中国海洋生态环境保护事业在继承中发展，在探索中创新，努力构建人海和谐的海洋生态环境。

While China continues to follow best practices in the past, it has been working hard on innovative new approaches to protecting the marine eco-environment and promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and the ocean.

——坚持尊重自然、生态优先。牢固树立尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的理念，客观认识海洋生态系统的自然规律，从海洋生态系统演替和内在机理出发，着力提高海洋生态系统自我调节、自我净化、自我恢复的能力，增强生态系统稳定性和生态服务功能。坚持底线思维、生态优先，把海洋生态文明建设纳入海洋开发总布局之中，筑牢海洋生态环境保护屏障，科学合理开发利用海洋资源，促进人海和谐。

– Respecting nature and prioritizing eco-environmental conservation

Respecting, adapting to, and protecting nature is an established notion in China. China has developed an objective understanding of the laws of marine ecosystems, and, based on the systems’ succession and inherent characteristics, works to reinforce their capacity for self-regulation, self-purification, and self-restoration so as to improve their stability, services, and functions.

China has plans in place for worst-case scenarios and prioritizes eco-environmental conservation. It has included eco-environmental progress in the overall plan for marine development, built strong safeguards for marine eco-environmental protection, and utilized marine resources in a well-conceived and rational way. These measures have been put in place to promote harmony between humans and the ocean.

——坚持一体保护、系统治理。海洋生态环境保护是一项系统工程。中国坚持系统观念、统筹兼顾，坚持开发和保护并重、污染防治和生态修复并举，陆海统筹推进海洋生态环境保护。坚持河海联动、山海互济，打通岸上水里、陆地海洋以及流域上下游，构建区域联动、部门协同的保护治理、监管执法协作机制，探索建立沿海、流域、海域协同一体的综合治理体系。

– Integrating conservation and management

Marine eco-environmental protection requires systemic efforts. China adopts a holistic approach to protecting the marine eco-environment, attaching equal importance to development, protection, pollution prevention and control, and restoration. It has improved the management of the marine eco-environment through land-sea coordination, coordinating protection work for rivers and seas, mountain and sea areas, onshore and offshore areas, and upstream and downstream river basins. China has established a mechanism for collaborative protection, governance, supervision, and law enforcement across different regions and departments, in order to create a comprehensive system for governing coastal areas, river basins, and sea areas.

——坚持依法依规、严格监管。中国以最严格制度、最严密法治保护海洋生态环境。坚持依法治海，统筹推进相关法律法规制修订，建立海洋生态环境保护法治体系，实施最严格的海洋生态环境治理制度。强化海洋生态环境分区管控、监测调查、监管执法、考核督察等常态化、全过程监督管理，发挥中央生态环境保护督察利剑作用和国家自然资源督察监督作用，重拳出击、重典治乱，严厉打击破坏海洋生态环境的行为。

– Enforcing strict supervision in accordance with laws and regulations

China has placed marine eco-environmental protection under the strictest systems and laws. Upholding the principle of governing the ocean by law, it has coordinated and pressed forward with the enactment and revision of relevant laws and regulations, put in place a legal framework for marine eco-environmental protection, and implemented the strictest system for governing the marine eco-environment. It has strengthened routine and whole-process supervision and management of the marine eco-environment, including region-specific control, monitoring and investigation, supervision and law enforcement, and assessment and inspection. Two mechanisms, Central Eco-Environmental Protection Inspection and State Natural Resources Inspection, play a supervisory role in the protection of the marine eco-environment, enforcing strict measures to combat actions that harm the marine eco-environment.

——坚持创新驱动、科技引领。中国坚持创新驱动发展，强化海洋生态环境保护技术体系、监测评估和体制机制创新，科学决策、精准施策，推动海洋生态环境保护实现数字化、智能化转型升级。实施“科技兴海”战略，充分发挥科技在海洋生态环境保护方面的引领作用，努力突破制约海洋生态环境保护和海洋经济高质量发展的科技瓶颈，运用陆、海、空、天多种手段，提高海洋生态环境监测、治理、监管、应急能力和技术水平。

– Pursuing innovation-driven and tech-led development

China is committed to innovation-driven development. The country has strengthened innovation in marine eco-environmental protection technologies, monitoring and evaluation, and institutions and mechanisms. It has made rational decisions and implemented targeted measures to transform and advance protection through digital and smart technology. China assigns a leading role to science and technology in marine eco-environmental protection and the high-quality development of the marine economy, and is committed to overcoming the bottlenecks that hinder further progress. The country now utilizes land, sea, air, and space in its monitoring, governance, and supervision of the marine eco-environment, as well as in its emergency response capabilities and technology.

——坚持绿色转型、低碳发展。碧海银滩也是绿水青山、金山银山。中国坚持绿色发展理念，探索海洋绿色发展路径，推动海洋开发方式向循环利用型转变，大力发展生态旅游、生态渔业等绿色产业，不断拓展生态产品价值实现路径，以海洋生态环境高水平保护促进沿海地区经济高质量发展、创造高品质生活。立足“双碳”战略目标，以减污降碳为抓手，协同推进海洋领域增汇与减排，发展海洋牧场、海上风电等绿色低碳经济新业态，促进海洋产业绿色低碳转型，加快推动海洋绿色低碳可持续发展。

– Pursuing green transformation and low-carbon development

Blue seas and clean beaches, like lucid waters and lush mountains, are also invaluable assets. Upholding the philosophy of green development and applying it in exploring the sea, China is transforming its model of marine development into one of circular utilization. It has developed eco-tourism, eco-fisheries, and other green industries, expanded its channels for realizing the market value of green products, and promoted high-quality economic development and quality of life in coastal areas through high-standard protection of the marine eco-environment.

With a focus on reducing pollution and its carbon footprint, China has increased its carbon sink potential by developing marine ranching while reducing emissions through offshore wind power and other new models of the green, low-carbon economy. These efforts have accelerated the green, low-carbon transformation of the marine industry and green, low-carbon and sustainable development of the ocean, in line with the country’s goals of achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060.

——坚持政府主导、多元共治。坚持政府海洋生态环境保护主导地位，在制度设计、科学规划、监管服务、风险防范等方面发挥关键作用，建立中央统筹、省负总责、市县抓落实的海洋生态环境保护工作机制。激活经营主体、交易要素和社会资本参与海洋生态环境保护，打造可持续的海洋环境保护和生态修复模式，全社会协同发力、多元共治，努力构建党委领导、政府主导、企业主体、社会组织和公众共同参与的现代海洋生态环境治理体系。

– Upholding government-led and multi-partner governance

The Chinese government plays a leading role in marine eco-environmental protection through institutional design, planning, supervision, services, and risk prevention. It has established a working mechanism under which the central leadership makes overall plans, provincial authorities assume overall responsibility, and city and county authorities take charge of implementation. Operation entities, factors of trade, and private capital are encouraged to participate in marine eco-environmental protection, to create a sustainable model for the protection and ecological restoration of the marine eco-environment. Through multi-partner governance and synergy from the whole of society, China is striving to build a modern governance system for the marine eco-environment led by Party committees and governments, and joined by enterprises, social organizations, and the general public.

——坚持人民至上、全民参与。中国坚持生态惠民、生态利民、生态为民，不断满足人民群众对良好生态环境新期待，切实解决突出海洋生态环境问题，不断提升亲海品质，努力让人民群众吃上绿色、安全、放心的海产品，享受到碧海蓝天、洁净沙滩，不断提高人民群众的亲海获得感、幸福感、安全感。坚持为了人民、依靠人民，弘扬人海和谐共生的海洋生态文化，形成全民积极参与海洋生态环境保护的共识和行动自觉，打造海洋生态环境保护共建、共治、共享新格局。

– Putting people first and enabling the broadest participation

China is committed to pursuing environmental benefits for the people, to meet their growing aspirations for a beautiful eco-environment. It takes solid action to tackle prominent marine eco-environmental problems, making the sea more accessible to the public. It works to ensure that the people can have safe and green seafood, enjoy clean beaches, blue seas and azure sky, and safely enjoy the sea with a greater sense of satisfaction and happiness.

China promotes a marine culture that emphasizes harmonious coexistence between humans and the ocean for the people and by the people. In Chinese society, there is now a broad consensus on marine eco-environmental protection, and people are taking an active part in it on their own initiative. This has led to the development of a new protection model characterized by collaboration, participation, and shared benefits across the country.

——坚持胸怀天下、合作共赢。中国秉持海洋命运共同体理念，以开放的胸襟、包容的心态、宽广的视角，与世界各国人民风雨同舟、荣辱与共，共同应对海洋生态环境挑战，坚决维护人类共同利益，为子孙后代留下一片碧海蓝天。坚持互信、互助、互利的原则，促进海洋生态环境保护国际合作，共享保护和发展的丰硕成果，为共建清洁美丽的海洋贡献中国智慧、中国力量。

– Maintaining a global vision and promoting mutually beneficial cooperation

China champions the concept of a maritime community of shared future. With an open mind and a broad vision, it is determined to work together with people around the world, through thick or thin, to tackle challenges to the marine eco-environment and safeguard the common interests of humanity, so that we can bequeath blue skies and clean waters to our future generations.

Following the principles of mutual trust, mutual assistance, and mutual benefit, China promotes international cooperation in marine eco-environmental protection and shares the fruitful results of its work in protecting the marine environment and developing the marine industry, thereby contributing Chinese insight and Chinese strength to the global initiative to make the ocean clean and beautiful.

二、统筹推进海洋生态环境保护

II. Coordinating Marine Eco-Environmental Protection

中国高度重视海洋生态文明建设和海洋生态环境保护，强化顶层设计，坚持规划引领，加强统筹协调，建立健全法律法规和制度体系，不断完善体制机制，推动海洋生态环境保护事业顺利发展。

China attaches great importance to building a marine eco-civilization and protecting the marine environment. The country has strengthened top-level design to plan, guide, and coordinate its work in this area, while continuing to establish and improve its legal and institutional frameworks to advance marine eco-environmental protection.

（一）规划引领

1. Well-designed plans

中国立足海洋生态环境保护新形势新任务新要求，以国民经济和社会发展规划为依据，与国土空间规划相衔接，制定海洋生态环境保护专项规划和相关领域规划，引领海洋生态环境保护各项工作。

To fulfill the new tasks and meet the new requirements in marine eco-environmental protection and guide relevant endeavors, China has formulated special plans for the marine environment and other plans in relevant sectors, based on its economic and social development plans and in line with its territorial space plans.

系统谋划海洋生态环境保护工作。海洋生态环境保护相关规划是指导实施海洋生态环境保护，推动海洋生态文明建设的基本依据。国民经济和社会发展规划对海洋生态环境保护作出战略部署。全国国土空间规划对构建陆海协调、人海和谐的海洋空间格局作出总体安排，为管辖海域的海洋生态环境保护作出空间战略指引。近年来，中国出台《“十四五”海洋生态环境保护规划》，探索建立“国家、省、市、海湾”分级治理新体系，推动形成以海湾为基础单元和行动载体的综合治理新格局，引领新时代海洋生态环境保护工作；出台《“十四五”生态环境领域科技创新专项规划》《“十四五”生态保护监管规划》《“十四五”生态环境监测规划》《全国海洋倾倒区规划（2021－2025年）》，指导海洋生态环境保护科技创新、海洋生态保护修复监管、海洋生态环境监测评价、海洋倾倒管理等，为全面加强海洋生态环境保护提供坚实支撑。

Planning systematic marine eco-environmental protection. Planning is central to the government’s efforts in protecting the marine eco-environment and building a marine eco-civilization, and the national economic and social development plan outlines the tasks from a strategic perspective. National territorial space plans have been implemented to help develop marine spaces by coordinating land and sea activities and promoting harmony between humanity and the ocean. These plans provide strategic guidance for protecting the marine eco-environment in waters within China’s jurisdiction. In 2022, China issued the 14th Five-Year Plan for Marine Ecological and Environmental Protection. This plan shapes the direction of protection efforts in the new era by creating a comprehensive governance model for marine management at the national, provincial, city, and bay levels, with bays as the basic units of action.

The government has also published the 14th Five-Year Special Plan for Scientific and Technological Innovation in Eco-Environmental Protection, the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Supervision of Ecological Conservation, the 14th Five-Year Plan for Eco-Environmental Monitoring, and the National Plan for Marine Dumping Sites (2021-2025). These plans provide guidance for scientific and technological innovation in marine eco-environmental protection, supervision of marine ecological protection and restoration, monitoring and evaluation of the marine eco-environment, and the management of marine dumping, laying a solid foundation for strengthening marine eco-environmental protection in all respects.

坚持生态优先原则的海洋开发保护空间布局。海洋空间是保护恢复海洋生态系统、统筹安排海洋开发利用活动、落实海洋治理各项任务的基本载体，海洋空间规划是统筹安排各类海洋空间开发保护活动的重要工具。先后出台《全国海洋功能区划》《全国海洋主体功能区规划》《全国海岛保护规划》等各类型空间规划，在不同阶段对海域、海岛分类型保护与合理利用方面发挥积极作用。2018年作出“多规合一”的总体部署后，出台《关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》，印发《全国国土空间规划纲要（2021－2035年）》，编制《海岸带及近岸海域空间规划（2021－2035年）》，陆续实施沿海地区各级国土空间规划，形成陆海统筹的海洋空间规划体系，加强陆海空间协同，不断深化基于生态系统的海岸带综合治理，对海岸线、海域、海岛保护修复与开发利用作出全局安排。

Prioritizing eco-environmental conservation in spatial planning for marine development and protection. The marine space is the primary platform for the protection and restoration of marine ecosystems, marine development and utilization, and marine governance tasks. Spatial planning is an essential tool for planning marine development and protection activities as a whole.

China has published various spatial plans, including the National Marine Functional Zoning Plan, the National Plan for Main Marine Functional Zones, and the National Plan for the Protection of Offshore Islands – all of which have played a positive role in the category-specific protection and rational utilization of sea areas and offshore islands at different stages. In 2018, replacing multiple plans with a masterplan, China promulgated the Opinions on Establishing a System for Territorial Space Planning and Supervising Its Implementation, issued the Outline of the National Plan on Territorial Space (2021-2035), and compiled the Outline on Space Planning for Coastal Zones and Nearshore Waters (2021-2035), implementing territorial space plans for coastal areas at all levels.

Through this, the country has implemented a marine spatial planning system that coordinates land and sea space and development, strengthens ecosystem-based management of coastal zones, and arranges for the protection, restoration, development, and utilization of coastlines, sea areas, and islands.

有序推进保护修复。在国土空间规划空间性指导下，为统筹谋划和设计近海近岸区域重要生态系统保护和修复，中国首次制定实施《海岸带生态保护和修复重大工程建设规划（2021－2035年）》，以提升海岸带生态系统质量和稳定性、增强海岸带生态系统服务为核心，形成“一带两廊、六区多点”的海岸带生态保护和修复重大工程总体格局；以提升海洋生态系统多样性、稳定性、持续性为目标，出台《“十四五”海洋生态保护修复行动计划》《红树林保护修复专项行动计划（2020－2025年）》《互花米草防治专项行动计划（2022－2025年）》等，科学合理布局，因地制宜，分区分类施策，统筹推进“十四五”期间海洋生态保护修复、红树林保护修复、互花米草防控等各项工作，形成海洋生态保护修复规划体系，统筹推进一体化保护和修复。

Advancing protection and restoration in an orderly manner. Under the guidance of its territorial space plans, China has formulated and implemented for the first time the Plan for Major Projects on the Protection and Restoration of Coastal Zone Ecosystems (2021-2035). This plan puts in place a framework for comprehensively planning and designing the protection and restoration of coastal zone ecosystems, with a focus on improving their quality, stability, and services across “one belt, two corridors, six areas, and multiple points”1. To improve the diversity, stability, and sustainability of its marine ecosystems, China has also issued the 14th Five-Year Plan of Action for Marine Ecological Protection and Restoration, the Special Action Plan for Mangrove Conservation and Restoration (2020-2025), and the Special Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Spartina Alterniflora (2022-2025). These plans are tailored to local conditions and adopt region- and category-specific measures, aiming to coordinate effective efforts to protect and restore China’s marine ecosystems in a holistic approach.

（二）依法保护

2. Law-based governance

依靠法治是海洋生态环境保护的根本遵循。中国健全海洋生态环境保护法律法规体系，加强司法，开展普法，形成全社会尊法、学法、守法、用法的良好氛围，推动海洋生态环境保护在法治轨道运行。

The rule of law is the foundation for marine eco-environmental protection. China has improved relevant laws and regulations, strengthened the judicial system, and carried out educational campaigns to promote a culture of respecting, studying, observing, and applying the law, in order to carry forward marine eco-environmental protection within the legal framework.

建立健全海洋生态环境保护法规体系。中国高度重视海洋生态环境保护立法工作，先后出台一系列相关法律法规。1982年，海洋环境保护法出台，历经两次修订三次修正，不断适应新的形势要求与时俱进，是国家海洋环境保护领域的综合性法律。围绕海洋环境保护法，先后制定海洋倾废管理条例等7部行政法规、10余项部门规章和100多件规范性文件，发布200余项技术标准规范，基本确立海洋生态环境保护法律法规体系。除专门的海洋环境保护法外，其他重要法律也作出了相关规定，如海域使用管理法、海岛保护法对海域海岛可持续利用、保护和改善生态环境作了规定，湿地保护法、渔业法对滨海湿地保护、渔业资源保护作了规定，长江保护法、黄河保护法对入海口规划、监测、修复等作了规定。沿海省（区、市）发布实施了海洋生态环境保护地方性法规或政府规章，广西、海南等地专门立法保护沿海沙滩和珍稀动植物资源。

Establishing a sound legal framework for marine eco-environmental protection. China attaches great importance to legislation on marine eco-environmental protection, and has promulgated a series of relevant laws and regulations. The Marine Environment Protection Law was first adopted in 1982 and has since been revised twice, in 1999 and 2023, and amended three times, in 2013, 2016, and 2017, to adapt to changing circumstances. Under this comprehensive law, China has formulated seven administrative regulations, including the Regulations on Control over Dumping of Wastes in the Ocean, along with more than 10 departmental rules and 100 normative documents. Furthermore, it has issued over 200 technical standards and specifications, creating a comprehensive legal framework for marine eco-environmental protection.

Other important laws include: the Sea Areas Administration Law and the Law on the Protection of Offshore Islands, which cover the sustainable use, protection, and improvement of the eco-environment of sea areas and islands; the Wetland Conservation Law and the Fisheries Law, which cover the protection of coastal wetlands and fishery resources; and the Yangtze River Protection Law and the Yellow River Protection Law, which cover the planning, monitoring, and restoration of estuaries. Additionally, local regulations and government rules on marine eco-environmental protection have been promulgated and implemented by coastal provinces and equivalent administrative units, including in Guangxi and Hainan, where laws have been enacted to protect coastal beaches and rare animal and plant resources.

做好海洋生态环境司法保护。法院积极探索开展海洋环境司法保护实践，1984年以来审理了共计5000余件各类海洋环境民事纠纷案件。海事法院2015年以来审结1000余件涉及海洋环境的行政诉讼案件，探索管辖污染海洋环境、海上非法采砂及非法采捕珍贵、濒危水生野生动物等刑事案件。在总结探索实践经验的基础上，中国逐步形成刑事、民事和行政诉讼“三合一”的海洋环境保护司法体系，以及具有中国特色的海洋环境公益诉讼制度，筑牢海洋生态环境保护司法防线。

Ensuring judicial protection of the marine eco-environment. Chinese courts have dutifully provided judicial protection for the marine environment. Since 1984, they have handled more than 5,000 civil disputes over the marine environment. Since 2015, the maritime courts have concluded more than 1,000 administrative litigation cases related to the marine environment. They have also dealt with criminal cases related to marine eco-environmental pollution, illegal sand mining at sea, and illegal harvesting of rare and endangered aquatic wildlife. Drawing on previous experience, China has established a comprehensive judicial system for marine eco-environmental protection, covering criminal, civil, and administrative litigation, and a marine eco-environmental public interest litigation system with Chinese characteristics, ensuring judicial protection of the marine eco-environment.

开展海洋生态环境保护普法。通过召开新闻发布会、举办讲座培训、媒体宣传、知识竞赛、发放宣传材料等多种形式，宣传普及海域、海岛、海洋环保、海上渔船管理等涉海法律法规，部分地区通过VR（虚拟现实）体验、互动游戏、微电影等形式创新普及海洋生态环境保护法律法规，成效显著。加大对沿海地区、涉海企业和社会公众的宣传，促使地方政府科学合理地保护和使用海域，督促涉海企业履行责任，引导公众提高海洋法律规范意识，让更多涉海单位和群众了解海洋、保护海洋、关爱海洋。

Popularizing laws on marine eco-environmental protection. Through press conferences, seminars and training, media communication, quizzes, and distribution of promotional materials, the Chinese government has popularized laws and regulations with regards to sea areas, islands, maritime environmental protection, and the management of fishing vessels at sea. In some regions, virtual reality experiences, interactive games, micro-films and other new forms have been used to support educational campaigns on the law, to positive effect. Public communication has been strengthened to urge local governments in coastal areas to use sea areas appropriately and ocean-related enterprises to fulfill their responsibilities, and guide the public to build awareness of maritime laws and regulations, so that more people will understand, protect, and care for the ocean.

（三）制度保障

3. Institutional safeguards

建立一系列海洋生态环境保护制度，基本实现陆地和海洋管理体制机制的统筹衔接，逐步完善海洋生态环境保护管理体制，不断提升海洋生态环境治理效能。

China has established a series of systems for protecting the marine eco-environment, ensuring coordination and connectivity between land and sea management and steadily increasing maritime environmental governance efficiency.

建立保护制度的“四梁八柱”。中国高度重视运用制度保护海洋生态环境，规范海洋资源开发利用活动，结合实践、依法建立海洋生态环境保护制度的“四梁八柱”。在污染防治方面，建立入海排污口备案、环评审批、海洋倾倒许可、突发事件应对等制度；在生态保护修复方面，建立海洋生态保护红线、自然保护地、自然岸线控制等制度；在监督管理方面，建立国土空间用途管制、生态环境分区管控、中央生态环境保护督察、国家自然资源督察、目标责任制和考核评价、监测调查等制度；在绿色发展方面，建立海洋生态保护补偿、捕捞限额和捕捞许可、海域有偿使用等制度。

Establishing the institutional framework. China attaches great importance to institutional protection of the marine eco-environment. It has established standards and exercised regulation for the exploitation and utilization of marine resources and implemented an institutional framework for marine eco-environmental protection based on standard practice and in accordance with the law.

In terms of pollution prevention and control, China has implemented a filing system for sea-entering sewage discharge outlets. It utilizes a permit system for marine dumping, and carries out environmental impact assessment before approving projects that could impact the marine eco-environment, while ensuring an emergency response system is in place as a backup for worst-case scenarios. With regard to protection and restoration, it has established the systems of marine eco-environmental red lines, protected areas, and natural shoreline control. In terms of supervision and management, it has established systems for territorial space use control and eco-environmental zoning control, for central environmental protection inspection and state natural resources inspection, for enforcing responsibility for meeting targets, and for assessment, evaluation, monitoring, and investigation. In relation to green development, it has established systems for compensating marine eco-environmental protection, managing fishing quotas and permits, and regulating the paid use of sea areas.

形成“部门协同、上下联动”的管理体制。经过多年的建设与发展，中国海洋生态环境保护管理体制经历了从无到有、从薄弱到壮大的发展历程。2018年，国务院机构改革将海洋环境保护职责整合到生态环境部门，海洋保护修复和开发利用职责整合到自然资源部门，交通运输、海事、渔业、林草、海警、军队等部门依照各自职能共同参与海洋生态环境保护工作，打通了陆地和海洋，增强了陆海污染防治协同性和生态环境保护整体性。在海河流域北海海域、珠江流域南海海域、太湖流域东海海域设置生态环境监管机构，承担海洋生态环境监督相关工作。沿海各省（区、市）承担近岸海域生态环境治理的具体责任，落实推进海洋生态环境保护与治理的重点任务、重大工程和重要举措等。多年来，中国形成了多部门协同、中央地方联动的海洋生态环境保护工作机制，初步建立了沿海、流域、海域协同一体的综合治理体系。

Forming a management system encouraging collaboration among different departments and between different levels of government. China developed its marine eco-environmental protection management system from the ground up, and has continued to strengthen it over the years. In the reform of State Council institutions in 2018, the responsibilities of marine environmental protection were incorporated into those of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and those of marine protection, restoration, development, and utilization, into those of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Transportation, maritime affairs, fisheries, and forestry and grassland departments, coast guards, and the military all participate in marine eco-environmental protection in accordance with their respective functions, which strengthens collaboration between land and sea pollution prevention and control and ensures uniformity.

Supervisory agencies have been set up to monitor the marine eco-environment in the Haihe River Basin and Beihai Sea Area, the Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Area, and the Taihu Basin and East China Sea Area. Coastal provinces and equivalent administrative units are directly responsible for eco-environmental governance of their coastal waters, and for implementing key tasks, major projects and important initiatives to protect and manage the marine eco-environment. Over the years, a working mechanism for marine eco-environmental protection based on coordination among different departments and between central and local governments has been established, and a comprehensive system for collaborative governance of coastal areas, river basins, and sea areas is in place.

三、系统治理海洋生态环境

III. Systematic Governance of the Marine Eco-Environment

坚持重点攻坚与系统治理并举，陆海统筹、河海联动，开展海洋生态环境治理，不断改善海洋生态环境质量。

China adopts a holistic approach to marine eco-environmental governance, while making extra efforts to address key points and problems. Through land-sea coordination and by increasing river-sea connectivity, it has effectively improved the marine eco-environment.

（一）综合治理重点海域

1. Comprehensive governance of key sea areas

渤海、长江口－杭州湾、珠江口等重点海域位于中国沿海高质量发展的战略交汇区，经济发达、人口密集，海洋开发利用强度高，区域海洋生态环境特征明显、问题相对集中和突出，是海洋生态环境治理的重点攻坚区域，实施综合治理至关重要。

Key sea areas, such as the Bohai Sea, the Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay, and the Pearl River Estuary, are located at the strategic intersections of China’s coast where high-quality development is in full swing. These areas, which are economically developed and densely populated and whose marine ecosystem shows strong local features, face significant eco-environmental challenges arising from intensive marine development and utilization. They have thus been made the focal point for comprehensive marine eco-environmental governance.

打好打赢渤海综合治理攻坚战。渤海是中国的半封闭型内海，海水交换能力差，自净能力不足。2018年起，中国开启海洋领域污染防治攻坚的首战，将渤海综合治理攻坚战作为“十三五”污染防治攻坚战的标志性战役之一，按照“一年谋篇布局、两年整体起势、三年初见成效”的整体部署，以环渤海“1+12”城市为重点，紧盯近岸海域水质优良比例、入海河流“消劣”、入海排污口排查整治、滨海湿地及岸线整治修复5项核心目标，协同推进“污染控制、生态保护、风险防范”重点任务。经过三年攻坚，渤海综合治理核心目标任务全部高质量完成，初步遏制了渤海生态环境恶化趋势，推动渤海生态环境质量持续向好。2020年，渤海近岸海域水质优良（一、二类）面积比例达到82.3%，较攻坚战实施前的2017年大幅提升15.3个百分点，环渤海49条入海河流国控断面全面消除劣Ⅴ类水质，共完成整治修复滨海湿地8891公顷、岸线132千米。

The comprehensive governance of the Bohai Sea. The Bohai Sea is semi-enclosed and therefore has limited capacity for water exchange and self-purification.

China launched its first campaign against marine pollution in 2018, setting the comprehensive governance of the Bohai Sea a main target of pollution control during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) period. The overall plan set out to complete top-level design in one year, gather momentum in two years, and achieve preliminary progress in three years, with a focus on the “1+12” coastal cities in the Circum-Bohai Sea Region2. The five core goals of this plan were to raise the proportion of nearshore sea areas with good to excellent water quality, eliminate substandard waters in seagoing rivers, identify and rectify sea-entering sewage discharge outlets, and restore coastal wetlands and coastlines. The major tasks laid out in the plan included controlling pollution, protecting the eco-environment, and guarding against risks.

Over the course of three years, China successfully completed the core goals and tasks set out by the plan for the Bohai Sea. As a result, the deterioration of the eco-environment in this region was contained, and a positive momentum sustained. In 2020, the proportion of nearshore sea areas with good to excellent water quality (Grade I and II) reached 82.3 percent – an increase of 15.3 percentage points from 2017. Additionally, all 49 seagoing rivers saw their state-monitored sections3 completely free from inferior Grade V water, and a total of 8,891 hectares of coastal wetlands and 132 kilometers of coastlines were restored.

全面开展重点海域综合治理攻坚战。2021年起，在巩固深化渤海综合治理攻坚战成果基础上，中国将攻坚战范围扩大到长江口－杭州湾、珠江口邻近海域，作为“十四五”深入打好污染防治攻坚战的标志性战役之一，对三大重点海域8个沿海省（市）和24个沿海地市进行系统部署，坚持精准治污、科学治污、依法治污，深入实施陆海统筹的综合治理、系统治理、源头治理，各项重点任务进展顺利，取得阶段性显著成效。重点海域水质整体向好，渤海、长江口－杭州湾、珠江口综合治理攻坚战海域2023年水质优良（一、二类）面积比例为67.5%，较2020年提升了8.8个百分点。

The comprehensive governance of key sea areas. In 2021, based on its achievements in the Bohai Sea, China expanded its comprehensive governance endeavors to include the Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay and the sea areas near the Pearl River Estuary. It identified the governance of these three key sea areas as one of the signature anti-pollution campaigns during the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) period, and assigned tasks to the nearby eight coastal provinces and municipalities and 24 coastal prefecture-level cities. Based on targeted, scientific and law-based pollution control, these cities have carried out comprehensive, systematic governance at the source through land-sea coordination.

The process has been smooth and notable progress has been achieved in all the major tasks. The water quality in the three key sea areas has shown marked improvement, with the proportion of sea areas with good to excellent water quality (Grade I and II) reaching 67.5 percent in 2023, an increase of 8.8 percentage points from 2020.

（二）协同治理陆源污染

2. Synergic governance of land-sourced pollution

海洋环境问题表现在海里，根子在陆上。中国采取有力措施，推进陆源污染协同治理，管住污染物向海洋传输的关键通道，降低陆源污染对海洋环境的整体压力。

Marine eco-environmental problems manifest in the sea, but their root causes lie on land. In order to alleviate the impact of land-sourced pollution on the marine environment, China has adopted robust measures to coordinate land-sea pollution control and monitor the key pathways that channel land-sourced pollutants into the sea.

抓好入海河流污染防治。入海河流是陆源污染物输入海洋的最重要途径。中国积极提升城镇污水处理质效，建设改造雨污分流管网，加强污水处理行业监管，降低城镇生产生活污水对入海河流水质影响。2012年以来，沿海地区污水处理基础设施建设显著提速，地级以上城市污水处理厂基本完成一级A提标改造。开展农村环境整治，“十四五”以来，沿海省份新增完成1.7万个行政村环境综合整治，编制完成170个畜牧大县畜禽养殖污染防治规划，农村生活污水治理率超过45%，大幅降低农业农村污水排放。着力破解流域氮排放过量的近岸海域水质污染和富营养化问题，建立沿海、流域、海域协同一体的综合治理体系，探索将总氮控制范围向入海河流上游拓展，推动入海河流实施“一河一策”总氮治理。2012－2017年中国入海河流国控断面水质整体保持稳定并有所好转，2018年以后水质整体大幅好转。目前，入海河流国控断面水质优良（Ⅰ～Ⅲ类）断面数量约占整体的五分之四左右，丧失使用功能（劣Ⅴ类）断面基本消除。

Tightening pollution control for seagoing rivers. Seagoing rivers are the primary routes for carrying land-sourced pollutants into seas.

China has significantly improved its urban sewage treatment quality and efficiency by constructing and upgrading separate pipe networks for rainwater and sewage, tightening supervision over the sewage treatment sector, and reducing the impact of urban industrial and sanitary sewage on the water quality of seagoing rivers. Since 2012, the construction of sewage treatment infrastructure in coastal areas has accelerated markedly, and sewage treatment plants in cities at or above the prefectural level have been upgraded to Grade I-A standards.

Since the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan period in 2021, China has also initiated efforts to improve its rural environment. Coastal provinces have completed comprehensive environmental improvement for 17,000 administrative villages, enacted livestock and poultry breeding pollution control plans for 170 counties heavily involved in animal husbandry, and reached a sanitary sewage treatment rate of more than 45 percent, substantially reducing sewage discharges in agriculture and rural areas.

China has implemented a comprehensive remediation system to tackle nearshore water pollution and eutrophication caused by excessive nitrogen emissions in river basins. By forming a comprehensive management network covering coastal areas, river basins, and sea areas, China has shifted total nitrogen control to the upper reaches of seagoing rivers, and administered river-specific policy for total nitrogen management.

Between 2012 and 2017, the water quality in the state-monitored sections of China’s seagoing rivers generally remained stable with slight improvement, and a substantial improvement was recorded beginning in 2018. Currently, four-fifths of all state-monitored sections have good to excellent water quality (Grade I, II, and III), while sections with very poor water quality (inferior Grade V) have been eliminated.

守住沿岸污染入海的重要闸口。入海排污口是沿岸陆源污染向海洋排放的重要节点。出台《关于加强入河入海排污口监督管理工作的实施意见》，统筹推进入海排污口排查、监测、溯源、整治，建立健全近岸水体、入海排污口、排污管线、污染源全链条治理体系。按照“有口皆查、应查尽查”要求，摸清各类入海排污口的数量、分布及排放特征、责任主体等信息，推进入海排污口溯源整治与责任落实。截至2023年底，中国已排查入海排污口5.3万余个，完成入海排污口整治1.6万余个，对改善近岸海域环境质量发挥了重要作用。建设统一的入海排污口信息平台，进一步规范入海排污口的设置与管理，严格禁止在自然保护地、重要渔业水域、海水浴场、生态保护红线等区域新设工业排污口和城镇污水处理厂排污口。

Strengthening the administration of key sea-entering sewage discharge outlets. Sea-entering sewage discharge outlets are major outlets through which land-sourced pollutants enter the sea. China has promulgated the Implementation Directives on Strengthening Supervision and Administration of Sewage Discharge Outlets into Rivers and Seas, which directs the identification, monitoring, source tracing, and rectification of such outlets and promotes a whole-process management system for nearshore waters, sea-entering sewage discharge outlets, sewage discharge pipes, and pollution sources.

With the goal of enforcing inspection of each and every sea-entering sewage discharge outlet, the country has identified the total number and distribution of all the sea-entering sewage discharge outlets, how sewage is discharged in each outlet and who are in charge of these outlets. Such information helps delineate responsibilities and promote rectification at the source. By the end of 2023, the government had surveyed more than 53,000 sea-entering sewage discharge outlets and rectified over 16,000 of them, amplifying its role in improving nearshore eco-environments.

A unified information disclosure platform has been built to further regulate the setup and administration of sea-entering sewage discharge outlets. The construction of new industrial sewage discharge outlets and urban sewage treatment outlets is strictly prohibited in nature reserves, key fishery waters, bathing beaches, and areas within conservation red lines.

清理整治海洋垃圾。出台《关于进一步加强塑料污染治理的意见》《“十四五”塑料污染治理行动方案》，从源头管住垃圾入海。进一步建立实施海洋垃圾监测、拦截、收集、打捞、运输、处理体系，各沿海城市通过“海上环卫”等制度常态化开展重点海域入海河流和近岸海域垃圾入海防控与清理整治，浙江省“蓝色循环”海洋塑料废弃物治理新模式获得联合国“地球卫士奖”。推进江河湖海垃圾联防联治，2022年在胶州湾等11个重点海湾开展专项清漂行动，出动18.81万人次，清理各类岸滩和海漂垃圾约5.53万吨。巩固提升专项清漂工作成效，2024年将重点海湾清漂专项行动升级为沿海城市海洋垃圾清理行动。持续组织开展海洋垃圾和微塑料监测调查，与近年来国际同类调查结果相比，中国近岸海域海洋垃圾和近海微塑料的平均密度处于中低水平。

Cleaning up and controlling marine litter. China has issued guiding documents, such as the Directives on Further Strengthening Plastic Pollution Control and the Action Plan for Plastic Pollution Control During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period, to address the issue of marine plastic litter at its source.

Additional measures have been put in place to monitor, intercept, collect, salvage, transport, and process marine litter. Coastal cities have enforced regular control and cleanup of marine litter from seagoing rivers and in nearshore waters through programs such as Sanitation at Sea. The Blue Circle project, a new model of marine plastic waste management initiated by Zhejiang Province, won the UN’s 2023 Champions of the Earth award.

China has synergized litter control for rivers, lakes, and seas. In 2022, special actions were taken to clean up marine litter in 11 key bays, including the Jiaozhou Bay. More than 188,000 people participated in the cleanup action and removed a total of 55,300 tonnes of litter from banks, coastlines, and the sea. In 2024, to consolidate the achievements in its marine litter cleanup actions, the country expanded its targets from key bays to all coastal cities.

China has conducted systematic monitoring of marine litter and microplastics. Compared with the results of similar international surveys in recent years, the average density of China’s nearshore marine litter and offshore microplastics are at medium and low levels.

（三）精准防治海上污染

3. Targeted control of marine pollution

坚持开发和保护并重，不断加强对海洋工程、海洋倾废、海水养殖、海上交通运输等行业产业的常态化监管，积极应对突发环境污染事件，全面提升海上污染防治水平，努力降低各类海上开发利用活动对海洋生态环境的影响。

Placing equal emphasis on development and protection, China has continued to tighten regular supervision over industries such as marine engineering, dumping of wastes at sea, mariculture, and maritime transport, and actively responded to marine environmental emergencies, making every effort to improve marine pollution prevention and control and reduce the impact of marine development and utilization on the marine eco-environment.

严控海洋工程和海洋倾废生态环境影响。不断优化环境影响评价管理，从源头入手，严格管控围填海、海砂开采等海洋工程建设项目。加强海洋油气勘探开发污染防治，由国家统一行使环境影响评价审批与污染物排放监管事权。启动编制海洋工程排污许可技术规范，推动海洋工程依法纳入排污许可管理。按照科学、合理、经济、安全的原则选划设立倾倒区，科学、精细评价倾倒区运行状况，保障倾倒区生态环境与通航水深安全。严格实施倾倒许可制度，综合运用船舶自动识别系统、海洋倾倒在线监控等手段开展非现场监管，最大程度降低废弃物倾倒对生态环境的影响。

Exercising strict control over the eco-environmental impact of marine engineering and dumping of wastes at sea. China is continuing to optimize its administration of environmental impact assessment (EIA), exercising management at the source and tightening control on marine engineering operations such as land reclamation from the sea and marine sand and gravel mining. The country has also strengthened pollution prevention and control for marine oil and gas exploration and development, and exercises unified authority over EIA approval and pollutant discharge supervision.

China is formulating technical standards to bring marine engineering pollutants into discharge permit administration. It selects and delineates ocean dumping sites based on sound planning and with regards to cost and safety considerations. It meticulously assesses the operation of these sites to ensure eco-environmental safety and safe navigable water depths. The Chinese government enforces strict ocean dumping permits, and exercises off-site supervision through automatic vessel identification and online monitoring of ocean dumping to minimize the eco-environmental impact of waste dumping.

系统开展海水养殖污染防治。印发实施《关于加快推进水产养殖业绿色发展的若干意见》《关于加强海水养殖生态环境监管的意见》，制定排放标准、强化环评管理、推动排污口分类整治和尾水监测等，系统强化海水养殖环境监管。沿海省（区、市）积极出台养殖尾水排放标准，加大污染排放监管力度。海水养殖纳入国家《建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录》实施环评管理。各地按照“取缔一批、合并一批、规范一批”要求，对非法和设置不合理的养殖尾水排口开展清理整治，推进池塘养殖、工厂化养殖、网箱环保升级改造，净化养殖环境。沿海省市县已发布养殖水域滩涂规划，科学划定海水养殖禁养区、限养区和养殖区。加大船舶港口污染防治力度。严格执行《船舶水污染物排放控制标准》，组织开展防治船舶水污染专项整治活动，将环保标准纳入船舶技术法规。深入推进落实船舶水污染物转移处置联合监管制度，沿海各省（区、市）已基本完成港口船舶污染物接收、转运、处置设施建设。持续开展船舶燃油质量监督检查，加强靠泊船舶岸电设施配备及使用情况监管，排查并消除污染隐患。

Enforcing systematic pollution prevention and control of mariculture. China has issued the Directives on Accelerating the Green Development of Aquaculture and the Directives on Strengthening Eco-Environmental Regulation on Mariculture. These guiding documents set standards for pollution discharge, emphasize the EIA administration, and enable category-specific rectification and tailwater monitoring for sewage discharge outlets. This helps to systematically tighten eco-environmental regulation on mariculture. Coastal provinces and equivalent administrative units have also enacted standards for mariculture tailwater discharge and have intensified their regulation efforts.

Mariculture is regulated by EIA administration, which falls under the List of Construction Projects Under Category-Specific Administration on Environmental Impact Assessment. Local governments have closed down, merged and regulated unauthorized and misplaced mariculture tailwater outfalls, while promoting pond aquaculture, industrial aquaculture, and eco-upgrading of net cages to improve aquaculture environments. Coastal provinces, municipalities and counties have released plans regarding the use of mudflats for mariculture, delineating forbidden zones, restricted zones, and designated zones for mariculture.

Intensifying pollution prevention and control for ships in ports. To comply with the Water Pollutant Discharge Standards for Vessels, China has launched special actions to address water pollution from vessels, and makes sure that environment-friendly standards have been included in shipbuilding technology laws and regulations.

The country has strengthened joint regulation of the transfer and disposal of water pollutants from vessels, and coastal provinces and equivalent administrative units have completed the construction of basic vessel pollutant receiving, transfer, and disposal facilities.

Continuous inspection of vessel fuel quality is conducted, and stricter regulations have been put in place for the provision and use of power facilities for berthed vessels to identify and eliminate hidden risks.

建立海洋突发环境事件应急体系。印发实施《国家重大海上溢油应急处置预案》《海洋石油勘探开发溢油污染环境事件应急预案》，明确应急组织体系、响应流程、信息管理发布和保障措施等，建立起较为完备的海上溢油污染应急预案体系。强化海洋环境风险排查，组织环渤海三省一市完成5400余家涉危化品、重金属和工业废物以及核电等重点企业突发环境事件风险评估和环境应急预案备案。开发全国海洋生态环境应急指挥系统，构建集通信、监测、决策、指挥、调度于一体智能化平台，提高应对突发事件的信息化能力。开发“油指纹”鉴定系统，累计采集原油样品3200余个，基本实现海上石油勘探开发平台油样采集全覆盖，为解决海上溢油事故责任纠纷、开展溢油污染损害评估提供重要依据。

Establishing the marine environmental emergency response system. China has implemented the National Contingency Response Plan for Major Marine Oil Spills and the Contingency Response Plan for Oil Spills Damaging the Environment During Marine Oil Exploration and Development. These plans outline the organizational structure, procedures, information management and disclosure, and safeguard measures for handling marine oil spill emergencies in a relatively complete response system.

China has intensified its effort to identify marine environmental risks. Accordingly, Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong provinces and Tianjin Municipality in the Circum-Bohai Sea Region have conducted assessment of risks of environmental emergencies and worked out contingency response plans for more than 5,400 key enterprises involved in hazardous chemicals, heavy metals, industrial waste, and nuclear power.

In addition, China has developed a national marine environmental emergency response command system, built a smart platform that integrates communications, monitoring, decision-making, command, and coordination, and strengthened its information technology capability for emergency response.

An “oil fingerprint” identification system has been developed, which has collected over 3,200 crude oil samples. This system allows for full-coverage sampling from marine oil exploration and development platforms and provides key evidence for resolving disputes and conducting damage assessments over marine oil spills.

（四）倾力打造美丽海湾

4. Beautiful Bay Initiative

海湾是推动海洋生态环境持续改善的关键区域。以海湾为基本单元，以打造“水清滩净、鱼鸥翔集、人海和谐”的美丽海湾为建设目标，“一湾一策”协同推进近岸海域污染防治、生态保护修复和岸滩环境整治，系统提升海湾生态环境质量。

Bays are essential to sustaining the improvement of the marine eco-environment. China has launched an initiative to build beautiful bays providing clear seawater, clean beaches, and desirable habitats for fish and seabirds, and promoting harmony between humans and seas. Bay-specific policies have been adopted to coordinate nearshore pollution control, eco-environmental conservation and restoration, and environmental rectification of shores and beaches.

全面部署美丽海湾建设。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》明确要求推进美丽海湾保护与建设，《关于全面推进美丽中国建设的意见》将美丽海湾纳入美丽中国建设全局，明确要求到2027年美丽海湾建成率达到40%左右，到2035年美丽海湾基本建成。《“十四五”海洋生态环境保护规划》聚焦美丽海湾建设主线，把近岸海域划分为283个海湾建设单元，将重点任务措施和目标逐一落实到各个海湾。《美丽海湾建设提升行动方案》进一步明确，到2027年重点推进110余个美丽海湾建设。目前，美丽海湾建设工作稳步推进，截至2023年底，1682项重点任务和工程措施完成近半，累计整治修复岸线475千米、滨海湿地1.67万公顷，167个海湾优良水质面积比例超过85%，102个海湾优良水质面积比例较2022年有所提升。

Specifying goals and tasks of building beautiful bays. The Outline for the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 outlines the initiative of protecting and building beautiful bays. The Recommendations on Advancing the Beautiful China Initiative on All Fronts also includes building beautiful bays as part of the overall plan to build a beautiful China, designating a mid-term completion of 40 percent by 2027 and a full completion by 2035. The Plan for Marine Eco-Environmental Protection During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period focuses on building beautiful bays, delineating nearshore areas into 283 bay units, and designating goals, tasks, and measures for each.

The Optimized Action Plan for Building Beautiful Bays designates more than 110 bays as key programs to be completed by 2027. The work of building beautiful bays is advancing steadily. By the end of 2023, about half of the 1,682 key tasks and construction projects had been completed, with 475 kilometers of coastlines and 16,700 hectares of coastal wetlands improved and restored, at least 85 proportion of the sea areas in 167 bays had good to excellent water quality, and the proportion of sea areas with good to excellent water quality in 102 bays had been increased from 2022.

多措并举建设美丽海湾。制定美丽海湾建设的基本标准，以海湾环境质量良好、海洋生态系统健康、人海关系和谐共生为导向，设置五类指标，指导各地开展美丽海湾建设，鼓励因地制宜增设特色指标。建立美丽海湾建设管理平台，利用现场调查和遥感监测等手段，跟踪评估进展，推动实现美丽海湾建设情况智慧监管，督促推动各级政府因地制宜开展海湾综合治理，落实建设任务。建立多元投融资机制，强化政府引导，鼓励经营主体、社会资本参与美丽海湾建设。综合运用财政投入、专项债、生态环境导向开发（EOD）项目等财政金融手段，加快推进美丽海湾建设项目落地。加强美丽海湾建设示范引领，鼓励美丽海湾建设制度机制和关键技术创新，开展优秀案例遴选，推广示范经验模式，引领提升美丽海湾建设总体水平。目前，已遴选两批20个国家级美丽海湾优秀案例。

Synergizing multiple measures for building beautiful bays. China has established the criteria for beautiful bays, emphasizing the importance of maintaining good bay eco-environments, healthy marine ecosystems, and harmony between humans and seas. Under this framework, the country has identified five categories of indicators to guide local endeavors and to encourage supplementary local indicators adapted to local conditions.

To oversee progress, an administration platform for building beautiful bays has been established. Using on-site surveys and remote sensing monitoring, the authorities trace and assess progress in smart supervision and urge all levels of government to implement comprehensive bay management in light of local conditions and complete the tasks assigned to them.

To fund these projects, a multifaceted financing mechanism has been created to amplify government guidance and incentivize the participation of operation entities and private capital. Comprehensive fiscal and financial means, such as fiscal investment, special bonds, and environment-oriented development projects have been employed to accelerate the implementation of beautiful bay projects.

Emphasis has been placed on innovation in institutions, mechanisms, and key technologies, and outstanding cases have been selected to showcase successful examples and demonstration models and elevate the overall level of beautiful bay projects. Currently, 20 state-level outstanding cases have been selected.

通过深入推进重点海域综合治理、陆海污染协同防治，持续建设美丽海湾，中国近岸海域水质总体改善，2023年优良水质面积比例较2012年高出21.3个百分点。

Through comprehensive governance of key sea areas, land-sea coordination in pollution control, and building beautiful bays, China’s nearshore water quality has improved; in 2023, the proportion of sea areas with good to excellent water quality saw a 21.3 percentage points increase from 2012.

四、科学开展海洋生态保护与修复

IV. Science-Based Conservation and Restoration of Marine Ecosystems

中国坚持尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，统筹推进海洋生态一体保护、系统修复，科学决策、精准施策，守牢生态安全边界，不断提升海洋生态系统多样性、稳定性、持续性。

China coordinates and integrates the conservation and systematic restoration of marine ecosystems in a manner that respects and protects nature and follows its laws. It utilizes science-based decision-making and targeted measures that aim to safeguard eco-environmental security and improve the diversity, stability and sustainability of marine ecosystems.

（一）筑牢海洋生态屏障

1. Consolidating the shields for marine ecosystems

中国在国际上率先提出并实施生态保护红线制度，通过多种手段有效筑牢海洋生态保护屏障，为海洋留足留够休养生息的时间和空间。

China was the first country in the world to propose and enforce red lines for ecological conservation. It has employed multiple means to build firm protective shields for marine ecosystems, giving sufficient time and space for the ocean to recuperate.

创建海洋生态分类分区体系。海洋生态分类分区是现代海洋管理的基础模式。自2019年起，开展海洋生态分类分区体系创建工作，构建“双梁四柱”的海洋生态分类框架，基于生物地理、水生两个场景和水体、地形地貌、底质、生物四个组分开展海洋生态分类；采用自上而下、逐级嵌套的方式开展不同尺度海洋生态分区，将中国近海划分为3个生态一级分区、22个生态二级分区、53个生态三级分区；2023年，聚焦人类活动最为频繁的近岸海域，将20个近岸海域生态三级分区划分为132个生态四级分区。通过构建统一的生态分类标准，划分不同尺度生态分区，科学反映中国海洋自然地理格局，为全面认识海洋生态本底、精细化开展海洋生态评价和保护修复提供基础支撑。

Creating a classification and zoning system for marine ecosystems. Classification and zoning constitute a basic model of modern marine management. Since 2019, China has been engaged in establishing such a system. It has put in place a classification framework based on biogeographic and aquatic settings and involving four groups – water column, geoform, substrate, and biotic, and taken a nested approach to zoning marine ecosystems, dividing its offshore waters into 3 first-level eco-environmental zones. These first-level zones are then divided into 22 second-level zones, which are then further divided into 53 third-level zones. In 2023, the 20 third-level offshore zones most impacted by human activity were further divided into 132 fourth-level zones.

Applying unified standards, China classifies ecosystems by level and scale to reflect its natural geographic layout, providing a foundation for understanding the basic conditions of its marine ecosystems and refining marine ecological evaluation, conservation, and restoration.

开展海洋资源环境承载能力及国土空间适宜性评价。2015年，《生态文明体制改革总体方案》首次对资源环境承载能力评价作出要求，开始对自然资源和生态环境本底能够承载的规模进行评价，2019年出台的《关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》，提出在资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价的基础上，科学有序统筹布局各类功能空间，中国开始构建资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价技术方法体系，组织完成全国、区域、省、市等各级海洋资源环境承载能力及国土空间开发适宜性评价，以此作为划定海洋生态保护红线、海洋生态空间、海洋开发利用空间的科学基础。

Evaluating the carrying capacity of marine resources and environment and the suitability of territorial space for development. In 2015, the Overall Plan for Reform of the System for Developing an Eco-Civilization was issued. For the first time, it set the requirement of evaluating the carrying capacity of resources and the environment, marking the beginning of such evaluation in China. In 2019, the Guidelines on the Establishment and Implementation of a Territorial Space Planning System was promulgated, requiring the orderly, coordinated, and scientific planning of various types of functional space based on evaluations of the carrying capacity of resources and the environment and the suitability of territorial space for development.

China subsequently developed a system of technologies and methods for this purpose, and completed evaluations of the carrying capacity of its marine resources and environment and suitability evaluation of territorial space for development at city, provincial, regional and national levels. The results were used for drawing red lines for marine eco-conservation and designating marine ecological space and areas for development and utilization.

划定并严守海洋生态保护红线。生态保护红线是中国生态文明建设的重要制度创新和重大决策部署。中国对海洋生态保护重点区域作出系统安排，优先将生物多样性维护、海岸防护等生态功能极重要区、海岸侵蚀等生态极脆弱区划入海洋生态保护红线严格保护，呈“一带多点”分布。同时出台系列文件，规范生态保护红线内允许的有限人为活动，明确管控要求。持续开展生态保护红线监测及保护成效评估、勘界定标，合理优化红线空间布局，健全生态保护红线长效管控机制，实现一条红线管控重要生态空间，牢牢守住国家生态安全底线。

Drawing red lines for marine eco-environmental conservation and strictly enforcing them. Red lines for eco-environmental conservation are an important institutional innovation and a major decision made by China. China has made systematic arrangements for key areas of marine eco-environmental conservation. Areas with extremely important eco-environmental functions, such as biodiversity and coastline protection, together with areas with highly vulnerable ecosystems due to factors such as coastal erosion, have been delimited within the red lines and given strict protection. These areas are distributed along “one belt and multiple spots” 

The country has also published a series of documents that regulate the limited human activities allowed within the red lines and clarify requirements for regulation and control. Remaining firm in its commitment to eco-environmental security, China carries out red line monitoring, efficacy evaluation, and boundary demarcation, and continues to improve the spatial configuration of red lines and their long-term regulation and control mechanisms for the protection of vital environmental spaces.

完善海洋保护地体系。中国将重要的海洋生态系统、珍稀濒危海洋生物的天然集中分布区、海洋自然遗迹和自然景观集中分布区等区域纳入海洋保护地实施重点保护。经多年发展，中国已建立涉海自然保护地352个，保护海域约9.33万平方千米，筹建涉海国家公园候选区5个，保护对象涵盖斑海豹、中华白海豚等珍稀濒危海洋生物和红树林、珊瑚礁等典型生态系统，以及古贝壳堤、海底古森林遗迹等地形地貌，初步形成了类型齐全、布局合理、功能健全的海洋保护地体系。通过海洋保护地建设，珍稀海洋生物种群正在逐步恢复，国家一级保护动物斑海豹每年到辽东湾越冬的数量稳定在2000头以上。

Improving the marine protected areas system. In its marine protected areas system China includes important marine ecosystems, and natural areas with concentrations of rare and endangered marine species and natural relics and landscapes, and provides them with special protection.

Over the years, the country has established 352 marine protected areas, which protect about 93,300 sq km of sea areas, and has made preparations for 5 marine national park candidate areas. These areas focus on the protection of rare and endangered marine species such as the spotted seal and the Chinese white dolphin, typical ecosystems such as mangrove forests and coral reefs, and topographies such as ancient shell dykes and sea floor ancient forest remnants, forming a multifunctional marine protected area system with a sound layout and encompassing various forms. The marine protected areas have enabled the populations of rare marine species to recover gradually. For example, over 2,000 spotted seals – a species under first-grade state protection – spend the winter at Liaodong Bay every year and this number has remained stable for many years.

养护海洋生物多样性。通过保护生态廊道、提高物种保护级别、开展科研监测、重点海域休渔、增殖放流等手段和措施，对海洋生物进行积极有效的保护。目前，中国已记录到海洋生物28000多种，约占全球海洋已记录生物物种数的11%。国家海洋渔业生物种质资源库收集保藏各类生物资源约14万份，生物遗传资源收集保存持续加快。在近海海域开展增殖放流，每年放流各类水生生物苗种约300亿尾。针对重点保护物种中华白海豚、海龟、珊瑚、斑海豹发布专门的国家保护行动计划或纲要，成立国家级物种保护联盟，开展卓有成效的工作，种群数量稳定向好。辽宁大连斑海豹国家级自然保护区和广东惠东港口海龟国家级自然保护区等20处滨海湿地被列入国际重要湿地名录。

Maintaining marine biodiversity. China gives effective protection to marine life by safeguarding ecological corridors, raising species’ level of protection, carrying out scientific research and monitoring, imposing fishing moratoriums in key sea areas, and conducting fish stock enhancement.

Today, the number of recorded marine species in China has reached 28,000, accounting for about 11 percent of the global total. The National Germplasm Bank of Marine Fishery Species has collected and preserved some 140,000 samples of various biological resources, and the pace of its genetic resource collection and preservation continues to accelerate.

China carries out fish stock enhancement in nearshore areas and now releases around 30 billion fry of aquatic organisms annually. For key protected species like the Chinese white dolphin, sea turtles, corals, and spotted seals, the country has published special national protection action plans or programs, established national protection alliances, and carried out fruitful work that has resulted in stable growth of populations. Twenty coastal wetlands have been included on the List of Wetlands of International Importance, including the National Nature Reserve for Spotted Seals in Dalian of Liaoning Province and the National Nature Reserve for Sea Turtles in Huidong County of Guangdong Province.

（二）实施海洋生态修复

2. Restoring marine ecosystems

坚持自然恢复为主、人工修复为辅，有序开展海洋生态修复重大工程，初步形成从山顶到海洋的有规划引领、有制度保障、有资金支持、有基础支撑的海洋生态修复格局，厚植美丽中国的海洋生态根基。

China carries out major marine eco-environmental restoration projects by letting nature restore itself, with artificial restoration as a supplement. It has formed an initial restoration framework ranging from mountain tops to the ocean, guided by precise planning, guaranteed by systems, and supported by funding and infrastructure, laying firm marine eco-environmental foundations for building a beautiful China.

坚持问题导向综合施策。将海洋生态系统作为整体考量，准确诊断海洋生态问题，合理确定保护修复目标和任务，有针对性地采取保护保育、自然恢复、辅助再生、生态重建等模式，优选修复措施技术，因地因时制宜，分区分类施策。如保护修复布局上，渤海以暖温带河口湿地为重点，黄海以暖温带滨海湿地为重点，东海以亚热带河口、海湾和海岛为重点，南海以亚热带、热带典型滨海湿地为重点。

Taking comprehensive measures in a problem-oriented approach. China views marine ecosystems as a whole and makes accurate diagnoses of marine eco-environmental problems. On this base, it sets appropriate conservation and restoration goals and tasks and adopts targeted models such as protection and conservation, natural restoration, assisted regeneration, and eco-environmental reconstruction. It selects optimal area- and category-based restoration measures and technologies according to specific conditions of the place and time. For example, in terms of restoration priorities, estuary wetlands in the warm temperate zone were chosen for the Bohai Sea; coastal wetlands in the warm temperate zone for the Yellow Sea; estuaries, bays, and sea islands in the subtropical zone for the East China Sea; and typical coastal wetlands in the subtropical zone and tropical zone for the South China Sea.

科技支撑标准先行。强化对海洋生态系统演替规律和内在机理的研究，开展技术攻关，建设标准规范，提高生态修复的整体性、科学性和可操作性。遴选首批海洋生态修复创新适用技术名录10项。发布《海洋生态修复技术指南》、海岸带生态减灾修复系列技术导则11项，制定红树林、滨海盐沼、牡蛎礁等各类典型海洋生态系统修复技术手册，形成系统性的修复技术标准体系。

Strengthening the supporting role of science and technology and encouraging standard-setting. China is strengthening research on the evolution and internal mechanisms of marine ecosystems, carrying out projects designed to achieve technological breakthroughs, and developing standards and norms to make eco-environmental restoration more holistic, science-based, and workable.

To form a system of standards for restoration technologies it has selected a first batch of 10 innovative and applicable marine eco-environmental restoration technologies, published the Technical Guidelines for Marine Eco-environmental Restoration along with 11 technical guides for coastal eco-environmental disaster reduction and restoration, and formulated technical manuals for the restoration of typical marine ecosystems such as mangroves, coastal salt marshes, and oyster reefs.

强化修复资金支持。2016年以来，中央财政设立专项资金支持沿海省（区、市）开展海洋生态保护修复项目，主要在对生态安全具有重要保障作用、生态受益范围较广的海域、海岛、海岸带等重点区域开展。出台《关于鼓励和支持社会资本参与生态保护修复的意见》，鼓励和支持社会资本参与海洋生态保护修复项目投资、设计、修复、管护等全过程，推动建立社会资本参与海洋生态保护修复的市场化投融资机制。出台给予红树林造林合格新增建设用地指标奖励激励政策。

Strengthening financial support for restoration. Since 2016, the central government has established special funds to support coastal provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in carrying out marine eco-environmental protection and restoration projects in key areas, including sea areas, sea islands, and coastal zones that are important to eco-environmental security and offer a wide range of eco-environmental benefits.

To promote the establishment of a market-oriented investment and financing mechanism for marine eco-conservation, it has issued the Decisions on Encouraging and Supporting Private Capital to Participate in Eco-Environmental Conservation and Restoration, which encourages and supports private capital involvement in the whole process of marine eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects, including investment, design, restoration, and maintenance. It has also introduced incentive policies to grant newly-increased construction land-use quotas to entities that have met the standards for planting mangrove trees.

实施重大海洋生态保护修复工程。2016年至2023年，中央财政支持沿海城市实施“蓝色海湾”整治行动、渤海综合治理攻坚战生态修复、海岸带保护修复工程、红树林保护修复等海洋生态保护修复重大项目175个，覆盖沿海11个省（区、市），累计投入中央财政资金252.58亿元，带动全国累计整治修复海岸线近1680公里、滨海湿地超过75万亩。印发《红树林保护修复专项行动计划（2020－2025年）》，截至2023年底，全国已营造红树林约7000公顷，修复现有红树林约5600公顷。2022年度国土变更调查结果显示全国红树林地面积已增长至2.92万公顷，比本世纪初增加了约7200公顷，中国是世界上少数几个红树林面积净增长的国家之一。通过上述努力，不断增强海洋生态系统服务功能，提升海洋碳汇能力，筑牢海岸带生态安全屏障，中国正在以高水平海洋生态保护修复助力高质量发展。

Implementing major marine eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects. From 2016 to 2023, the central government lent financial support to coastal cities in implementing 175 major marine eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects, including the Blue Bay environmental improvement initiative, the ecological restoration campaign in the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea region, the coastal zone protection and restoration project, and a special action for mangrove conservation and restoration. These projects involved 11 coastal provincial-level administrative units and received a total investment of RMB25.258 billion from the central budget, ultimately leading to the improvement and restoration of nearly 1,680 kilometers of coastline and over 50,000 ha of coastal wetlands nationwide.

China also published the Special Action Plan for the Conservation and Restoration of Mangrove Forests (2020-2025) and, by the end of 2023, had built approximately 7,000 ha of mangrove forests nationwide and restored approximately 5,600 ha. The results of the 2022 Survey of National Land-Use Changes show that the area of mangrove forests in the country stood at 29,200 ha, an increase of about 7,200 ha from the beginning of the century, making China one of the few countries in the world with a net increase in mangrove forest area.

Through these efforts, China is continuously strengthening the service functions of marine ecosystems, raising the ocean’s carbon sink capacity, and building a strong eco-environmental security shield in coastal areas. It is promoting high-quality development through high-standard marine eco-environmental conservation and restoration.

（三）严守海洋灾害防线

3. Taking strict precautions against marine disasters

海洋灾害对海洋生态系统构成严重威胁。通过增强海岸带生态系统韧性、加强海洋生态灾害风险识别和应急处置，不断提升海洋灾害防治能力，切实守住海洋生态安全底线。

Marine disasters pose serious threats to marine ecosystems. By increasing the resilience of coastal ecosystems and strengthening the identification of, and emergency response to marine eco-environmental disaster risks, China steadily improves its capacity to prevent and mitigate marine disasters, and holds firm to the red line of marine eco-environmental security.

加强海岸带生态系统抵御台风、风暴潮等海洋灾害能力。中国是世界上海洋灾害最严重的国家之一。为防范重特大海洋灾害，建成布局合理、功能完备、体系完整的全球海洋立体观测网，基本实现对中国管辖海域及重点关注海域的长期业务化观测，并持续提升海洋灾害预警报自主化、全球化、智能化、精细化水平，为海洋灾害预防和应对提供技术支撑。红树林、滨海盐沼等生态系统是抵御海洋灾害的天然防线，通过建设生态海堤，构建生态与减灾协同增效的综合防护体系，充分发挥生态系统的防灾减灾功能，全面加强海岸带生态系统抵御台风、风暴潮等海洋灾害的能力。

Strengthening coastal ecosystems against marine disasters such as typhoons and storm surges. China is among the countries most severely impacted by marine disasters. In response, it has built a three-dimensional global ocean observation network with a reasonable regional distribution, complete functions, and a complete system, achieving basic long-term operational observation of its jurisdictional waters and key waters of concern. It is progressively making marine disaster warning reporting more automatic, intelligent, precise, and cover more parts of the world, thereby providing technical support for marine disaster prevention and response.

Mangrove forests, coastal salt marshes, and other ecosystems act as natural defense lines against marine disasters, and when combined with newly-constructed eco-environmental sea dykes, they form a comprehensive protection system that synergizes ecology and disaster reduction. China now fully utilizes the disaster prevention and reduction functions of natural ecosystems and has comprehensively strengthened its coastal ecosystems against marine disasters such as typhoons and storm surges.

增强海洋生态灾害防治能力。海洋生态灾害对沿海地区经济社会发展造成严重影响。中国海洋生态灾害以赤潮、浒苔绿潮等局地性生物暴发为主。制定赤潮灾害应急预案，加强赤潮灾害预警监测，及时发现、全程跟踪、准确预警赤潮灾害，掌握赤潮发展演变趋势，为赤潮灾害防控和应急处置提供支撑。开展黄海浒苔绿潮灾害监测预警和防控，减少浒苔绿潮灾害影响。针对水母、毛虾等局地性生物暴发，实施重点区域、重点时段监视监测，及时发布信息。

Increasing the capacity to prevent and control marine eco-environmental disasters. Marine eco-environmental disasters have seriously affected the social and economic development of China’s coastal regions. In China, marine eco-environmental disasters are mainly local biological outbreaks such as red tides and green tides caused by Ulva prolifera.

China has developed an emergency plan for red tide disasters and strengthened its early warning and monitoring. It detects, tracks, and provides timely and accurate warnings of red tide disasters, and monitors the development and evolution trends of red tides to provide greater disaster prevention, control, and emergency response. It has carried out monitoring, early warning, prevention, and control of the Yellow Sea green tides caused by Ulva prolifera, thereby reducing their impact.

In response to population surges of bio-organisms such as jellyfish and Acetes chinensis, it monitors key areas during key periods and releases information in a timely manner.

（四）开展和美海岛创建示范

4. Examples in building harmonious and beautiful islands

海岛是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台。和美海岛创建示范工作，以单个海岛或岛群作为创建主体，以打造岛绿、滩净、水清、物丰的人岛和谐“和美”新格局为目标，有力推动海岛地区高水平保护和高质量发展。

Sea islands are important platforms for protecting the marine environment and maintaining ecological balance. By focusing on individual islands or island groups, the demonstration zone creation project aims to build beautiful islands with lush vegetation, clean beaches, clear waters, bountiful resources, and harmony between humans and the environment. The ultimate goal of this project is to promote high-level conservation and high-quality development of sea island areas.

创建示范亮点纷呈。2022年，和美海岛创建示范工作正式启动，围绕“生态美、生活美、生产美”的和美海岛内涵，设置包括生态保护修复、资源节约集约利用、人居环境改善、绿色低碳发展、特色经济发展、文化建设和制度建设7个方面36项指标，指导海岛地区开展创建示范。2023年，首批33个海岛入选和美海岛。

Solid progress in building demonstration zones. The initiative to build harmonious and beautiful islands started in 2022. Focusing on “a beautiful eco-environment, enjoyable life, and clean production”, 36 indicators were created, covering seven areas: eco-environmental protection and restoration, resource conservation and intensive utilization, improvement of living environments, green and low-carbon development, development of specialty industries, cultural development, and institutional reform. The indicators were adopted as guidance for building demonstration zones. In 2023, 33 islands were selected as the first batch of harmonious and beautiful islands.

生态引领创建示范。坚持生态优先，修复、恢复海岛生态环境，实施岸线、岛体、水生植物等生态保护修复工程，鼓励开展红树林、海草床等蓝碳生态系统固碳增汇，如，山东长岛打造国际零碳岛，积极探索海洋碳汇资源变资产的途径，发放“海洋碳汇贷”“海草床、海藻场碳汇贷”等。持续推进海岛人居环境改善，加强基础设施建设，改善对外交通条件，完善给排水、供电、通信等各项设施建设，如，广东东澳岛实施规模化种植花卉、乔灌，建成贯通全岛、景观秀美的绿化道路，打造离岸海岛的山海栈道。推进文旅融合新发展，利用岛、海、史、庙特色资源，深化“旅游+”模式，着力推动“旅游+渔业”“旅游+乡村”“旅游+文化”，创新文体旅产业模式，挖掘海洋故事，传承传统文化，如，福建湄洲岛设立33个非物质文化遗产项目，多形式传播妈祖文化，实现对“非遗”的宣传、保护和传承。

The leading role of ecological conservation in the project. By prioritizing eco-environmental protection, China has worked to restore its sea island eco-environments through ecological protection and restoration projects, including those concerning shorelines, islands, and aquatic plants. In coastal regions throughout the country, the use of mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and other blue carbon ecosystems as carbon sinks is actively promoted. In Shandong Province, efforts are underway to establish an international zero-carbon island in the Changdao Islands. These efforts involve issuing marine, seagrass beds, and seaweed beds carbon sink loans and exploring innovative approaches to turning marine carbon sink resources into assets.

China continues to enhance the living environment of its sea islands by improving infrastructure, including transportation, water supply and drainage, electricity, and communication facilities. Dongao Island in Guangdong Province has undergone large-scale planting of flowers, trees, and shrubs. A scenic green road encircling the island is now complete, and the construction of boardwalks along the coast is currently in progress.

China promotes integrated cultural and tourism development of sea islands. By utilizing the unique resources offered by its islands – including their sea access, rich histories, and eye-catching temples – the country hopes to strengthen its “tourism plus” model in these regions, including “tourism plus fishing”, “tourism plus the countryside”, “tourism plus culture”. These tourism models showcase the compelling stories attached to traditional maritime culture that have been passed down through the ages and, in turn, help preserve this way of life for future generations. On Meizhou Island in Fujian Province, for example, 33 items have been designated as intangible cultural heritage items, leading to increased awareness of the Mazu culture of the area and ensuring its protection and transmission of its intangible cultural heritage.

（五）建设生态海岸带

5. Building eco-environmental coastal zones

海岸带是陆地和海洋高度关联、交互融合、休戚与共的特殊区域，自然资源丰富、环境条件独特、人类活动频繁。中国的海岸带作为沿海地区与海洋的交汇区，是筑牢国家生态安全屏障、支撑沿海经济社会发展、承载陆海内外联动、促进高水平开发开放、推动高质量发展的关键地带。2021年，中国提出建设生态海岸带，坚持陆海统筹，以海洋生态状况综合评价为抓手，构建生态海岸带评价技术方法体系，设置生态系统稳定状况、环境质量状况、资源可持续利用状况、人类安全健康状况4个方面9项评价指标，科学识别海岸带生态问题，通过生态保护修复、构建海岸带绿道网络、生态海堤提升等措施，打造健康、清洁、安全、多样、丰饶的海岸带。

Coastal zones are special areas where land and sea meet and interact, with rich natural resources, unique environmental conditions, and intense human activity. As the intersection of coastal areas and the sea, China’s coastal zones are crucial for building a strong national eco-environmental security shield, supporting coastal economic and social development, facilitating China’s connections with other countries over land and sea, promoting high-standard construction and opening up, and facilitating high-quality development.

In 2021, China proposed the construction of eco-environmental coastal zones coordinating work on land and at sea. To carry out the comprehensive evaluation of its marine eco-environmental conditions, China has developed a system of technology and methodology for eco-environmental coastal zone evaluation. To scientifically identify eco-environmental problems in coastal zones, nine evaluation indicators have been set up, covering four areas: ecosystem stability, environmental quality, sustainable resource utilization, and human safety and health. Through measures such as eco-environmental protection and restoration, building a coastal greenway network, and improving eco-environmental sea dykes, the country is working to create healthy, clean, safe, diverse, and prosperous coastal zones.

五、加强海洋生态环境监督管理

V. Strengthening Supervision and Administration of the Marine Eco-Environment

统筹各领域资源，汇聚各方面力量，坚守生态保护红线、环境质量底线和资源利用上线，打好分区管控、监测调查、监管执法、考核督察的“组合拳”，提高海洋生态环境监督管理信息化、数字化、智能化水平，保障海洋生态环境治理及海洋生态保护修复工作顺利推进。

China has mobilized its resources and expertise from all sectors to safeguard the red lines for ecological conservation, ensure basic environmental quality, and keep resource utilization within sustainable limits. In governing the marine eco-environment, the country has adopted a multipronged approach that integrates region-specific regulation and control, monitoring and surveying, regulation and law enforcement, and evaluation and inspection. To guarantee the smooth progress of marine eco-environmental governance, protection and restoration, it has strengthened its application of information, digital, and smart technologies in environmental supervision and administration.

（一）实施空间用途管制和环境分区管控

1. Space utilization control and region-specific environmental regulation and control

全面落实主体功能区战略，依据国土空间规划实施用途管制，加强近岸海域生态环境分区管控，为发展“明底线”“划边框”。

China employs a functional zoning strategy that exercises space utilization control based on territorial space planning, strengthening region-specific regulation and control of the nearshore eco-environment. In this way it delineates red lines and sets limits for development activities.

实施海洋空间用途管制。20世纪90年代，中国就依据海域的区位及资源环境条件，发布实施全国海洋功能区划，明确功能区主导功能和海洋环境保护要求。2015年印发《全国海洋主体功能区规划》，将海洋空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发、禁止开发四类区域，对各个海洋区域的开发与保护导向作出基础性约束。2019年起，将海洋功能区划、海洋主体功能区规划等融入国土空间规划，实现“多规合一”。2022年10月印发实施《全国国土空间规划纲要（2021－2035年）》，沿海省份在国土空间规划实施管理中，落实《纲要》要求，对海洋国土空间进行细化安排，科学划分生态保护区、生态控制区和海洋发展区，明确各功能区的功能用途、用海方式、生态保护修复要求，逐步建立“海域、海岛、海岸线全覆盖”“用海行业与用海方式相结合”的海洋空间用途管制制度。

Regulating the utilization of marine spaces. Taking into consideration the location and resource endowment of its sea areas, China first implemented marine functional zoning in the 1990s and specified the zones’ major functions and the requirements for protecting their eco-environments.

In 2015, China introduced the National Plan on Marine Functional Zones, which delineated its marine spaces into four categories: zones for optimized development, zones for key development, zones for restricted development, and zones prohibited for development. This plan also set constraints for the degree of development and protection in these zones.

In 2019, China began to integrate marine functional zoning and marine functional zone planning into its overall territorial space planning, incorporating multiple plans into one. In October 2022, China enacted the Outline of the National Territorial Space Plan (2021-2035). Coastal provincial-level governments implemented relevant measures within their administrations. Detailed and scientific plans were made to divide marine territorial space into eco-environmental conservation zones, eco-environmental control zones, and maritime development zones, each with specific functions, utilization approaches, and conservation and restoration requirements. A regulatory system has been gradually established for the utilization of marine spaces characterized by full coverage of sea areas, islands, and coastlines, and coordination of involved industries and utilization approaches.

实施近岸海域生态环境分区管控。衔接国民经济和社会发展规划、国土空间规划，以保障近岸海域生态功能和改善环境质量为目标，以落实生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线硬约束为重点，以近岸海域环境管控单元为基础，以生态环境准入清单为手段，推动实现近岸海域生态环境分区域差异化精准管控。2017年以来，沿海地区逐步开展近岸海域生态环境分区管控探索和实践，划定近岸海域环境管控单元3036个，促进产业发展与环境承载能力相结合。厦门市在全国首创生态环境分区管控应用系统，有效解决企业选址难、审批时限长、项目落地慢等难点痛点，划分42个近岸海域环境管控单元，提升陆海统筹治理水平，促进沿海产业转型升级。2024年出台《关于加强生态环境分区管控的意见》，要求加强近岸海域生态环境分区管控，提出形成一套全域覆盖、精准科学的海洋生态环境分区管控体系，系统部署生态环境分区管控工作，为科学指导近岸海域各类开发保护建设活动提供重要遵循。

Enforcing region-specific regulation and control for the nearshore eco-environment. China has used differentiated measures to achieve region-specific and precise regulation of the nearshore eco-environment by delineating control units and introducing a negative list of projects with potential eco-environmental impacts. These efforts align with national economic and social development plans and the national territorial plan to safeguard the eco-functions and improve the environment of nearshore waters. The focus of these regulations is to safeguard the red lines for ecological conservation, ensure basic environmental quality, and keep resource utilization within sustainable limits.

Since 2017, coastal areas have taken steps to implement region-specific regulation and control of the nearshore eco-environment. China has delineated 3,036 nearshore eco-regulation and control units and ensures that industries in these units develop within the environmental carrying capacity.

The first application system for region-specific eco-regulation was launched in Xiamen City in Fujian Province, effectively addressing difficult issues for new enterprises, including site selection, lengthy approval processes, and slow project implementation. The city divided its offshore waters into 42 control units and improved land-sea coordinated environmental governance, which has optimized the transformation and upgrading of coastal industries.

In 2024, China released the Directives on Strengthening Region-Specific Eco-Environmental Regulation and Control, which instructed coastal regions to strengthen region-specific regulation and control in nearshore areas. The document proposed the establishment of a region-specific regulation and control system for the marine eco-environment that covers all marine spaces and employs precise and scientific measures, and the formulation of systematic implementation plans, providing essential guidance for nearshore development, protection and construction activities of all kinds.

（二）开展监测调查

2. Monitoring and surveying

海洋生态环境监测调查是海洋生态环境保护的基础。中国逐步健全天空地海一体化的生态环境监测网络，强化海洋生态质量监测评估和预警监测，摸清底数，为海洋生态环境监督管理提供决策依据。

The protection of the marine eco-environment is built on monitoring and surveying. China has improved its monitoring network, which features sky-space-land-sea integration and has strengthened marine monitoring, assessment, and early warning, to provide a clear factual basis for decision-making by relevant supervision and administration authorities.

全面开展海洋生态环境监测。不断优化完善海洋生态环境监测网络布局，以近岸海域为重点，覆盖管辖海域，构建陆海统筹、河海联动的现代化海洋生态环境监测体系。整合国家和地方资源，建设国家海洋生态环境监测基地，建设国家生态质量综合监测站。以1359个海水质量国控监测点位为基础构架，涵盖海洋环境质量监测、海洋生态监测、专项监测、海洋监督监测4大类15项监测任务，不断增强海洋垃圾、海洋微塑料、海洋放射性、海洋新污染物、海洋碳源汇等新兴热点领域监测能力，强化红树林等典型生态系统健康状况监测，逐步建立统一的海洋生态环境监测数据传输与共享平台，定期公开海水水质监测数据，发布《中国海洋生态环境状况公报》。

Enforcing marine eco-environmental monitoring on all fronts. China has continued to optimize the configuration of its marine eco-environmental monitoring network, which covers sea areas under its jurisdiction with a focus on nearshore waters. The goal is to establish a modern marine eco-environmental monitoring network characterized by land-sea coordination and river-sea connectivity.

The country has combined national and local resources to build marine eco-environmental monitoring bases and comprehensive eco-environmental quality monitoring stations, both at the national level. With a network of 1,359 state-monitored seawater quality sites, China’s marine monitoring comprises 15 tasks in four categories: environment quality monitoring, ecosystem monitoring, special monitoring, and supervisory monitoring. China has boosted its monitoring capacity in emerging hotspot areas, including marine litter, marine microplastics, marine radioactivity, new marine pollutants, and ocean carbon source and sink. It has strengthened monitoring for the health of mangrove forests and other typical ecosystems. A unified data transmission and sharing platform for marine eco-environmental monitoring has been developed, which releases seawater quality data on a regular basis and publishes the annual Bulletin of Marine Ecology and Environment Status of China.

统筹推进海洋生态预警监测。以“对海洋生态系统的分布格局清楚、对典型生态系统的现状与演变趋势清楚、对重大生态问题和风险清楚”为目标，构建以近岸海域为重点、覆盖我国管辖海域、辐射极地和深海重点关注区的业务化生态预警监测体系。在近岸海域，重点聚焦重要河口、海湾、珊瑚礁、红树林、海草床、盐沼等典型生态系统分布区以及生态灾害高风险区开展调查监测；在管辖海域，分析评估海平面变化、海水酸化、低氧等生态问题，对主要海洋生态系统类型实现全覆盖式大面监测，拓展极地、深海生态监测。“十四五”期间，近海生态趋势性监测站位超过1600个，完成全国珊瑚礁、滨海盐沼、海草床生态现状调查及入海河口、海藻场生态系统普查。编制发布《中国海洋生态预警监测公报》。探索建立典型海洋生态系统预警方法，珊瑚礁白化预警基本实现业务化运行。

Taking a holistic approach to marine ecosystem early warning and monitoring. In order to better understand the distribution, patterns, current conditions, and evolution trends of its marine ecosystems, and the major eco-environmental issues and risks, China has built an ecosystem early warning and monitoring system. This system prioritizes nearshore waters, covers all waters under China’s jurisdiction, and extends to key polar and deep-sea areas of interest.

In nearshore waters, targeted surveys and monitoring have been carried out in areas subject to high eco-environmental risks, as well as in those characterized by typical marine ecosystems, such as key estuaries, bays, coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes. In waters under China’s jurisdiction, analysis and assessment have been conducted to address issues such as sea level changes, ocean acidification, and low oxygen levels. Large-scale monitoring has been conducted for all major types of marine ecosystems, and monitoring on polar and deep-sea ecosystems has been expanded.

During the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) period, China plans to set up more than 1,600 offshore eco-environmental trend monitoring stations and points and complete a national survey on the conditions of coral reefs, salt marshes and seagrass beds, and a general survey on the ecosystems of river estuaries and seaweed beds.

China released the Bulletin of China’s Early Warning and Monitoring for the Marine Eco-Environment. Work has been done to build an effective early warning approach for typical marine ecosystems. Operational early warning has been basically realized for coral bleaching.

开展海洋污染基线调查。为系统掌握海洋生态环境基本情况，中国先后于1976年、1996年、2023年开展三次海洋污染基线调查，摸清各个时期海洋生态环境状况底数。第三次海洋污染基线调查涵盖海洋环境污染物调查、入海污染源调查、海岸带环境压力及生态影响调查、海湾精细化调查4方面内容，获取海洋生态环境基础数据，为科学评估中国海洋生态环境状况、制定实施中国海洋生态环境保护战略政策提供决策支撑。

Conducting baseline survey of marine pollution. In order to have a full understanding of its marine eco-environment, China has conducted three baseline surveys of marine pollution – in 1976, 1996, and 2023, respectively. The 2023 survey covered four issues: marine pollutants, marine pollution sources, environmental pressure and impacts in coastal zones, and the refined eco-governance of bays. As well as obtaining basic marine eco-environmental data, this latest baseline survey provided scientific decision-making support for assessing China’s marine eco-environment and enacting relevant protection strategies and policies.

（三）严格监管执法

3. Strict regulation and law enforcement

坚持监管执法协调、部门协同、央地联动，构建立体化、全覆盖海洋监管执法网络，严厉查处违法违规用海用岛、破坏海洋生态环境活动。

China has built a multidimensional regulation and law enforcement network covering its marine areas through coordinated regulation and law enforcement, inter-departmental collaboration, and synergy in central and local efforts. Illegal and unauthorized utilization of seas and islands and destruction of the marine eco-environment are severely punished.

海上综合监管持续优化。持续提升海域海岛海岸带综合监管能力，加快构建事前事中事后全链条全领域的监管体系，发挥综合监管在维护用海用岛秩序、严守资源安全底线、督促生态用海用岛、支撑高质量发展等方面的作用。目前，中国建设运行海域海岛监管系统、海洋生态修复监管系统、国土空间规划“一张图”信息系统等各类系统，采用卫星遥感－海上－岸基互相补充模式，掌握海域使用、海域海岛空间资源变化及生态环境状况。综合运用遥感监测、海上及岸线巡查等手段，对海域、海岛、海岸线实施高频率监管，对围填海、生态修复项目、钻井平台、海底光缆、跨海桥梁等用海活动，以及海砂资源富集区、海洋油气勘探开发区、海洋倾倒区、养殖渔业区等重要区域进行重点关注，将海洋生态环境领域违法行为遏制在萌芽状态，持续提升海上监管执法工作效能。

Improving comprehensive maritime regulation. China has continued to improve the comprehensive regulation capacity over sea areas, islands, and coastal zones by establishing a system that covers all stages and aspects of ex-ante, in-process, and ex-post regulation. This system leverages the role of comprehensive regulation in maintaining orderly utilization of seas and islands, enforcing the red lines of resource security, ensuring eco-friendly utilization of seas and islands, and underpinning high-quality development.

The country is building and operating a full range of systems, including a regulation system for sea areas and islands, a regulation system for marine eco-environmental restoration, and an information system for territorial space planning that presents all information on a single map. It employs a regulation model in which satellite remote sensing monitoring, marine monitoring, and coast-based monitoring supplement each other to collect information about the utilization of sea areas, and the spatial and resource changes and eco-environmental status in sea areas and islands.

China employs diverse means such as remote sensing monitoring and marine and coastline patrols to conduct high-frequency monitoring of sea areas, islands, and coastlines. It gives extra attention to land reclamation projects, eco-environmental restoration projects, drilling platforms, submarine cables, cross-sea bridges, and other marine utilization activities; and to key areas such as those rich in marine sand, marine oil and gas exploration and development sites, ocean dumping sites, and mariculture and fisheries sites.

Intensive monitoring and regulation have been imposed to sanction marine eco-environmental violations once they occur, and the country’s marine regulation and law enforcement capacity is steadily improving.

海洋环保综合执法持续强化。近年来，在中国管辖海域范围内开展全面执法。对海洋工程项目、涉海自然保护地、渔业、海上交通运输等开展定期执法检查。实施“海盾”专项执法强化海岸线保护与围填海管控，开展“绿盾”自然保护地强化监督，开展“碧海”专项执法严厉打击破坏海洋生态环境违法违规行为，开展“蓝剑”“中国渔政亮剑”等专项执法强化渔业资源保护，对海洋生态环境相关违法违规行为形成强有力震慑。2020－2022年，检查海洋工程、石油平台、海岛、倾倒区等1.9万余个次，查处非法围填海、非法倾废、破坏海岛等案件360余起，严厉打击海洋生态环境保护重点领域违法犯罪活动。

Strengthening comprehensive law enforcement for marine eco-environmental protection. In recent years, China has strengthened all-round law enforcement in the sea areas under its jurisdiction. Regular law enforcement inspections are conducted on marine engineering, marine nature reserves, marine fisheries, and maritime transport, while a formidable deterrence for violations is provided by specialized law enforcement inspections such as the Marine Shield for coastline conservation and land reclamation regulation and control, the Green Shield for rigorous supervision over marine nature reserves, the Emerald Sea for striking out at marine eco-environmental violations of laws and regulations, and the Blue Sword and the China Fisheries Sword for fisheries resource conservation.

Between 2020 and 2022, China conducted more than 19,000 inspections on marine engineering projects, drilling platforms, islands, and ocean dumping sites, and handled over 360 cases of illegal activities involving land reclamation from the sea, ocean dumping, and island eco-environmental damage. Severe punishments have been imposed for violations and crimes in key areas of marine eco-environmental protection.

（四）加强考核督察

4. Strengthening evaluation and inspection

实行海洋环境保护目标责任制和考核评价制度，开展中央生态环境保护督察和国家自然资源督察，是解决海洋生态环境突出问题、压实地方责任、激励干部担当作为的重要举措。

China has implemented goal-oriented responsibility and performance evaluation systems for marine eco-environmental protection. It conducts Central Eco-Environmental Protection Inspection and State Natural Resources Inspection. These measures address key issues in the marine eco-environment and encourage local authorities to fulfill their responsibilities, giving officials an incentive to improve their performance.

实行海洋环境保护目标责任制和考核评价制度。2014年修订环境保护法，实行环境保护目标责任制和考核评价制度。2015年，水污染防治行动计划将近岸海域优良水质比例等核心任务指标纳入沿海地方政府目标责任考核体系。2020年，将近岸海域水质状况纳入污染防治攻坚战成效考核体系，逐年提升近岸海域水质要求。2023年，在修订的海洋环境保护法中明确，沿海县级以上地方人民政府对其管理海域的海洋环境质量负责。考核结果作为各级领导班子和领导干部奖惩和提拔使用的重要依据，对于压实沿海地方政府责任、激励干部担当作为具有重要导向作用。浙江构建海洋生态综合评价体系，并将评价结果纳入“五水共治”和“美丽浙江”建设考核体系，有效激发领导干部干事创业热情。

Implementing the goal-oriented responsibility system and performance evaluation system for marine eco-environmental protection. In 2014, China amended the Environmental Protection Law and enforced the goal-oriented responsibility system and performance evaluation system for eco-environmental protection.

In 2015, China released the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, which incorporated core goals and tasks such as the proportion of nearshore sea areas with good to excellent water quality, in the performance evaluation system for local governments in coastal areas.

In 2020, China included nearshore water quality in the performance evaluation system for the pollution control campaign, raising the standards for nearshore water quality year by year.

In 2023, China amended the Marine Environmental Protection Law to specify that coastal local governments at or above county level will bear responsibility for the environmental quality of sea areas under their jurisdiction. The performance evaluation results serve as an important basis for rewarding or punishing officials and for their promotion, and play an important role in ensuring that local governments and officials in coastal areas fulfill their responsibilities.

Zhejiang Province has initiated a comprehensive assessment system for the marine eco-environment, and incorporated the results into the Five-Aspect Water Governance performance evaluation system and the Building Beautiful Zhejiang performance evaluation system. This has proved effective in encouraging local officials to improve their performance and break new ground at work.

实施生态环境保护督察巡查。2015年以来，开展三轮中央生态环境保护督察，覆盖31个省、自治区、直辖市和国务院有关部门、有关中央企业。将海洋作为重要督察领域，先后发现和披露一批近海违规养殖、红树林破坏、侵占海岸带违规违法围填海、近岸海域水质污染等海洋生态环境领域的突出问题，均反馈省级党委政府，以鲜明的态度、坚决的措施推动地方建立常态化落实机制，取得中央肯定、百姓点赞、各方支持、解决问题的显著成效。开展省级生态环境保护督察，紧盯海洋生态环境领域突出问题，持续开展例行督察，不断深化专项督察。建立常态巡查、定期巡查和动态巡查制度，全面强化重点项目、热点区域、关键环节监督检查，集中整治海洋污染损害、生态破坏等突出问题。

Enforcing supervision and inspection of eco-environmental protection. Since 2015, China has carried out three rounds of central eco-environmental inspection across 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units, relevant departments of the State Council, and relevant state-owned enterprises directly under the central government. Oceans and seas have been designated as key subjects of inspection. Incidences of marine eco-environmental violations have been disclosed and reported to provincial-level Party committees and governments. These violations include unauthorized mariculture businesses in nearshore waters, mangrove ecosystem damage, illegal land reclamation from the sea that encroaches coastal zones, and nearshore water pollution.

With determination, the inspection teams have taken resolute measures to ensure environmental protection mechanisms are put in place at the local level. Their work has been central to problem-solving, gaining approval from the central authorities, recognition from the public, and support from all sectors.

China carries out provincial-level inspection on eco-environmental protection, with a focus on addressing acute marine eco-environmental problems. Routine inspections are conducted regularly, special inspections have been strengthened, and inspection mechanisms comprising routine inspection, regular inspection, and ad-hoc inspection have been established. Supervision and inspection of key projects, key areas, and key links has been advanced across the board, targeting marine pollution, ecosystem destruction, and other pressing problems.

聚焦海洋生态保护实施国家自然资源督察。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》明确提出“实施海洋督察制度，开展常态化海洋督察”。2017年首次对11个沿海省级政府开展海洋督察，重点督察地方人民政府落实党中央、国务院海洋资源环境重大决策部署、有关法律法规和国家海洋资源环境计划、规划、重要政策措施的情况，将发现的问题移交省级人民政府，有力监督地方人民政府依法科学配置海域海岛资源、落实海洋环境保护主体责任。近年来，国家自然资源督察每年对沿海地方人民政府开展以督促落实严格管控围填海和加强滨海湿地保护责任为重点的海洋督察，聚焦省级政府主体责任，重点督察新增非法围填海，侵占生态保护红线用海，违法违规审批用海，破坏红树林、无居民海岛和自然岸线等影响海洋生态的突出问题。针对发现的问题向有关省级人民政府发督察意见书，约谈违法违规问题突出的地市政府主要负责人，通报督察发现的重大突出问题，持续跟踪督促地方政府落实海洋生态保护主体责任。

Enforcing national inspection of natural resources with a focus on marine eco-environmental protection. In the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, China proposed to implement the marine inspection system and have regular marine inspections.

In 2017, the first round of marine inspection of 11 coastal provincial-level governments was launched, focusing on the local implementation of major decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on marine resources and the marine eco-environment, of relevant laws and regulations, and of relevant national plans, programs, and key policy measures. The inspection teams referred the problems identified to provincial-level governments, making sure that local governments fulfill their primary responsibilities in marine eco-environmental protection and reasonably allocate resources in the sea areas and islands under their jurisdiction by law.

In recent years, national natural resources inspection teams have carried out annual marine inspections of local governments in coastal areas, focusing on strict land reclamation control and coastal wetland conservation. These inspections ensure that provincial-level governments fulfill their primary responsibilities, and target new cases of illegal land reclamation, encroachment on conservation red lines, illegal approval of sea utilization projects, destruction of mangrove forests, uninhabited islands, and natural coastlines, and other pressing problems that adversely impact the marine eco-environment.

Problems identified are forwarded to the relevant provincial-level governments in the form of inspection notifications, and leaders of prefecture-level and city governments found with severe violations are summoned for questioning. Prominent problems are notified and made public. Follow-up inspection is then conducted to ensure local governments have fulfilled their duties.

六、提升海洋绿色低碳发展水平

VI. Advancing China’s Green and Low-Carbon Maritime Development

中国始终关心海洋、认识海洋、经略海洋，在守牢生态安全边界的前提下，全面提高海洋资源利用效率，推动海洋经济绿色发展，不断满足人民群众对海洋的多层次多样化需求，通过高水平生态环境保护，不断塑造高质量发展的新动能和新优势。

China has always been committed to protecting the marine environment, dedicating its efforts to comprehending and managing the vast oceanic expanse. On the basis of ensuring ecological security, it has improved its efficiency in marine resource utilization and developed an eco-friendly marine economy to meet the people’s diverse needs of the sea. Through high-level eco-environmental protection, China strives to foster new impetus for and new advantages in its high-quality development.

（一）推进海洋资源高效利用

1. Promoting efficient utilization of marine resources

海洋是我们赖以生存发展的资源宝库，也是建设海洋强国的重要载体，中国持续推进海洋资源节约集约利用，统筹强化海域资源要素供给，维护海洋自然再生产能力，在多重目标中寻求和实现高水平资源安全和高质量发展的良性互动。

The ocean provides humanity with a treasure trove of resources that we rely on to survive and develop. So, too, does it provide a foundation to build China into a strong maritime country. China has continued to promote the economical and intensive utilization of marine resources. It coordinates and improves the supply of resources and factors of production from its sea areas, and preserves the ocean’s reproductive capacity. In the pursuit of these goals, the country strives to form sound dynamics between high-level resource security and high-quality development.

推进海域资源节约集约利用。近年来，中国对集约节约用海积极谋划、实践探索、分类施策。在摸清海洋资源家底方面，开展海洋资源资产清查试点，为海洋资源优化配置、集约高效利用提供基础支撑。在打造标杆方面，中国首批发布18个海洋资源类节约集约示范县（市），将具有示范引领作用的利用模式、技术转化为可复制、可推广的制度经验，激励各类资源要素更好服务高质量发展。在海域空间资源方面，探索推进海域立体分层设权，推动海域管理模式从“平面”向“立体”转变，出台用海要素保障性措施，妥善处理围填海历史遗留问题。在行业用海方面，优化养殖用海管理，科学确定养殖用海规模布局，出台光伏项目用海管理政策，鼓励复合利用、立体开发。

Promoting the economical and intensive utilization of resources from sea areas. In recent years, China has actively planned for and carried out economical and intensive marine resource utilization, and adopted tailored policies for different resources accordingly.

To assess its marine resources, China has launched a pilot scheme to inventory its marine resource assets, which will form the basis for optimal resource allocation and efficient utilization. It has selected 18 demonstration cities and counties to test pioneering methods and technologies in order to establish benchmarks for the economical and intensive utilization of marine resources that can be replicated and improved upon with practical experience. Additionally, it will encourage various resources and factors of production to better contribute to China’s high-quality development.

To effectively utilize sea area resources and transition from a two-dimensional to a three-dimensional management approach, China has introduced a multi-rights system for sea areas. Measures have been taken to guarantee the supply of sea areas, address outstanding problems in land reclamation from the past, and regulate sea area utilization across various industries, including optimizing the management of mariculture and determining its scale and layout on a scientific basis. It has also issued specific policies governing the occupation of sea areas by photovoltaic projects, promoting hybrid utilization and three-dimensional development.

加强渔业资源可持续利用。正确处理渔业资源养护与开发利用的关系，在科学评估的基础上进行合理养护和长期可持续利用。自1995年开始实行海洋伏季休渔制度以来，不断延长休渔期和扩大休渔范围，控制海洋捕捞强度、保护和恢复渔业资源，促进海洋渔业持续、健康发展。2003年起，先后施行海洋渔业资源总量管理制度、渔业捕捞许可制度以及海洋渔船数量与功率数“双控”制度，探索开展捕捞限额分品种、分区域管理。

Strengthening the sustainable utilization of fishery resources. China is employing scientific assessment in its efforts to balance the conservation and sustainable utilization of its fishery resources in the long run. Since launching its summer fishing moratorium in 1995, China has extended the duration and scope of the ban over the years and exercised effective control overfishing intensity in order to conserve and restore fishery resources and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the fishery industry. Since 2003, China has implemented the aggregate management of marine fishery resources, a fishing licensing system, and dual control over the number and engine power of marine fishing vessels, as well as species-based and region-specific fishing quota management.

（二）厚植海洋经济绿色底色

2. Laying a solid foundation for green development of the marine economy

积极践行双碳目标，将绿色低碳理念融入海洋经济发展方式，可持续发展海洋渔业，绿色化发展港口航运与船舶制造，科学开发利用海洋清洁能源，海洋产业绿色转型取得积极成效。

China is committed to achieving its targets for peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. One way in which the country aims to reach these targets is by integrating green and low-carbon concepts into the development of its marine economy. This includes promoting sustainable fishing and the green growth of ports, shipping, and shipbuilding, as well as the sound exploitation and utilization of clean marine energy. China’s marine industries have already made positive progress in embracing this green transformation.

建设现代化海洋牧场。海洋牧场作为养护水生生物资源、修复海洋生态环境的重要手段，在促进海洋渔业可持续发展方面发挥了重要作用。截至2023年，累计创建国家级海洋牧场示范区169个，年产生生态效益近1781亿元。海洋渔业资源养护成效明显，2019年浙江沿岸的大黄鱼、小黄鱼、带鱼和墨鱼等资源发生量比20世纪90年代末增加了4倍以上，其中小黄鱼资源密度增加了34.1%。海水养殖逐步由近海向深远海拓展，自主研制的全潜式深海智能渔业养殖装备投入运营，开创了我国独特的深远海绿色养殖模式。

Modern ocean ranches. Ocean ranching is an approach to preserving aquatic life resources and restoring the marine eco-environment that has played a pivotal role in the sustainable development of marine fisheries in China.

By 2023, the country had established 169 national demonstration ocean ranches, generating an annual eco-environmental benefit of nearly RMB178.1 billion. The conservation of marine fishery resources led to a five-fold increase in the numbers of large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, cutlass fish, and cuttlefish in Zhejiang Province in 2019 compared to the late 1990s, and the density of small yellow croaker increased by 34.1 percent.

Mariculture has expanded from offshore to deep-sea areas and high seas. The first item of fully submersible deep-sea fish farming equipment independently developed by China has been put into operation, creating a unique green mode of deep-sea and high-sea fish rearing.

港口航运与船舶制造绿色化、智能化。建设智慧港口、绿色港口，加强沿海港口清洁能源利用。青岛港构建风光氢储一体、多能互补的现代能源体系，港口清洁能源占比达66%，智能空中轨道集疏运系统实现降低能耗50%以上。天津港推进“智慧零碳”码头建设，助力港口生产消耗“碳中和”，降低能源消耗。推进上海港－洛杉矶/长滩港、广州港－洛杉矶港、天津港－新加坡港三条绿色航运走廊建设，航运业脱碳加速。绿色船舶和新能源船舶迅速发展，首艘甲醇双燃料动力绿色船舶可减少75%碳排放、15%氮排放和99%硫及颗粒物排放，700TEU（标准集装箱）纯电动力集装箱船全年减排量相当于种植16万棵树木，降碳减排作用突出。

Greener and more intelligent ports, shipping, and shipbuilding. China has intensified its efforts to build smart and green ports with growing clean energy utilization. The Port of Qingdao has established a cutting-edge hybrid energy supply system that integrates wind and solar power with hydrogen production and storage. Clean energy now accounts for 66 percent of the total supply at the port, and its intelligent sky rail logistics system reduces energy consumption by over 50 percent. The introduction of intelligent zero-carbon emission docks at the Port of Tianjin will contribute to carbon neutrality in production and consumption, lowering energy consumption.

China is also active in the construction of three green shipping corridors – connecting the Port of Shanghai with the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach, the Port of Guangzhou with the Port of Los Angeles, and the Port of Tianjin with the Port of Singapore. These corridors will accelerate the decarbonization of the shipping industry.

Additionally, China is making significant progress in the adoption of green ships and new energy vessels. Its first methanol dual-fueled ship can reduce carbon emissions by 75 percent, nitrogen emissions by 15 percent, and sulfur and particulate matter emissions by 99 percent. Its 700-TEU fully-electric container vessel reduces the same amount of carbon emissions as 160,000 trees can do in a year.

海洋清洁能源蓬勃发展。海洋清洁能源利用能力不断提升，清洁能源规模扩大、占比提升。至2023年底，中国海上风电累计装机容量达到3769万千瓦，占全球比重约50%，连续四年全球排名第一。海洋可再生能源快速发展，兆瓦级潮流能发电机组“奋进号”不断地向国家电网输送绿色能源，中国自主研发的首台深远海兆瓦级波浪能发电平台“南鲲”号为远海岛礁提供清洁电力供应，深海养殖平台“澎湖”号通过搭载波浪能和太阳能发电设备及储能装置实现清洁能源自给。

Booming clean marine energy. China’s usage of clean marine energy continues to increase in both scope and share. By the end of 2023, the country’s installed capacity of offshore wind power had reached 37.69 million kW, accounting for about half the global total capacity and solidifying its position as the global leader for the fourth consecutive year.

Renewable marine power is growing rapidly. The megawatt-class Fenjin marine current turbine generates green power that is fed into the State Grid; the Nankun, China’s first independently developed deep-sea megawatt-class wave power generation platform, provides clean electricity to remote islands; and the Penghu deep-sea fish rearing platform can meet its own electricity needs using clean energy from wave and solar energy converters and energy storage devices.

（三）探索生态产品价值实现

3. Exploring methods for realizing the values of ecosystem goods and services

碧海银滩就是绿水青山、金山银山。中国不断探索海洋碳汇相关制度创新，积极推动海洋生态产品经营开发，探索建立生态产品价值实现机制。

Blue seas and clean beaches, like clear waters and green mountains, are invaluable assets. China has been working to develop new systems for marine carbon sink, stimulate the business management and development of marine ecosystem goods and services, and explore mechanisms to realize their values.

谋划建立近海生态保护补偿制度。海洋生态保护补偿是引导海洋生态受益者履行补偿义务，激励海洋生态保护者保护生态环境，构建海洋生态保护者和受益者良性互动关系，推动海洋经济可持续发展的重要手段。2021年出台《关于深化生态保护补偿制度改革的意见》，要求建立近海保护补偿制度。海南、河北、广西、江苏连云港、福建厦门等地出台与本地区实际条件相适应的海洋生态补偿政策，开展补偿实践，各地补偿激励效果逐步体现。

Planning a compensation system for offshore eco-environmental protection. China has established a system that guides those who benefit from marine ecosystems in fulfilling their compensation obligations and motivates those involved in the protection of the marine eco-environment to perform their jobs to the highest level. By implementing this system, a positive relationship has been fostered between the two groups, ultimately promoting sustainable development of the marine economy.

The Opinions on Furthering the Reform of the Eco-Environmental Protection Compensation System, issued in 2021, stipulates the task of establishing a compensation system for offshore protection. Hainan Province, Hebei Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Lianyungang City in Jiangsu Province, and Xiamen City in Fujian Province have all tailored marine compensation policies to their specific local conditions and acted on these, with positive responses.

不断探索海洋碳汇相关制度创新。海洋碳汇是助力中国“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标实现的重要组成部分。中国制定海洋碳汇行动计划，出台系列蓝碳调查监测技术标准，开展红树林、滨海盐沼、海草床等蓝碳生态系统碳储量调查和碳汇计量监测试点工作，实施海－气二氧化碳通量监测和海上油气平台温室气体减排监测。出台《温室气体自愿减排交易管理办法（试行）》，发布红树林营造温室气体自愿减排项目方法学，支持海洋碳汇项目参与全国温室气体自愿减排交易市场。山东、江苏、浙江、福建、广西、广东、海南等地积极开展碳普惠交易、碳汇保险、碳汇抵押等创新模式的探索。

Developing new systems for marine carbon sink. Marine carbon sink will significantly contribute to the realization of China’s targets for peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. The country has developed an action plan for blue carbon sink and has set technical standards for blue carbon surveying and monitoring. Pilot schemes have been launched to survey carbon stock and quantify carbon sinks in blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds. Monitoring of sea-air carbon dioxide flux and greenhouse gas emissions reduction on oil and gas platforms is also under way.

China has published the Measures for the Administration of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading (Trial) and the Methodology of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Voluntary Reduction Project: Mangrove Vegetation Creation (CCER-14-002-V01), and supported marine carbon sink projects in joining the China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) trading market. Innovative initiatives such as incentive carbon trading, carbon sink insurance, and carbon sink mortgages, have been piloted in multiple provincial-level administrative regions, including Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan.

积极推动海洋生态产品经营开发。2021年发布实施《关于建立健全生态产品价值实现机制的意见》，系统部署生态产品价值实现机制建设。有关部门发布实施《生态产品总值核算规范（试行）》《生态产品价值实现典型案例》，为生态产品价值实现机制建设提供理论技术支撑。沿海地方积极创新路径机制，浙江温州洞头创新“上级专项奖励+地方政府自筹+社会资本参与”模式，吸引社会资本参与“蓝色海湾”整治行动项目，推进“海上花园”建设。中国海洋发展基金会成立粤港澳大湾区首个以海洋经济为主题的生态文明建设专项基金，支持该区域海洋产业园、海洋生态公园、海洋工程中心建设等事项，加快推动海洋生态产品价值实现相关技术革新和产业发展。

Encouraging the business management and development of marine ecosystem goods and services. In 2021, China issued the Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Mechanism for Realizing the Values of Ecosystem Goods and Services and made comprehensive arrangements for its implementation. The Criteria for Crediting the Overall Values of Ecosystem Goods and Services (Trial) was published and came into effect alongside the Typical Cases for Realizing the Values of Ecosystem Goods and Services, providing the theoretical and technical underpinning for realizing the values of marine ecosystem goods and services.

Governments in coastal areas have actively sought innovation in their policies and mechanisms. In Dongtou District of Wenzhou City in Zhejiang Province, a creative model based on the government awarding funds and local budget funds was introduced to attract private capital to participate in the Blue Bay Restoration Project and the Ocean Garden Initiative. The China Oceanic Development Foundation established the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’s first eco-environmental special fund, designed to support the construction of the marine industrial parks, eco-parks, and marine engineering centers in the area and to facilitate technological innovation and industrial development of marine ecosystem goods and services.

持续健全海洋生态环境损害赔偿。中国高度重视海洋生态环境的损害赔偿，在1999年修订海洋环境保护法时，明确建立海洋生态损害国家损失赔偿工作。中国先后出台《海洋生态损害国家损失索赔办法》《关于审理海洋自然资源与生态环境损害赔偿纠纷案件若干问题的规定》，指导实施海洋生态环境损害赔偿，取得了良好的效果。2023年，中国再次修订海洋环境保护法，进一步修改完善海洋生态环境损害赔偿制度。

Continuing to improve compensation for marine eco-environmental damage. China attaches great importance to compensation for marine eco-environmental damage, and defined a clear framework for its implementation in the 1999 amendment to the Marine Environmental Protection Law. Subsequently, the country promulgated the Measures of National Claims for Marine Ecological Damages and the Regulations on Several Issues in the Adjudication of Disputes Concerning Claims for Marine Ecological and Resource Damages to provide further practical guidance, leading to improved results in this area. In 2023, another amendment was made to the Marine Environmental Protection Law to further improve this system.

（四）开展绿色低碳全民行动

4. Launching a nationwide green and low-carbon campaign

积极开展多样海洋文化宣教及科普活动，增强全民环保意识、生态意识，倡导简约适度、绿色低碳、文明健康的生活方式，把绿色理念转化为全体人民的自觉行动，吸引社会各界共同爱海护海、亲海近海。

China has developed a variety of education and scientific outreach initiatives aimed at promoting marine culture. These programs are designed to strengthen public awareness regarding environmental and ecological preservation, advocating for simple, moderate, and healthy lifestyles that prioritize green living and low-carbon practices. They encourage people to voluntarily participate in China’s green development, fostering a sense of care, protection, and personal engagement with the sea among the public.

海洋生态环保意识深入人心。连续多年在世界海洋日暨全国海洋宣传日、世界地球日、世界环境日、世界湿地日等举办主题活动，在全国范围内建设160余家“全国海洋意识教育基地”，共同守护蓝色家园。舟山群岛－中国海洋文化节、中国（象山）开渔节等海洋节庆及中国海洋经济博览会、厦门国际海洋周等知名会展论坛，成为展现中国海洋特色文化的重要平台。建成开放“海洋上的故宫”国家海洋博物馆，成为人民了解海洋文明、认识海洋资源、重塑海洋价值观的重要课堂。连续开展14届全国海洋知识竞赛，每年吸引千余所高校学生及600万人次公众参与，全民关心海洋、认识海洋的自觉意识明显提高，经略海洋的使命感、责任感和自豪感不断增强。

Building public awareness of marine eco-environmental conservation. China hosts yearly themed activities celebrating World Oceans Day (also China’s National Ocean Awareness Day), Earth Day, World Environment Day, and World Wetlands Day. More than 160 ocean awareness promotion centers have been established across the country to foster public interest in ocean conservation.

A number of celebrations centered around the sea have become significant exhibition platforms for China’s marine culture, including the Zhoushan Islands – China Ocean Culture Festival, the China (Xiangshan) Fishing Season Opening Festival, and renowned conferences and forums like the China Marine Economy Expo and the World Ocean Week in Xiamen. The National Maritime Museum of China, hailed as the “Forbidden City on the Sea”, has opened to the public, providing an important space for people to learn about oceanic civilization and marine resources, and to reshape their values towards the ocean.

Furthermore, the National Marine Knowledge Competition has been held for the past 14 years, attracting six million participants from the public and students from over a thousand universities and colleges. The result of these efforts has been a significant increase in public interest and understanding of the ocean, and in the public’s sense of duty, responsibility, and pride regarding the governance and utilization of the sea.

全民参与海洋生态环境保护行动。海洋生态环境保护充分发挥人民力量，全社会积极行动起来，争做生态文明理念的积极传播者和模范践行者。2019年中国提出“蓝色市民”概念，连续多年开展多种项目和活动，倡导社区居民为美丽清洁海洋付出行动，支持蓝色市民成长。自2017年起，中国连续举办七届“全国净滩公益活动”，组织实施“美丽海洋公益活动”，打造中国自主海洋公益品牌，吸引壮大全国各地、社会各界的爱海护海力量。福建厦门面向广大市民选聘筼筜湖“市民湖长”，撬动社会力量为海洋生态环境保护献计献策。海南探索建立“垃圾银行”，鼓励游客参与海滩垃圾清理，通过多样化活动，营造全民参与海洋生态环境保护的良好氛围。

Encouraging public engagement in marine eco-environmental conservation. Eco-environmental awareness is championed throughout Chinese society, and every member of society is encouraged to spread environmental awareness and be an active practitioner. In 2019, the Blue Citizen concept was introduced, along with various projects and activities to encourage residents to play a role in preserving the beauty and cleanliness of the sea, fostering a generation of “blue citizens”. Since 2017 and for seven years in a row, China has hosted the National Beach Cleanup and the Beautiful Oceans activities – two unique events that look to unite the collective efforts of all people across the country as they care for and protect the sea.

In Xiamen City, Fujian Province, chiefs of Lake Yundang are selected from the public, as a way of soliciting public opinions and suggestions regarding marine eco-environmental protection. In Hainan Province, a “garbage bank” has been established to encourage tourists to actively engage in beach cleanups, fostering a positive atmosphere through various activities that involve everyone in the conservation efforts.

深入践行绿色生活方式。保护海洋生态环境人人有责。倡导滨海文明旅游，不购买珍稀海洋生物制品、不惊扰海洋生物、不向海里遗弃塑料垃圾，自觉维护海洋生态健康。越来越多的人通过自带杯、自带袋、自带餐具等方式，减少瓶装水、塑料袋、塑料餐具等消耗量，从源头减少海洋塑料垃圾产生量，践行绿色低碳、循环利用的生活方式。

Promoting a green lifestyle. It is the responsibility of every individual to preserve the marine eco-environment. A number of initiatives have been introduced to encourage voluntary public action in maintaining the wellbeing of the oceans. These include practicing responsible tourism, refraining from purchasing endangered marine life products, avoiding disturbance to marine creatures, and not throwing plastic waste in the sea. Additionally, more and more people are reducing their consumption of plastic bottles, bags, and meal kits by opting for reusable alternatives, thereby decreasing plastic waste from the source. They are taking action to lead a green, low-carbon, and circular lifestyle.

七、全方位开展海洋生态环境保护国际合作

VII. Carrying Out All-Round International Cooperation on Marine Eco-Environmental Protection

海洋问题是全球性问题，保护好海洋生态环境是世界各国人民的关切。1972年，联合国人类环境会议通过了《人类环境宣言》，海洋环境保护被列入二十六项原则之中，开启了海洋环境保护的全球行动。1982年，第三次联合国海洋法会议通过了《联合国海洋法公约》，开启了全球海洋治理新篇章，也对海洋环境保护作出全面系统规定。国际社会陆续通过一系列海洋环境保护协定，不断推进全球海洋保护向前发展。世界各国进一步凝聚共识、汇聚合力，积极应对海洋生态环境风险挑战，致力共建一个清洁美丽的海洋。中国坚定践行海洋命运共同体理念，与国际社会多渠道、多形式、深层次开展互利共赢合作，为全球海洋生态环境保护贡献中国智慧。

Marine issues are global issues, and protecting the marine eco-environment is a common concern for people all over the world. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment adopted the Declaration on the Human Environment, which included conservation of the marine environment in its 26 principles and initiated global action on marine environmental protection. In 1982, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea adopted the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), opening a new chapter in global marine governance and providing comprehensive and systematic provisions for marine environmental protection.

The international community has steadily advanced global ocean protection by establishing a series of marine environmental protection agreements. Countries around the world are building consensus and working in synergy to address the risks and challenges facing the marine eco-environment, striving to make the oceans clean and beautiful.

China is committed to the vision of a maritime community of shared future, and conducts in-depth mutually beneficial cooperation with the international community through multiple channels and in various forms, contributing Chinese wisdom to global marine eco-environmental protection.

（一）积极履约参与全球治理

1. Actively fulfilling obligations and participating in global governance

中国坚持以全人类福祉为目标，发挥大国作用，切实履行海洋领域国际公约责任义务，以务实行动展现大国担当。

To promote the wellbeing of humanity, China actively plays its role as a major country, and diligently fulfills its responsibilities and obligations under international maritime conventions through concrete action.

切实履行海洋领域国际公约责任义务。海洋生态环境问题涉及领域宽泛，中国支持以整体视角推进全球海洋生态环境保护，积极推动包括《联合国海洋法公约》在内的涉海国际条约落地见效。1996年5月，中国批准加入《联合国海洋法公约》，开启中国参与全球海洋治理的新篇章。此外，加入《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》《南极条约》等30余项涉海领域多边条约，在更广泛、更细化领域展现中国海洋保护的决心和担当作为。在国际公约框架下，中国围绕海洋生态环境保护、资源养护、极地活动管理等建立政策体系，主动实施公海自主休渔，积极履行南极考察活动环境影响评估等环保义务，参与联合国全球海洋环境状况定期评估，定期发布落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程进展报告、履行《生物多样性公约》国家报告、气候变化国家信息通报等履约报告，向国际社会呈现中国海洋生态环境保护、资源保护等行动进展，在各项公约义务的履行中展现实实在在的中国贡献。

Diligently fulfilling its responsibilities and obligations under international maritime conventions. The marine eco-environment encompasses topics in a wide range of areas. China supports advancing global marine eco-environmental protection through a holistic approach, and actively promotes the implementation of UNCLOS and other international conventions concerning the sea.

In May 1996, China ratified and became a party to UNCLOS, opening a new chapter in the country’s participation in global maritime governance. In addition, China has demonstrated its determination and commitment to marine protection in broader and more detailed areas by joining more than 30 multilateral treaties related to oceans, including the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, and the Antarctic Treaty.

Under the framework of international conventions, China has established a policy system surrounding marine eco-environmental protection, resource conservation, and management of polar activities. It carries out voluntary fishing moratoriums on high seas and fulfills its environmental protection obligations, including performing environmental impact assessment for its Antarctic expeditions.

China has also participated in the UN regular assessment of the state of the global marine environment, and released regular progress reports on the implementation of the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, national reports on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and national communications on climate change, presenting to the international community China’s actions and progress in marine eco-environmental protection and resource conservation, and making tangible contributions by fulfilling its obligations under various conventions.

融入推动全球海洋治理。中国积极参与全球海洋治理机制建设，推动构建更加公正合理的全球海洋治理体系。积极融入多边治理，积极参与联合国环境规划署、联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会、国际海底管理局、国际海事组织等国际组织机构事务，在《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国会议、南极条约协商会议等议程中发挥积极作用，2012年以来，累计向有关极地国际组织单独或联合提交提案文件120余份，向国际海事组织等国际组织提交各类提案700余份，广泛参与环境保护、资源养护有关制度规则制定。推动国际海底管理局勘探和开发规章制定、联合国粮农组织关于渔业问题的协定和规章谈判、联合国塑料污染防治国际公约谈判等多边进程持续向前，深度参与《预防中北冰洋不管制公海渔业协定》谈判实施，促使历经近20年的“国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护与可持续利用协定”谈判达成一致并第一时间签署，为全球海洋治理作出突出贡献。

Integrating into and promoting global ocean governance. China actively participates in the establishment of global maritime governance mechanisms and promotes a more just and reasonable global maritime governance system. It works hard to integrate into multilateral governance, and actively participates in the affairs of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO-IOC), the International Seabed Authority (ISA), and the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

China plays an active role in the Conference of the Parties to the UNCLOS, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), and other agendas. Since 2012, China has submitted more than 120 proposals, independently or jointly, to relevant polar international organizations, and over 700 proposals to the IMO and other international organizations, engaging itself extensively in the formulation of relevant rules and regulations for environmental protection and resource conservation.

It has advanced the formulation of ISA’s regulations on exploration and development, the negotiation of agreements and regulations on fisheries under the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO), the negotiation of an internationally legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, and other multilateral processes. China was also heavily involved in the negotiation and implementation of the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, and contributed significantly to the negotiations on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) and its signing as a treaty, which took nearly 20 years to reach consensus. Overall, China has made an outstanding contribution to global ocean governance.

（二）扩大海上合作“朋友圈”

2. Expanding “circle of friends” for maritime cooperation

应对全球海洋生态环境问题任重道远，需要全球广泛参与、共同行动。中国坚持多边主义，以开放务实的态度发展蓝色伙伴关系，与国际社会携手建设各国共享的繁荣之海、美丽之海。

Addressing global marine eco-environmental issues remains a long-term and arduous task that requires extensive global participation and collaborative efforts. China upholds multilateralism, and has developed blue partnerships through an open and pragmatic approach. It works with the international community to build a sea of prosperity and beauty for all countries.

建立广泛的蓝色伙伴关系。中国与各国在自愿和合作的基础上，共商、共建全球蓝色伙伴关系。2017年，中国在联合国首届海洋可持续发展会议上发出“构建蓝色伙伴关系”倡议，推动“珍爱共有海洋、守护蓝色家园”的国际合作，随后中国发布《“一带一路”建设海上合作设想》正式提出构建蓝色伙伴关系。2021年9月，“积极推动建立蓝色伙伴关系”被全球发展高层对话会确定为中方在全球发展倡议框架下采取的具体举措之一。在2022年联合国海洋大会上，中国发布《蓝色伙伴关系原则》，发起“可持续蓝色伙伴关系合作网络”和“蓝色伙伴关系基金”，共同开展保护和可持续利用海洋和海洋资源的行动。目前，已与50多个共建“一带一路”国家和国际组织签署了政府间、部门间海洋领域合作协议，对联合各方切实推动全球海洋生态环境保护发挥了重要作用。

Building extensive blue partnerships. On a voluntary and cooperative basis, China has worked with other countries to establish a global blue partnership characterized by consultation and joint contribution. In 2017, China called for building a blue partnership at the first UN Ocean Conference, designed to promote international cooperation on “cherishing our ocean and protecting our blue home”. The proposal was then made formal with China announcing the Vision for Maritime Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative.

In September 2021, “actively promoting the establishment of a blue partnership” was designated by the High-level Dialogue on Global Development as one of the specific measures taken by China under the framework of the Global Development Initiative (GDI). At the 2022 UN Ocean Conference, China released the Blue Partnership Principles and launched the Sustainable Blue Partnership Cooperation Network and the Blue Partnership Fund, for joint action in the protection and sustainable utilization of the sea and its resources.

Currently, China has signed intergovernmental and interdepartmental agreements on marine cooperation with more than 50 countries and international organizations participating in the Belt and Road Initiative, contributing significantly to cooperation on global marine eco-environmental protection.

拓展海洋合作平台与机制。中国将海洋生态环境保护作为重点合作内容，主动为全球海洋合作搭建新平台、构建新机制，凝聚各方共识。中国以平台建设为基础引领合作，牵头建立并运行了东亚海洋合作平台和中国－东盟海洋合作中心，围绕海洋科学研究、生态环境保护、防灾减灾等与东亚及东盟国家开展务实合作。承建国际组织在华国际合作机制，包括APEC海洋可持续发展中心、“海洋十年”海洋与气候协作中心等平台，协调全球海洋与气候领域的创新与合作，促进分享和交流各国海洋生态环境保护的有益经验，为共同做好海洋生态环境保护发挥重要作用。

Expanding platforms and mechanisms for maritime cooperation. China prioritizes marine eco-environmental protection as a key area of cooperation, taking the initiative to establish new platforms and mechanisms and build consensus among all parties. Leading cooperation with platform building as the foundation, China has taken a lead in establishing and operating the East Asia Marine Cooperation Platform and the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Center. These platforms conduct practical cooperation with East Asian and ASEAN countries on marine scientific research, eco-environmental protection, and disaster prevention and mitigation.

It has built relevant mechanisms for international organizations in China, including the APEC Marine Sustainable Development Center and the United Nations Decade Collaborative Center on Ocean-Climate Nexus, coordinating global innovation and cooperation in the ocean and climate fields, facilitating the sharing and exchanges of beneficial experience in marine eco-environmental protection, and playing an important role in jointly protecting the marine ecosystems.

倡导和引领双多边合作。中国坚持共商共建共享原则，不断拓展对外合作领域。中国注重在多边平台开展对话交流，成功举办“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛海洋合作论坛、全球滨海论坛、生态文明贵阳国际论坛、中国－东盟环境合作论坛等系列活动，推动在海洋生态保护修复、海洋灾害监测预警、海洋塑料污染防治等一系列领域合作取得新进展。中国重视国家间的互利共赢合作，与多个国家建立长期的双边海洋合作机制，持续在多个领域开展合作与交流。中国积极为发展中国家提供技术能力支持，与印尼、泰国、马来西亚、柬埔寨、斯里兰卡、巴基斯坦、尼日利亚、莫桑比克、牙买加等多个国家共建海洋联合研究中心、联合实验室、联合观测站等平台，为发展中国家强化海洋生态环境保护发挥了积极作用。联合他国开展海洋濒危物种研究、黄海环境联合调查、珊瑚礁监测与数据收集、海洋垃圾及微塑料污染防治等项目，合作成果为区域海洋生态环境保护注入更多活力。

Advocating and guiding bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Championing the principle of planning together, building together and benefiting together, China has continued to expand areas of international cooperation, conducting dialogue and exchanges on multilateral platforms.

It has held the Thematic Forum on Maritime Cooperation of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, the World Coastal Forum, the Eco Forum Global Guiyang, and the China-ASEAN Environmental Cooperation Forum, advancing cooperation towards new progress in eco-environmental protection and restoration, disaster monitoring and early warning, and marine plastic pollution prevention and control.

China attaches great importance to mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation between countries, and has established long-term bilateral cooperation mechanisms with many countries in many fields. It actively provides technical support to other developing countries, and has established joint marine research centers, laboratories, and observation stations with Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mozambique, and Jamaica, playing a positive role in strengthening marine eco-environmental protection in other developing countries.

China works with other countries to carry out research on endangered marine species, joint environmental surveys in the Yellow Sea, coral reef monitoring and data collection, and prevention and control of marine litter and microplastic pollution. The results from these programs have injected more impetus to regional marine eco-environmental protection.

（三）拓展深海极地科考合作

3. Expanding cooperation in deep-sea and polar scientific expedition

保护好深海极地生态环境是人类的共同责任。作为深海极地事务的重要参与者、有力推动者和积极践行者，中国积极引领国际深海极地探索研究，与国际社会一道共同促进深海极地可持续发展。

Protecting deep-sea and polar eco-environments is the common responsibility of humanity. As an important participant, vigorous promoter, and active practitioner in deep-sea and polar affairs, China takes a leading role in international deep-sea and polar exploration and research, working together with the international community to promote sustainable development of these regions.

协同推进深海研究探索。积极参与国际海底事务，科学统筹深海调查，加强深海生态环境保护。中国在深海领域开展了80余个航次的科学调查，分别与俄罗斯、日本、尼日利亚、塞舌尔、印尼等国实施联合科考，为各国加深对深海生态系统的认知做出不懈努力。利用地球科学调查成果，2011年起，连续10余年向国际海底地理实体命名分委会提交海底命名提案，其中261项命名通过审议，为人类更清晰了解深海地理环境作出贡献。中国基于深海生物资源调查成果，建立库藏量和种类数世界领先的海洋微生物资源库，助力人类深化对深海生物生命过程的认知。

Jointly advancing deep-sea research and exploration. China actively takes part in international seabed affairs, coordinates deep-sea surveys, and strengthens the protection of the deep-sea eco-environment. It has conducted more than 80 scientific research voyages in the deep sea, going on joint scientific expeditions with Russia, Japan, Nigeria, Seychelles, and Indonesia, and contributing to a better understanding of deep-sea ecosystems.

For more than 10 consecutive years since 2011, based on its studies in the field of earth science, China has submitted seabed naming proposals to the Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN), of which 261 have been approved, contributing to a clearer understanding of the deep-sea geography. Based on the results of its investigation of deep-sea biological resources, China has also set up a marine microorganism bank that leads the world in inventory and number of species, helping humans to expand their understanding of biological life processes in the deep sea.

共同深化极地认知。中国坚持依据国际法保护南北极自然环境，积极参与应对南北极环境和气候变化挑战国际合作。在第40届南极条约协商会议上，中国牵头10余个国家联合提出“绿色考察”倡议，获得大会以决议形式通过，开启了南极考察的新篇章。建成5个南极考察站，在挪威、冰岛分别建立2个北极考察站，为数千名科学家开展极区观测、生物监测、冰川研究等提供重要平台。组织了13次北冰洋科考和40次南极科考，与美国、俄罗斯、澳大利亚、冰岛、新西兰等国家签署谅解备忘录或联合声明，同10余个国家开展国际合作，作为主要参与国参加迄今为止规模最大的北极科考计划“北极气候研究多学科漂流冰站计划”，牵头实施“国际北冰洋洋中脊联合探测计划”国际合作，与多国合作实施南极研究科学委员会的南极冰盖“环”行动组任务，为人类深入了解极地对全球海洋生态系统的影响作出积极贡献。

Jointly expanding understanding of polar regions. China is committed to protecting the natural environment of the North and South Poles in accordance with international law, and actively participates in international cooperation to address environmental challenges and climate change for these regions. At the 40th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), China took the lead in jointly proposing the Green Expedition Initiative with more than ten countries, and the initiative was ultimately passed as a resolution to open a new chapter of Antarctic expedition.

China has built five Antarctic research stations, and two Arctic research stations in Norway and Iceland, which serve as important platforms for several thousand scientists to carry out polar observation, biological monitoring, and glacier research. Additionally, it has organized 13 scientific expeditions in the Arctic Ocean and 40 in the Antarctic, while signing memorandums of understanding or joint statements with the United States, Russia, Australia, Iceland, and New Zealand and carrying out international cooperation with more than 10 countries.

It is a key participant in the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) – the largest Arctic scientific research program – and plays a leading role in advancing international cooperation on the Joint Arctic Scientific Middle-Ocean Ridge Insight Expedition (JASMInE). China works with other countries to undertake the tasks of the Antarctic RINGS (Ice Sheet Margin) Action Group under the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), and has made positive contributions to a deeper understanding of polar regions on global marine ecosystems.

（四）广泛开展对外援助培训

4. Providing extensive foreign assistance and training

面对海洋生态环境恶化的全球性挑战，各国是同舟共济的命运共同体。中国与国际社会团结合作，在实现自身发展的同时更多惠及其他国家和人民，为深化全球海洋生态环境保护贡献中国力量。

Facing a deteriorating marine eco-environment, all countries are members of a community of shared future. China stands in solidarity with the international community and carries out cooperation with it. While pursuing its own development, it also brings more benefits to other countries and peoples, contributing its share to global marine eco-environmental protection.

广泛开展对外援助。中国通过多种方式，尽己所能为广大发展中国家应对海洋生态环境问题提供支持和帮助。2012年，中国启动“中国政府海洋奖学金”项目，为包括共建“一带一路”国家在内的45个国家培养超过300位海洋相关专业的硕士和博士，为发展中国家培养青年海洋科学人才和管理人才。向泰国、柬埔寨、佛得角等多个国家提供海洋空间规划、海洋经济规划、海平面上升评估等方面技术援助。举办《伦敦公约》及1996年议定书海洋倾废管理技术研修班，面向非洲、拉丁美洲国家传播海洋生态环境保护理念与技术。

Providing extensive foreign assistance. China has provided support and assistance to the best of its ability to other developing countries in addressing marine eco-environmental issues through various means. In 2012, it launched the Marine Scholarship of China program, which has enabled over 300 students from 45 countries, including Belt and Road partners, to obtain master’s or doctoral degrees in oceanography and other related fields, helping other developing countries to cultivate professionals in marine sciences and management. It has provided technical assistance in marine spatial planning, marine economic planning, and sea level rise assessment to Thailand, Cambodia, and Cape Verde, and has held workshops on ocean dumping management technology under the London Convention and its 1996 Protocol, to help grow an awareness of the sea and provide the technology for marine eco-environmental protection for African and Latin American nations.

积极开展对外培训。中国建成中国－国际海底管理局联合培训和研究中心、国际海洋学院－中国西太平洋区域中心、IOC海洋动力学和气候培训与研究区域中心、全球海洋教师学院天津区域培训中心等多个中心，打造发展中国家海洋教育、培训和公众海洋意识培养平台。举办各具特色的培训班，积极分享海岸带综合管理、海洋治理和海洋生态环境保护等知识和实践经验，每年约培训500人，为发展中国家提高科研人员海洋生态环境保护技术能力作出积极贡献。

Actively carrying out foreign training. In order to provide a platform for marine education, training, and public awareness in developing countries, China has established several education centers, including the China-ISA Joint Training and Research Center, the China Western Pacific Center of the International Ocean Institute (IOC), the IOC Regional Training and Research Center on Ocean Dynamics and Climate (ODC), and the Tianjin Regional Training Center of the Ocean Teacher Global Academy (OTGA).

As a positive contributor to improving the technical capabilities of scientific researchers in related fields in developing countries, it hosts various events in which participants share knowledge and practical experience on integrated coastal zone management, ocean governance, and marine eco-environmental protection, and provides training in this field for about 500 people every year.

结束语

Conclusion

海洋是人类赖以生存的蓝色家园。面对海洋环境问题的全球性挑战，全人类是休戚与共的命运共同体。保护海洋生态环境、推动海洋可持续发展，是全人类的共同责任。

Oceans constitute a blue home that ensures the survival of humanity. In the face of the global challenge to the marine eco-environment, humanity forms a community of shared future, and shares a common responsibility to protect the marine eco-environment and ensure its sustainable development.

当前，中国已迈上以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的新征程，海洋事业迎来重大历史机遇期。保护海洋生态环境是加快建设海洋强国、实现人海和谐共生的根本要求和基础保障。

Today, as China embarks on a new journey of rejuvenating the Chinese nation through Chinese modernization, the country’s maritime endeavors have entered an era of historic opportunities. Protecting the marine eco-environment has become an essential requirement and fundamental guarantee for building China into a strong maritime country and achieving harmony between humans and the sea.

新征程上，中国坚持新发展理念，推进生态文明建设，继续构建人海和谐的海洋生态环境。中国坚守胸怀天下、合作共赢的精神，以实际行动践行海洋命运共同体理念，愿与世界各国一道，同筑海洋生态文明之基，同走海洋绿色发展之路，让海洋永远成为人类可以栖息、赖以发展的美好家园，共同建设更加清洁、美丽的世界。 

On this new journey, China will continue to champion the new development philosophy, promote eco-environmental progress, and build a marine eco-environment underpinned by harmony between humans and the sea. Embracing the vision of a better world through cooperation and mutual benefit, China contributes to a global maritime community of shared future through concrete actions. It is ready to work with other countries to lay the foundation for a marine eco-civilization, pursue green development of the sea, and build a cleaner and more beautiful world where oceans serve as a permanent home for humans to live and thrive.

Notes:

1 The “one belt” refers to a coastal ecological safety belt comprising shelter forests and coastlines. The “two corridors” refer to two ecological corridors serving crucial functions in maintaining biodiversity. One corridor is for migratory birds and coastal wetlands, while the other is for important coastal species. The “six areas” include the Yellow and Bohai seas, the Yangtze River Delta, the west coast of the Taiwan Strait, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the Beibu Gulf, and Hainan Island, all of which play essential roles in the implementation of national strategies. The “multiple points” include mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, salt marshes, oyster reefs, and other ecologically sensitive points with important ecological functions. – Tr.

2 The “1+12” coastal cities in the Circum-Bohai Sea Region are the one municipality of Tianjin and 12 cities at the prefectural level or above: Dalian, Yingkou, Panjin, Jinzhou, and Huludao of Liaoning Province, Qinhuangdao, Tangshan, and Cangzhou of Hebei Province, Binzhou, Dongying, Weifang, and Yantai of Shandong Province. – Tr.

3 A water-quality monitoring and sampling section is vertical to the water flow in a river or water channel. China designates state-monitored sections/points for the assessment, examination, and ranking of surface water quality.