放宽异地高考限制：政府的新年礼物？
Easing Gaokao Restrictions: a New Year's Gift?
最近几天，中国主要城市推出了放松高考限制的方案，以在中央政府设定的新年前夕最后期限前完成这项任务。但是这些方案可能没有批评人士希望的那样意义重大。中国人对教育非常重视，高考是中国的高校入学考试，一直以竞争激烈著称。
Major Chinese cities in recent days rolled out plans to loosen restrictions on gaokao, the famously competitive college entrance exams for a nation that treasures education, to meet a New Year's Eve deadline set by the central government. But they might not be as far-reaching as critics had hoped.
为了让农民工子女获得进入优秀学府的平等机会，中国国务院设定了出台异地高考措施的最后期限。目前，没有本地户口的学生必须回到户口所在地参加高考。回到户口所在地高考将让他们在高考中处于劣势，因为北京和上海等大城市的精英学府一般会倾向于录取本地学生。农民工基本上都没有户口，这让他们无法享受当地的福利。
The State Council, China's cabinet, set the deadline in an effort to level the playing field for getting into good schools by smoothing the path for the children of migrant workers. Students without a local hukou -- the registration of residence that migrant workers generally lack, denying them local benefits -- have to go back to their hometowns to take the gaokao. That puts them at a disadvantage, because elite schools in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai normally give preference to local students.
尽管批评人士说，当前的高考限制措施让中国一些最有潜力的学生无法获得教育资源，但一些拥有户口的当地居民则非常支持这些限制措施。他们认为高考制度下的激烈竞争已经让他们的子女面临着几乎不可逾越的困难。
While critics of the existing gaokao restrictions say they deny some of China's highest potential students access to education, the limits are welcomed by some local hukou-possessing residents who believe the gaokao system that's already competitive enough presents their children with nearly insurmountable odds.
国务院在8月份发表的一份声明中说，此举旨在保障进城务工人员随迁子女受教育权利，对于维护社会和谐具有重要意义。
The move aims at 'ensuring the education rights of the children of migrant workers,' and is 'crucial to maintaining social harmony,' the State Council said in an August statement.
北京市教育委员会网站周日公布了北京的相关方案。虽然方案放松了现行规定，但却没有涉及高考。根据北京市统计局的数字，在北京，几乎37%的居民没有北京户口。
Beijing, where nearly 37% residents don't have a local hukou, according to the Bejing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, posted its plan on the website of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education on Sunday. But while its plan offers a loosening of the rules, it falls short of offering students a shot at the gaokao.
从今年开始，如果父母连续三年拥有合法稳定职业并缴纳社保，则随迁子女增加了入学的机会。随迁子女必须具有北京市学籍且已在京连续就读高中阶段教育三年学习年限。但是他们仅仅有资格参加中等职业学校的考试录取。
Starting this year, children of migrant workers have addition access to education if their parents have had full-time jobs for three years and have contributed social insurance for three consecutive years. The students must have completed three-year middle school study in Beijing. But that qualifies them only for exams for secondary vocational schools.
2014年，进城务工人员的随迁子女可以获得额外的资格，但是仍然没有在北京高考的资格。如果父母有六年的合法稳定工作，并且连续六年缴纳社保，随迁子女在京连续就读高中阶段教育三年学习年限的，可以在北京参加高等职业学校的考试录取。希望在北京接受更高一级教育的子女可以申请网络高等教育、开放大学等多形式的高等教育。
In 2014, they get additional access but still fall short of the full entry the local gaokao offers. If the parents have full-time job for six years and have contributed social insurance for six consecutive years, and their children have completed three-year high school study in Beijing, the children can take exams for higher vocational schools. Kids who want to pursue higher education in Beijing can apply for adult education, self-taught higher education and long-distance colleges.
北京市教委在一份解释方案的声明中说，平衡有户口和没有户口学生的利益难度很大。
北京的暂行方案很可能让农民工的希望落空，国有媒体新华社通过其官方的新浪微博账户说，以“扰乱教育秩序”“影响社会稳定”为借口，向户籍制度遗留问题妥协，有悖社会公正。
中国南部的广东省采取了相似的措施，不过那里的官员释放教育资源的决心似乎更大。
'It is very difficult to effectively balance between the interests of students with and without a Beijing hukou,' the Beijing education commission said in the statement in an attempt to explain the cautious and gradual nature of the plan.
Beijing's provisional plan will likely fall short of the hopes of migrant workers, the state-run Xinhua news agency said via its official account on the Sina Weibo microblog service. 'The excuse of disturbing educational order' to reach a compromise, the post said, 'contradicts the goal of enhancing social justice.'
Southern Guangdong province took a similar approach, though officials there seemed somewhat more determined to free up educational resources.
从今年开始，广东省“高技能人才”的子女将获得参加高考的积分。广东超过四分之一的居民没有当地户口。据新华社报道，从2016年开始，在广东省读完三年高中、父母拥有三年以上全职工作经历且缴纳社保总共超过三年的学生，将有资格参加高考。
Beginning this year, the province -- where more than a quarter of its residents lack a hukou -- will guarantee that the children of what it calls 'high tech' skilled workers will gain credits toward taking the gaokao. Beginning in 2016, students who have completed three years of high school study in Guangdong are eligible for the gaokao if their parents have full-time jobs for over three years and have contributed social insurance for a total of more than three years, according to Xinhua.
根据上海市教育委员会网站周日公布的消息，上海决定将其高考规定同居住证管理制度挂钩，目前还在征求公众意见。从2014年起，合格居民的子女将可参加上海的高考。
Shanghai decided to connect its gaokao regulations to its residency management system and is still seeking public opinions, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission said on its website on Sunday. From 2014, children of qualified residents can take the gaokao in Shanghai.
根据中央政府网站11月22日公布的关于居住证制度的声明，在上海申请居住证需提供学历复印件、显示工作一年以上的就业合同或投资创业的证据，并缴纳城镇社会保险。有关部门将根据一套居住证积分制度评估申请人的条件，但声明没有具体说明需要多少积分才能拿到居住证。
Applicants of the qualifying residents have to submit copies of their diploma, employment contracts showing more than one year of work or evidence of making investments or starting a business, and contributing to urban social insurance, according to a statement about the resident posted on the central government website on Nov. 22. Authorities will evaluate the applicants' qualifications based on a residency credit system, but the statement didn't specify how many credits are required to qualify for such residency.
如果说发达地区设定的条件让一些父母望而生畏的话，某些地方的条件确实更为宽松。
If the conditions set by the developed areas seem daunting to some parents, there are indeed some places making sweeter offers.
东部的江苏省说，从2013年开始，所有从一年级到九年级在江苏入学的学生都可以参加当地高考。同样，中部的河南省在周一深夜说，从2013年开始，只要父母一方拥有全职工作且子女在当地高中上学，学生都可以在当地参加大学入学考试。
Eastern Jiangsu province said beginning 2013, all students who are enrolled in Jiangsu's grades one through nine can take gaokao locally. Similarly, central Henan province said late Monday night that beginning in 2013, as long as one of the parents has a full-time job and the children are enrolled in local high schools, the students can take the university entrance exam locally.
新浪微博上很多网民对多数经济发达地区给出的方案都不以为然。一位网民说，任何有一些常识的人都会知道，在河南参加高考并不划算，那里考生多、录取门槛高，竞争激烈，好大学也不是很多，外省没几个大学会录取河南学生。
Many in the online community on Sina Weibo weren't impressed with the plans offered by the most economically developed area. 'Anyone with some common sense will know that it won't be a good idea to take gaokao at Henan, where the competition is intense due to big number of students and high admittance thresholds,' said one poster. 'There're not many good universities in Henan and few universities outside Henan will enroll students from there.'
北京、上海和广东方案的支持者认为，完全放开可能会挤占户籍考生的教育资源，相比之下，有条件放开高考更加可行。
一位网民说，看看北京上海已经多么拥挤，有多少京沪毕业生最终会离开这两座城市呢？
Supporters of the plans unveiled by Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong believe conditional opening up of the gaokao is more feasible than a complete freeing up that could squeeze educational resources for residents with a local hukou.
'Look how crowded Beijing and Shanghai are already. How many graduates from the cities will eventually leave there?' said one person.
批评者说，问题的部分原因在于，没有户籍改革就不可能有真正的高考改革。对户籍改革的讨论似乎越来越热烈。
Part of the problem, according to critics, is that true gaokao reform isn't possible without hukou reform, a topic that appears to be gaining steam.
前教育部发言人王旭明在周一《21世纪经济报道》的一篇文章里面说，高考问题的存在是因为有户籍制度，“所以我们当前应该抓紧进行教育外部的各项改革”。
'The issues surrounding gaokao exist because of the hukou system…thus we should take timely measures to carry out reforms outside the educational system,' said Wang Xuming, the former spokesperson for the Ministry of Education, in an article in the 21st Century Business Herald on Monday.
户籍制度可追溯到毛泽东时代。一些迹象表明中国高官感受到了改革的必要性，最新一个迹象来自国务院副总理李克强。
Signs have emerged that China's top officials feel the urgency to reform its hukou system, which dates back to the Maoist era, with the latest coming from Vice Premier Li Keqiang.
根据中央政府网站12月发布的一则声明，预计将在3月份成为中国新一任总理的李克强说：“推动城镇化，把农民工逐步转为城市市民，需要推进户籍制度改革。”
但现在还不知道，如果真有改革的话，改革会有多快。
'In order to push forward urbanization, we must take migrant rural workers and gradually change them into urban residents. This requires that we push forward household registration reform,' Mr. Li, who is expected to become China's next premier in March, said in a statement posted on the central government website late December.
However, it remains to be seen how fast the changes will come -- if they come at all.
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2013-01-04
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